梯度覆层体受粗糙面滑动作用时的弹塑性分析

运用大限元软件分别虽对单覆层体及梯度体受多微凸体粗糙面滑动使用时产生的应力在变进行了计算和研究，着重比较两种覆层体爱相同表面载荷作用下，在基体及表面出现部分塑性变形时，表面层、基体内及表面 基体界面处的应力、应变分北度层在防止其本产生塑性变形及改善界面应力等方面比单纯层体具有明显的优点。本文的研究结果表为表南 选一览表主加工提供参考。     

钻井工况下单金属密封接触分析及实验研究

结合钻井领域高温高压工况,对单金属密封的装配过程和双侧受压情况进行有限元分析,求得动密封面接触压力梯度分布,并结合MATLAB和雷诺方程提出了一种计算动密封泄漏率的新方法;然后根据钻井工况搭建了旋转动密封实验台,对动密封面的接触压力分布情况和泄漏率进行测试。实验和仿真结果表明,在低压工况下动密封面呈收敛状态,有利于润滑油膜的形成,而高压工况下则发散;随着润滑油和钻井液压差的增大,动密封面内侧的接触压力逐渐减小,而外侧逐渐增大;泄漏率随着动密封转速的升高而增大,随着动密封轴向位移的增加而降低。     

考虑蠕变特性的橡胶微凸体与金属表面接触特性分析

金属-橡胶接触广泛存在于密封结构中,密封接触表面上微凸体间的相互作用会直接影响整个密封界面的接触特性,进而影响其密封性能。基于粗糙密封界面的单个微凸体,考虑橡胶的蠕变特性,采用理论分析和仿真研究相结合的方式研究橡胶微凸体与金属表面的接触特性。通过橡胶蠕变特性的实验结果,构建橡胶蠕变计算模型;构建半球微凸体与金属平板间的有限元模型,进行考虑蠕变特性的仿真,分析其接触特性,并与Hertz接触理论的计算值进行对比。结果表明：在蠕变阶段,接触半径、法向变形量和最大等效蠕变应变均随蠕变时间的增加而增大,最大接触压力随蠕变时间增大而减小,这均可能导致密封性能的下降;随压力载荷的增大,接触半径、法向变形量、最大接触压力和最大等效蠕变应变均增大,但增大的趋势逐渐减小;橡胶微凸体与金属表面间的等效模量随蠕变时间的增加而减小,随压力载荷增大而增大。     

Two-dimensional contact problem for a coating-graded layer-substrate structure under a rigid cylindrical punch

The two-dimensional frictionless contact problem of a coating structure consisting of a surface coating, a functionally graded layer and a substrate under a rigid cylindrical punch is investigated in this paper. The coating and substrate are homogeneous materials with distinct physical properties, while the intermediate layer is inhomogeneous with its shear modulus changing arbitrarily along the thickness direction. To approximate the through-thickness variation, a piecewise linear multi-layer model is used and the graded layer is divided into a number of sub-layers whose shear modulus is assumed to vary linearly. Poisson's ratio, however, is taken as a constant within the structure for simplicity. By using the transfer matrix method and Fourier integral transform technique, the governing equations are reduced to a Cauchy singular integral equation which is numerically solved to determine the normal contact pressure, contact region, the through-thickness stress fields and longitudinal stress distributions at interfaces. A parametric study is conducted, showing that both normal contact pressure and stress fields in the structure are significantly influenced by the shear modulus ratio and the thickness ratio of the exponentially graded layer but are less sensitive to the gradient index of the graded layer whose shear modulus follows a power law variation.     

Simulation of the cold rolling of strip using an elastic-plastic finite element technique

Strip rolling is simulated using an elastic-plastic finite element technique which includes the extent of both elastic and plastic deformation outside the nominal contact deformation zone. Solutions for non-steady and steady-state rolling are obtained. The stress and strain distributions within the workpiece, the velocity fields (absolute and relative to the roll surface), and the normal pressure and shear stress distributions along the arc of contact are calculated. Analyses are conducted with different levels of friction, material properties, workpiece dimensions and reductions. The results are compared with previous theoretical and experimental work, with which good agreement is found. The usefulness of numerical analyses for the investigation of parameters relevant to industrial rolling practice is demonstrated.     

钨合金热连轧接触特性数值分析

采用有限元分析方法,对钨基高比重合金在连轧过程中的接触特性进行了模拟仿真。接触状态的改变必定会造成实际摩擦应力的不同,这也是形成接触层应力分布差异的原因之一。同时研究了合金颗粒和基体应力、应变分布,以及轧制量的影响。分析结果表明,辊压时,接触部分会发生滑移与粘着演变,最大剪切力存在于颗粒与基体结合面。     

Journal bearing housing design—A statistical study with FEM

When designing journal bearing housings for construction equipment, one goal is to get an even pressure distribution over the length of the bushing. This is to avoid excessive wear due to contact pressure peaks.A housing that is considered good, does not allow the pin to deflect and keeps the stresses low in the weld. To do this it must be stiff and this will lead to high contact pressures on the edges of the bushing, which is not preferable since wear is highly dependent on the contact pressure level.If the distribution of the contact pressure could be smoothed out over the bushing, the material might be used more efficiently. The normal way to do this is to crown the bushing to allow for pin deflection. However this leads to reduced area in contact. Another method to avoid high pressures in the bearing is to optimize the bearing housing for optimum stiffness.This paper describes one way to optimize journal bearing housings in regard to the contact pressure in the tribo-contact. A statistical approach was applied to a parameterized finite element model with contact elements. Three parameters were analyzed at different loads; set ring thickness, set ring width and fillet weld size.The contact pressure distributions were evaluated in two different ways to a single value to meet the statistical demand of measurable result. The results show that the set ring thickness and width are the parameters that influence most the contact pressure distribution. To reduce the maximum contact pressure the set ring thickness should be kept small.     

粗糙表面弹性微动接触数值研究

由于实际工程表面多为粗糙表面,这里研究了粗糙表面对微动接触中压力和切向应力的影响。研究接触过程中法向载荷保持不变,切向载荷为周期性的交变载荷。首先,建立接触算法和模型,其算法核心是利用共轭梯度法(CGM)计算微动接触中的表面压力及切向应力并使用快速傅里叶变换(FFT)加快计算速度。然后,在验证算法正确的基础上,分析正弦和非高斯粗糙表面接触的压力和切向应力的分布,通过对光滑与粗糙表面的研究对比,表明:(1)在正弦表面接触切向应力分布呈现尺寸效应;(2)在非高斯表面接触中,切向应力分布跟光滑表面形状类似;同时由于粗糙峰存在,粗糙表面下的切向应力比光滑表面下的要大,研究粗糙表面微动接触对实际工程具有重要意义。     

Analysis of the contact interactions between fingertips and objects with different surface curvatures

Previous experimental observations indicated that the contact interactions between finger and tool handle interfere with the grasp stability, affecting the comfort and manipulations of handheld tools. From a biomechanical point of view, the curvature of the contact surface should affect the contact pressure and contact area, and thereby the comfort and manipulations of hand tools. The current authors analysed, via a finite element model, the contact interactions between fingertips and objects with different curvatures. The effects of the curvature on the contact stiffness, fingertip deformations, contact pressure distributions, and stress/strain distributions within the soft tissues were analysed. The simulation results indicated that the curvature of the contact interface influences the contact characteristics significantly. For a given contact force, the contact area and the contact stiffness increase but the contact pressure and the fingertip deformation decrease with the decrease of the contact surface curvature. The present simulation results will be useful for ergonomic designers in their aim to improve the design of tool handles.     

Finite element simulation of high-pressure water-jet assisted metal cutting

Experimental studies have shown that improved metal cutting efficiency can be obtained when a high-pressure water/coolant jet is injected at the tool–chip interface. The pressure exerted on the chip face by the jet is expected to reduce, for example, friction along the tool–chip interface, temperature rise in the chip and the workpiece, the cutting force, and residual stress in the finished workpiece, leading to a longer tool life and a better surface integrity for the finished workpiece. This paper presents the results of finite element simulations of high-pressure water-jet assisted orthogonal metal cutting, in which the water jet is injected directly into the tool–chip interface through a small hole on the rake face of the tool. The mechanical effect of the high-pressure water jet is approximated as a pressure loading at the tool–chip interface. The frictional interaction along the tool–chip interface is modeled by using a modified Coulomb friction law. Chip separation is modeled by a nodal release technique and is based on a critical stress criterion. The effect of temperature, strain rate and large strain is considered. Cooling effect of the high-pressure jet on the temperature distribution is modeled with a convective heat-transfer coefficient. The effect of water jet hole position and pressure is studied. Contour plots showing the distributions of steady-state temperature and stress and the residual stress are presented. The simulation results show a reduction in temperature, the cutting force and residual stresses for water-jet assisted cutting conditions. The mechanical effect of the water jet is found to reduce the contact pressure and shear stress along the tool–chip interface and also the contact zone length for certain water jet hole locations.     

A surface wear model for hypoid gear pairs

In this paper, a methodology was proposed for simulation of surface wear of face-milled or face-hobbed hypoid gear pairs. The methodology combines Archard's wear model with a finite-element based hypoid gear contact model. The wear model requires the sliding distances and contact pressures to be computed along the contact zones at each rotational gear position. Formulations were proposed for computation of sliding distance along the tooth contact zones based on hypoid gear kinematics and geometry of the tooth surfaces, and the contact model was used to predict the normal contact pressure distributions. An example hypoid gear pair was analyzed for its wear behavior. Influences of gear position errors on wear patterns were demonstrated. An approximate method that is computationally more efficient was also proposed at the end.     

Stress Analysis on Layered Materials in Point Elastohydrodynamic-Lubricated Contacts

For multilayered or coated substrates in elastohydrodynamic-lubricated (EHL) contacts, the subsurface stress distributions under a normal load combined with shear traction have been analyzed in this article through computer simulations. The Papkovich-Neuber potentials and Fourier transform are adopted to deduce the pressure–displacement, pressure–stress, and shear traction–stress response functions in frequency domain for the coated substrates, and to calculate distributions of pressure and subsurface stress. The results from the analysis of EHL contacts on coated substrates are compared with those from dry contact model in which shear traction is assumed to obey Coulomb’s law. Effects of the Young’s modulus of coatings, the properties of lubricants, and the magnitude of traction are discussed. Similar to the results in dry contacts, hard coatings in lubricated cases tend to increase the von Mises stress, whereas soft coatings decrease the stress. Shear traction makes the max von Mises stress increasing and moving closer to surface. However, the changes in subsurface stress due to shear traction are less obvious in lubricated contacts. Comparison between EHL and dry contact models reveals that lubrication can reduce the von Mises stress in the coating layer due to smaller shear traction. The analyses show that pressure, film thickness, and subsurface stress distributions are influenced by surface coatings, sliding velocity, rheological models, and pressure–viscosity behaviors.     

A numerical model of friction between rough surfaces

This paper describes a computational method to calculate the friction force between two rough surfaces. In the model used, friction results from forces developed during elastic deformation and shear resistance of adhesive junctions at the contact areas. Contacts occur between asperities and have arbitrary orientations with respect to the surfaces. The size and slope of each contact area depend on external loads, mechanical properties and topographies of surfaces. Contact force distribution is computed by iterating the relationship between contact parameters, external loads, and surface topographies until the sum of normal components of contact forces equals the normal load. The corresponding sum of tangential components of contact forces constitutes the friction force. To calculate elastic deformation in three dimensions, we use the method of influence coefficients and its adaptation to shear forces to account for sliding friction. Analysis presented in Appendix A gives approximate limits within which influence coefficients developed for flat elastic half-space can apply to rough surfaces. Use of the method of residual correction and a successive grid refinement helped rectify the periodicity error introduced by the FFT technique that was used to solve for asperity pressures. The proposed method, when applied to the classical problem of a sphere on a half-space as a benchmark, showed good agreement with previous results. Calculations show how friction changes with surface roughness and also demonstrate the method's efficiency.     

Dependence of polymer sliding friction on normal load and contact pressure

The sliding friction of bulk polymers was studied varying the normal load, contact pressure and sliding velocity. The variation of the area of apparent contact A with normal load W was also measured both under the sliding and unloaded conditions. For the sliding condition A ∝ W, while for the unloaded condition A ∝ Wⁿ where n is less than unity. The friction measurements were performed on a tribometer in the low load range and on a lathe using a strain gage dynamometer in the high load range. It was found that the coefficient of friction depends upon the velocity and pressure and the variation can be explained by the adhesion theory of friction in the light of the conditions at the interface. The measurement of sliding friction in an extrusion process shows that the coefficient of friction decreases with contact pressure and the interface friction shear stress is almost equal to the bulk shear strength of the material. All of these findings support the adhesion theory of friction for polymeric materials.     

Evaluation of the real contact areas, pressure distributions and contact temperatures during sliding contact between real metal surfaces

A three-dimensional elastic contact algorithm has been developed to analyse the normal contact problems of bodies having rough surfaces. The algorithm can evaluate the real contact areas and contact pressure distributions using measured surface roughness data.

Following an approximate elastic-plastic contact solution the analysis produces more realistic elastic and plastic contact areas; in addition results of contact pressure distributions can be predicted according to a given maximum plastic limit pressure.

The technique can simulate (in an approximate way) the elastic-plastic sliding contact behaviour in the vicinity of asperities or concentrated contact areas by ignoring the effect of the tangential forces on the vertical displacement.

Assuming a certain sliding speed and a particular coefficient of friction the local temperature distribution due to the heat generation over the real contact areas can also be calculated for 'slow sliding' problems.

The results show the moving real contact areas and the contact temperature fields for an electric spark mechanical steel surface moving over a planed bronze surface. Changes of the rigid body displacement, as well as the average and maximum pressures are also presented during sliding.

The micro-contact or asperity contact behaviour for bodies having large nominal contact area and the macro-contact behaviour for bodies being in 'concentrated contact' are also compared. In the latter case an ideal smooth steel ball was slid over the previously mentioned bronze surface.     

3D Analysis of cold rolling using a constitutive model for interface friction

Full three-dimensional numerical analyses are carried out for the cold rolling of plates of finite width, to study the effect of the width spread during rolling. The contact and friction between roll and plate is modeled in terms of an interface constitutive model that accounts for the friction forces in the rolling direction as well as those in the transverse direction that give resistance to the width spread. At low normal pressures Coulomb friction is represented while at high normal pressure a yield stress limitation of the maximum tangential stress is incorporated, and slip as well as no slip is accounted for. Finite strain elasto-plasticity is applied for the plate material, using mostly isotropic hardening or in a few cases kinematic hardening to represent the effect of a rounded vertex on the yield surface. In addition, for a given plate thickness and degree of reduction the effect of different values of the roll radius and the effect of different values of the plate width are analysed.     

Application of influence function method on the fretting wear of tube-to-plate contact

The structural integrity of steam generators in nuclear power plants is much dependent on the fretting wear characteristics of Inconel 690 U-tubes. The influence function method for the tube-to-plate contact model is demonstrated in this study to investigate the fretting wear problems on the secondary side of the steam generator, which are caused by flow induced vibrations between the U-tubes and supports. Two-dimensional numerical contact model is developed and formulated in terms of the Cauchy singular integral equation. The distributions of normal pressures, shear stresses and displacement fields are derived between two contact bodies which have similar elastic properties. Based on the algorithms for normal pressures and relative slip, a numerical approach is developed to simulate the fretting wear of tube-to-plate contacts. The work rate model is adopted in this study to find the wear amounts between two materials. The results are compared with the solutions by finite element analyses to validate the application of the present method to fretting wear problems.     

表面粗糙对乏油条件下非牛顿点接触热薄膜润滑的影响

假设运动表面为光滑表面,静止表面上有一个垂直于卷吸速度方向的横向划痕,采用Ree-Eying本构关系求解表面单一粗糙对纯滑动点接触热薄膜润滑的影响,分析处于接触区中心的表面划痕在不同的乏油程度下对油膜压力、膜厚及温度的影响。结果表明:在乏油条件下,处于静止表面上接触中心的横向划痕前后的压力和温度都有尖锐的升高,且这种升高幅度随乏油程度的严重而增加;在乏油条件下,表面粗糙的存在更不利于润滑,易于造成润滑失效。     

Basic principles of rough surface contact analysis using numerical methods

A detailed account of the principles involved in using numerical elastic contact techniques on digitized measurements from rough surfaces is presented in relation to two- and three-dimensional topography data. The main results of such analyses are shown to include the detailed interface geometry and the subsequent contact pressure distribution involved. Methods of defining the resulting sub-surface stresses created by this contact pressure distribution are also presented for static normal loading, and for the case of a normal load in the presence of a frictional surface shear. The problems posed in dealing with plastic asperity contacts are also discussed, together with an outline of how the numerical methods described have been modified further to allow analysis of rough layered bodies of dissimilar materials, thus offering a very useful design tool for surface coatings.     

Investigation of the strain distribution with lubrication during the deep drawing process

A lubrication/friction model can be implemented in FEM codes to predict the contact area ratio, friction coefficient and strain distribution in lubricated deep drawing process. In the lubrication analysis, the surface roughness effect on lubrication flow is included by using Wilson and Marsault's average Reynolds equation that is appropriated for mixed lubrication with severe asperity contact. With regard to the asperity contact theory, the well-known flattening effect is considered. Friction is expressed in terms of variables such as lubricant film thickness, sheet roughness, lubricant viscosity, interface pressure, sliding speed, and strain rate. The proposed lubrication/friction model combined with a finite element code of deep drawing process to predict the contact area ratio, friction coefficient and strain distribution. Numerical results showed that the present analysis provides a good agreement with the measured strain distributions.