离子液体表面活性剂的合成与应用(Ⅵ)——离子液体表面活性剂的界面张力

离子液体表面活性剂在油/水界面吸附,降低界面张力。随着疏水烷基链长的增加,降低表面张力的能力增大。吡啶基表面活性剂比咪唑基表面活性剂具有更高的疏水性和降低界面张力能力。在高浓度无机盐存在下,离子液体表面活性剂降低界面张力的能力提高,界面张力可达10~(-2)mN/m,优于传统表面活性剂。     

国产聚乙烯醇助分散剂对悬浮法聚氯乙烯树脂颗粒特性的影响

在聚乙烯醇／羟丙基甲基纤维素复合主分散体系基础上加入聚乙烯醇助分散剂。对比研究了国内外同类型聚乙烯醇对分散体系界面张力、保胶能力和聚氯乙烯树脂颗粒形态的影响。结果发现：随着聚乙烯醇助分散剂含量增加,分散剂水溶液一三氯乙烯界面张力和保胶能力降低,聚氯乙烯树脂平均粒径和增塑剂吸收量增加,初级粒子聚集程度降低。     

三次采油用表面活性剂结构对油/水界面性能的影响

测定了几种不同分子结构的磺酸盐类阴离子表面活性剂、两性表面活性剂和非离子表面活性剂水溶液与国内某油田原油间的界面张力。结果表明:磺酸盐类表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力相对较高,且磺酸盐的烷链长度、芳环种类对界面张力的影响较大,调整磺酸盐的分子结构可以使油水界面张力降低到10~(-2)mN/m数量级;醇/酚醚类非离子表面活性剂以及两性表面活性剂仅能使油水界面张力降低至0.1 mN/m~10 mN/m数量级。     

聚乙烯醇助分散剂对悬浮聚氯乙烯树脂颗粒特性的影响

在聚乙烯醇(PVA)/羟丙基甲基纤维素复合主分散体系基础上加入牌号为LM22的PVA助分散剂,研究LM22含量对分散体系界面张力、保胶能力和聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂颗粒形态的影响。发现随着LM22含量增加,分散剂水溶液-三氯乙烯界面张力和保胶能力降低,PVC树脂平均粒径和增塑剂吸收量增加;随着LM22用量增加,颗粒内部孔隙率增加,初级粒子聚集程度降低,颗粒内部孔径分布变窄。     

复配表面活性剂-模拟油-水体系的界面张力研究

在45℃下测定了不同类型表面活性剂(阴离子、阳离子和非离子表面活性剂以及高分子双子表面活性剂、非对称两性双子表面活性剂)与煤油-水体系的界面张力,发现非离子表面活性剂效果最好,界面张力可达0.690 m N/m。采用聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚与其他类型的表面活性剂进行两两复配,考察复配表面活性剂的种类、质量比、总质量浓度对模拟油-水体系界面张力的影响。发现聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚与非对称两性双子表面活性剂C15EC-S-C16以质量比7∶3进行复配,总质量浓度为50 g/L时,界面张力达到0.024 m N/m。     

XSY-11双子表面活性剂提高采收率应用研究

通过测定双子表面活性剂与原油的界面张力,发现双子表面活性剂在缺碱的条件下,也可以使油水界面张力降低至超低的能力,证明了其对碱的依赖性较小,优于普通表面活性剂.单独使用双子表面活性剂或者与其他表面活性剂协同使用,均可以使多种原油-水界面张力降低至超低范围.对双子表面活性剂溶液浓度等因素对油水界面张力的影响程度进行了分析.发现双子表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力主要与表面活性剂和油的性质密切相关.研究了其界面张力行为,发现双子表面活性剂具有比普通表面活性剂较高的界面活性,并且与盐具有很好的协同性,可以在较宽的盐度和表面活性剂浓度范围内降低油水界面张力至超低范围.     

直链型非离子表面活性剂在油水界面吸附的动态Monte Carlo模拟

用动态Monte Carlo方法模拟了对称性和非对称性直链非离子表面活性剂在油水界面的吸附过程,得到了关于系统达到平衡所需要的时间、界面上吸附的表面活性剂分子数、界面层厚度、系统链节密度分布、油水界面张力等动态和静态信息,讨论了表面活性剂分子的结构和浓度对它们的影响;系统达到平衡所需要的时间与表面活性剂分子的结构和浓度有关,表面活性剂分子结构一定时,系统处于临界胶束浓度（CMC）以下时,平衡时间随浓度增加而增加;表面活性剂分子数目一定,平衡时间与表面活性剂的链长和结构有关;达到平衡以后,系统的链节密度分布关于油水分界面的对称性与表面活性剂分子的对称性有关;直链型非离子表面活性剂的表面活性主要由其结构决定,对于对称性的非离子表面活性剂,链越长表面活性越高,而对于非对称非离子表面活性剂,其对称性越高,表面活性越高;在链长一定的情况下,油水界面张力随着表面活性剂分子浓度的增加而增加,在达到一个稳定值后,不再随着浓度改变而改变.     

碱对阴-非离子表面活性剂的界面活性影响研究

以某油田作为油相,研究了不同浓度的碱(苛性碱与碳酸钠)与阴-非离子表面活性剂(AEC、AES)复配体系在55℃时与原油油水界面张力行为。首先通过阴-非离子表面活性剂与地层水的配伍性实验筛选合适的阴-非离子表面活性剂;然后通过碱与筛选出来的表面活性剂复配,研究不同浓度下碱对该表面活性剂的界面张力的影响效果。研究结果表明:0.01%~1.20%Na OH分别与0.1%AES和0.3%AEC组成的复配体系体系以及0.01%~1.20%Na2CO3分别与0.1%AES和0.3%AEC组成的复配体系体系能够产生一定的协同效应,使得油水界面张力逐渐降低,最终都能达到10-3m N/m的超低界面张力,而且在相同浓度的Na OH、Na2CO3下,含AES的复配体系要比含AEC的复配体系所得到界面张力低。考虑到碱耗以及对储集层伤害的影响,选择0.6%~1.2%Na2CO3与0.1%AES复配体系能更好的达到降低油水界面张力、提高油田采收率的目的。     

阴非离子型Gemini表面活性剂驱油体系性能评价

为提高低渗透油藏采收率,开发了一种阴非离子型Gemini表面活性剂ANG7-Ⅳ-7,并测定体系的界面张力、乳化性能和吸附量。结果表明,ANG7-Ⅳ-7表面活性剂浓度在1⁴ g/L范围内,油水界面张力均可达到10-3m N/m的超低数量级,当ANG7-Ⅳ-7浓度为4 g/L时,能使油水界面张力达到最低值6.025×10-3m N/m;在注入浓度为4 g/L时,表面活性剂在油砂上的吸附量为2.035 mg/g。室内岩心驱油试验结果表明,4 g/L的ANG7-Ⅳ-7表面活性剂驱可在水驱后提高采收率11个百分点。     

阴非离子型Gemini表面活性剂驱油体系性能评价

为提高低渗透油藏采收率,开发了一种阴非离子型Gemini表面活性剂ANG7-Ⅳ-7,并测定体系的界面张力、乳化性能和吸附量。结果表明,ANG7-Ⅳ-7表面活性剂浓度在1~4 g/L范围内,油水界面张力均可达到10-3m N/m的超低数量级,当ANG7-Ⅳ-7浓度为4 g/L时,能使油水界面张力达到最低值6.025×10-3m N/m;在注入浓度为4 g/L时,表面活性剂在油砂上的吸附量为2.035 mg/g。室内岩心驱油试验结果表明,4 g/L的ANG7-Ⅳ-7表面活性剂驱可在水驱后提高采收率11个百分点。     

OPEO表面活性剂在油水界面的分子动力学模拟

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OPEO)是常用的非离子型表面活性剂,可以显著降低油水体系的界面张力。选择醋酸乙烯酯/水体系,通过改变OPEO中氧乙烯基的数量,采用MS7.0软件中的分子动力学(MD)模拟方法,在常温常压下对油/表面活性剂/水体系的界面生成能、界面厚度等指标进行测定,结果表明,氧乙烯基数量为12时,OPEO的界面生成能较高,降低醋酸乙烯酯/水体系界面张力的能力较好。     

复合分散体系对聚氯乙烯树脂颗粒特性的影响

以三氯乙烯模拟氯乙烯(VC),考查聚乙烯醇(KH20)/羟丙基甲基纤维素(60SH50)复合分散剂的分散能力和保胶能力,发现分散能力和保胶能力均随分散剂用量的增加而提高;复合分散剂中KH20比例增大,分散能力下降而保胶能力增强。以此为基础进行VC悬浮聚合,研究分散剂对聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂颗粒特性的影响。发现适量的分散剂可同时提高PVC树脂的表观密度和增塑剂吸收量;增大KH20的比例可提高PVC树脂的表观密度,同时使粒度分布变窄,但是增塑剂吸收量有所下降。     

Influences of individual and composed poly(vinyl alcohol) suspending agents on particle morphology of suspension poly(vinyl chloride) resin

Effects of individual and composed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) suspending agents on the particle morphology of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins were investigated and discussed in the view of PVA absorption at the oil/water interface and interfacial behavior. It was shown that the percentage and surface coverage of PVA at the oil/water interface decreased with the increase of the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of PVA in the DH range of 70–98 mol %, while the interfacial tension of VC/PVA aqueous solution increased linearly with the increase of DH of PVA. PVC resin with more regular particle shape, increased agglomeration and fusion of primary particles, lower porosity and higher bulk density, was prepared by using PVA with a higher DH as a suspending agent. This was caused by the occurrence of drop coalescence at the very early stage of VC polymerization, the increase of particle shrinkage, and the lower colloidal protection to primary particles. It was also shown that the interfacial tension of VC/water in the presence of composed PVA suspending agents varied linearly with the weight composition of the composed PVA suspending agents. The particle properties of PVC resin prepared by using the composed PVC suspending agents were usually situated in between the properties of PVC resins prepared by using the corresponding individual PVA suspending agent. The particle morphology and properties of PVC resin could be controlled by the suitable choice of the composed PVA suspending agents. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3848–3855, 2003     

Surfactant-assisted aqueous extraction of palm-pressed mesocarp fiber residual oil with Tween 80 solution

The potential of Tween 80, a commercial food-grade non-ionic surfactant, was evaluated for the extraction of residual oil from palm-pressed mesocarp fibre (PPMF). Results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was achieved at 0.05 wt% surfactant with an interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.51 mN/m. The extraction yield however depends not only on the IFT but also on the viscosity and the solid to liquid ratio of the extracting solution. The highest percentage of oil extraction (47.36%) was obtained at 1 wt% Tween 80 with 6% NaCl, temperature of 60°C and a solid–liquid ratio of 8 g PPMF: 200 g solution.     

辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚与脂肪醇醚羧酸钠复合驱油剂的研究

研究了辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)/脂肪醇醚羧酸钠(AEC9Na)复配驱油体系的性能,通过金属筛网洗油和静态驱油试验、动态界面张力测定、与注入水和模拟地层水的配伍性实验,考察了复配体系的性能,结果表明,当阴离子表面活性剂AEC9Na与非离子表面活性剂OP-10以质量比为2∶1复配,总浓度为0.25%时,复配体系和定边油田的原油形成超低界面张力,驱油率显著提高,且质量浓度小于0.4%时,与定边油田采油注入水和模拟地层水有良好的配伍性。     

悬浮态乳液聚合条件对聚氯乙烯树脂颗粒特性的影响

Suspended emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride was carried out in a 5 L autoclave. The influence of agitation, polymerization conversion, dispersant and surfactant on the average particle size (PS) and particle size distribution (PSD), particle morphology and porosity of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin was investigated. It showed that the agitator had great influence on the smooth operation of polymerization, PS and PSD. The PS increased and PSD became narrow as polymerization conversion became high. The porosity decreased with the increase of conversion. A convenient choice of additives, both dispersants and non-ionic surfactants, allows one to adjust PS and PSD. The PS decreased with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose dispersants,and increased with the addition of Span surfactants. The addition of dispersants or surfactants also affected the morphology and porosity of resin, and PVC resin with looser agglomeration and homogeneous distribution of primary particles was prepared.     

分散剂和非离子型表面活性剂对悬浮聚氯乙烯树脂颗粒特性的影响

研究了聚乙烯醇(PVA)分散剂和非离子型表面活性剂对悬浮聚氯乙烯(PVC)树脂颗粒特性的影响。结果表明随着PVA醇解度的增加，PVC树脂的颗粒规整性和表现密度增加，孔隙率和吸油率降低；随着非离子型表面活性剂添加量的增加，PVC树脂的平均粒径和吸油率增大。从PVA和表面活性剂在水一油两相分配出发，讨论了PVA醇解度和添加非离子型表面活性剂对PVC树脂的颗粒特性影响机理。     

Effects of ethoxylate structure on surfactant properties of ethoxylated fatty methyl esters

In the presence of a surface-modified Al-Mg composite oxide catalyst, ethoxylated fatty methyl esters with different hydrophobic group structures and different chain-lengths of polyoxyethylene were synthesized from fatty methyl esters by direct ethoxylation. Each ethoxylated fatty methyl ester obtained showed a narrow ethylene oxide (EO) adduct distribution. Foaming, ability to lower surface tension, ability to lower interfacial tension, wettability, and dye solubilization were measured. Ethoxylated methyl laurate with about 60 to 70% EO content was found to be the most suitable as a base surfactant for household detergents