八叉树编码体数据的快速体绘制算法

提出一种基于并行投影Shear-Warp分解的射线模板快速RayCasting体绘制算法．体数据采用有效的八叉树存储和表达方案．八叉树的适应性均一化分级策略使得算法在简化了不必要的处理过程的同时,为构建用于RayCasting算法的射线模板和后续的交叉计算提供了有力的应用基础．针对体绘制中八叉树编码体数据构造基本的交叉运算如节点单元定位、区域定能和邻接节点单元搜索的需要,相应地提出了,简单而且有效的方法．这些方法是非递归的,在减少比较运算的同时不需要构建中间结果列表,进而减少了对内存的占用和避免了繁重的交叉计算．所提出的体绘制算法能在标准PC平台下快速实现超大型数据集的处理和高质量的人体内部结构图像的绘制．     

一种用于半透明体绘制的光学模型

为了高效率地重建3维医学图像,并能充分显示内部隐含分界面及内部细节的详细信息,提出了一种能在普通硬件条件下实现的用于半透明体绘制的光学模型IVROM(improved volume rendering optical model)。该模型在光线吸收与发射模型的基础上,考虑了阴影、直接散射与间接散射等因素。此外,还详细介绍了结合该模型与Shear-Warp算法的半透明体绘制方法的实现。实验结果表明,采用该模型的半透明体绘制方法不仅效率高,而且显示效果好。     

基于线性八叉树的光线投射体绘制算法改进研究

体视化是地学信息三维可视化研究的前沿技术之一，体绘制算法的效率直接关系到体视化的效果。本文在研究已有光线投射体绘制改进算法的基础上，提出利用线性八叉树数据结构对光线投射体绘制算法进行改进研究，不仅实现了体数据的压缩。而且能对压缩体数据进行直接体视化。在PC机上的实验表明，该方法具有时间复杂度与数据复杂度基本无关的特点．加速效果明显。最后，文章指出了该方法的适用范围。     

硬件加速的大数据量自适应体绘制

利用树形结构和纹理映射技术,在普通微机上实现对大数据量体数据的实时交互.依靠八叉树结构和显卡的硬件加速功能,将体数据划分为不同精度的数据块,打破了大数据显示时显存与内存间容量和带宽的限制,通过交互策略动态遍历该树,实现对大数据量体数据多精度的绘制.实验结果表明,文中方法在普通微机上可以大于10帧/s的速度交互操纵GB级以上的体数据.该方法可有效地降低体绘制对于硬件的需求,使得在较低配置下对其交互成为可能.     

Compression Domain Volume Rendering for Distributed Environments

This paper describes a method for volume data compression and rendering which bases on wavelet splats. The underlying concept is especially designed for distributed and networked applications, where we assume a remote server to maintain large scale volume data sets, being inspected, browsed through and rendered interactively by a local client. Therefore, we encode the server’s volume data using a newly designed wavelet based volume compression method. A local client can render the volumes immediately from the compression domain by using wavelet footprints, a method proposed earlier. In addition, our setup features full progression, where the rendered image is refined progressively as data comes in. Furthermore, framerate constraints are considered by controlling the quality of the image both locally and globally depending on the current network bandwidth or computational capabilities of the client. As a very important aspect of our setup, the client does not need to provide storage for the volume data and can be implemented in terms of a network application. The underlying framework enables to exploit all advantageous properties of the wavelet transform and forms a basis for both sophisticated lossy compression and rendering. Although coming along with simple illumination and constant exponential decay, the rendering method is especially suited for fast interactive inspection of large data sets and can be supported easily by graphics hardware.     

具有剪切的矢量压缩立体绘制算法

利用矢量压缩的方法进行立体绘制,一个不足是根据码本生成的Pixmap图无法应用于立体投影中的每一点,为了克服这些缺点,提出了具有Shear Warp的矢量化算法,它充分发挥了矢量量化的压缩比,以及不需要解压即可直接进行体绘制的优点,有效地利用了具有Shear Warp的体绘制方法的快速和适合立体投影的优点,克服了基于矢量量化的绘制方法的不足,几乎能够达到实时的交互绘制,是一种基于网络的绘制模式。     

加速体绘制技术

根据体绘制成像的各个操作环节，对体绘制的加速技术进行了较全面且系统的介绍，包括色彩合成、光线与数据的求交、插值计算、排序及视见变换、对体绘制的基于硬件及系统方面的加速技术（如并行体绘制和漫游体绘制）也进行了一些讨论，在实际应用中，只有将各种加速技术进行有机地结合才能充分发挥体绘制的可视化作用。     

使用GPU编程的光线投射体绘制算法

将传统的光线投射体绘制算法在具有可编程管线的图形处理器(GPU)上重新实现.首先将体数据作为三维纹理保存在显存中,然后通过编写顶点程序和片段程序将光线进入点/离开点计算和光线遍历的计算移入GPU中执行,最后根据不同的采样点颜色混合公式实现不同的绘制效果.文中算法仅需绘制一个四边形即可完成三维重建.实验结果表明:在进行光照效果的重建时,该算法能够达到实时交互的绘制要求,并能实现半透明等复杂绘制效果.     

一种非规则数据场的体绘制算法

非规则数据场的体绘制是可视化的一个热点和难点。常用直接体绘制算法有光线投射法、单元投影法、快速体绘制算法。本文吸取了上述三种算法的优点,采用体元面投影的方法来确定光线路径;同时考虑到非规则数据场的一些特性,采取三个有效的措施大大加快了投影和求交速度;在采样中用分段积分法代替等距采样,从而进一步提高了图象质量。     

Rendering of Surface and Volume Details in Volume Data*

Aiming at the detail rendering in volume data, a new volume illumination model, called Composed Scattering Model (CSM), is presented. In order to enhance different details in volume data, scattering intensity is decomposed into volume scattering intensity and surface scattering intensity with different weight functions. According to the Gauss probability distribution of gray and gradient of data, we propose an accurate method to detect the materials in a voxel, called composed segmentation. In addition, we discuss the principle of constructing these weight functions based on the operators defined in composed segmentation. CSM can generate images containing more details than most popular volume rendering models. This model has been applied to the direct volume rendering of 3D data sets obtained by CT and MRI. The resultant images show not only rich details but also clear boundary surfaces. CSM is demonstrated as an accurate volume rendering model suited for detail enhancement in volume data sets.     

三维地震数据场的并行体绘制算法

光线投射算法是一种应用广泛的体绘制基本算法,其存在的主要问题是绘制速度较慢.为了提高光线投射算法的绘制速度,利用光线间和光线内的并行性,结合三维地震数据场的特点和文件存储特性,提出了一种基于工作站机群的三维地震数据场的并行体绘制算法.地震油气解释实际应用表明本算法能满足地震解释的要求.     

在流水线结构上的基于Shear-Wrap的并行体数据绘制算法

在以前的基于目标空间划分的并行体数据绘制算法中，局部绘制和图象融合是两个串行的过程，在节点机的局部绘制阶段几乎没有数据通讯，但在数据融合阶段数据通讯量非常大，出现总线争用甚至通讯阻塞，而且在这个阶段有非常大的同步开销。本文利用流水线结构，让局部体数据绘制和图象融合并行执行，很好地解决了上述缺点。并在一个基于微机的流水线结构上实现了一个新的基于目标空间划分的并行体数据绘制算法。     

体绘制的任意曲面切割方法

为了在体绘制的过程中,响应用户的实时交互以及对体数据进行切割。论文提出了一种预计算外部轮廓,基于ConstructiveSolidGeometry(CSG)的方法来进行切割的方法。预先计算的外部轮廓在整个体绘制过程中完成界定体元绘制的边界和进行切割交互的功能,因此提高了体元绘制和切割的效率。引入外部轮廓几何体之后,采用基于CSG的方法来进行交互式切割,保证了原有外部轮廓和切割体各自内部的拓扑关系。最后,通过对纹理坐标的实时计算,实现3D纹理的映射。论文借助于现有可编程图形流水线的功能实现该方法,完成了高效率的实时交互和绘制。     

基于VTK的腹部医学图像体绘制应用研究

由于面绘制不能保留CT图像丰富的数据信息,无法良好地对于形状特征模糊的组织器官以及它们之间的层次关系进行三维显示,因此需要结合体绘制来为医生提供有力的病变分析依据。本文利用VTK开发包所提供的体绘制方法来实现腹部CT图像的三维重建,验证并比较了这几种方法各自的优缺点。实验结果表明,VTK用于CT图像的体绘制方法具有快速、效果好的特点,并可根据实际应用来选用不同的体绘制方法。     

Fast Visualization of Object Contours by Non-Photorealistic Volume Rendering

In this paper we present a fast visualization technique for volumetric data, which is based on a recent non-photorealistic rendering technique. Our new approach enables alternative insights into 3D data sets (compared to traditional approaches such as direct volume rendering or iso-surface rendering). Object contours, which usually are characterized by locally high gradient values, are visualized regardless of their density values. Cumbersome tuning of transfer functions, as usually needed for setting up DVR views is avoided. Instead, a small number of parameters is available to adjust the non-photorealistic display. Based on the magnitude of local gradient information as well as on the angle between viewing direction and gradient vector, data values are mapped to visual properties (color, opacity), which then are combined to form the rendered image (MIP is proposed as the default compositing stragtegy here). Due to the fast implementation of this alternative rendering approach, it is possible to interactively investigate the 3D data, and quickly learn about internal structures. Several further extensions of our new approach, such as level lines are also presented in this paper.     

离散场的一种快速体绘制方法

针对大规模离散数据场的特点,首先给出了三维直线的两种体素化表示方法,然后建立了三维离散直线的基路径,并提出了基于基路径的直接体绘制方法。该方法由于充分利用了射线之间的相关性,所以可明显加速体绘制过程,且对高分辨率离散数据场有普遍的应用价值。     

Shear-Warp算法中基于边界模型的传递函数及其修正

基于Shear-Warp算法提出一种改进的体绘制算法,在对传递函数进行预设定时,基于边界模型并结合交互式操作,可以方便地设定最优传递函数值,在重采样过程中,结合Shear-Warp算法的特点对传递函数值进行修正,以保证重建后的图像质量．实验结果证明：该算法不仅效率高,而且显示效果好．     

Stochastic Volume Rendering of Multi‐Phase SPH Data

In this paper, we present a novel method for the direct volume rendering of large smoothed‐particle hydrodynamics (SPH) simulation data without transforming the unstructured data to an intermediate representation. By directly visualizing the unstructured particle data, we avoid long preprocessing times and large storage requirements. This enables the visualization of large, time‐dependent, and multivariate data both as a post‐process and in situ. To address the computational complexity, we introduce stochastic volume rendering that considers only a subset of particles at each step during ray marching. The sample probabilities for selecting this subset at each step are thereby determined both in a view‐dependent manner and based on the spatial complexity of the data. Our stochastic volume rendering enables us to scale continuously from a fast, interactive preview to a more accurate volume rendering at higher cost. Lastly, we discuss the visualization of free‐surface and multi‐phase flows by including a multi‐material model with volumetric and surface shading into the stochastic volume rendering.     

直接体绘制技术研究

直接体绘制技术是可视化研究领域的一个重要分支,是目前最活跃的可视化技术之一。该文首先介绍了体绘制技术的原理,分析其实现的关键技术及算法。然后介绍了可视化工具VTK,及其对光线投射算法的实现过程。     

Three Architectures for Volume Rendering

Volume rendering is a key technique in scientific visualization that lends itself to significant exploitable parallelism. The high computational demands of real-time volume rendering and continued technological advances in the area of VLSl give impetus to the development of special-purpose volume rendering architectures. This paper presents and characterizes three recently developed volume rendering engines which are based on the ray-casting method. A taxonomy of the algorithmic variants of ray-casting and details of each ray-casting architecture are discussed. The paper then compares the machinefeatures and provides an outlook onfuture developments in the area of volume rendering hardware.