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1.
G. G. Derkach O. N. Zheleznyak Yu. A. Pestov V. N. Semenov 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1999,41(10):446-450
Conclusions
Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 25–29, October, 1999. 相似文献
| 1. | The mechanical properties, the microstructure, and the phase composition of steel 07Kh16N6 with different contents of carbon after a heat treatment simulating the production process of a part from steel 07Kh16N6 and granulated nickel alloy éP741NP joined by the method of HIP fully recover the optimum values after the final heat treatment by a regime recommended for steel 07Kh16N6. The mechanical properties of alloy éP741NP do not worsen. |
| 2. | Counter diffusion of Fe, Cr, and C from the steel into the alloy and of Ti, Al, Nb, W, and Mo from the alloy into the steel is observed in the diffusion zone of the combined preform. A narrow (15–20 μm) carbide zone with an elevated concentration of titanium is formed due to the counter diffusion over granule boundaries of alloy éP741NP. The depth of iron diffusion into alloy éP741NP is 40–50 μm. |
| 3. | The mechanical properties of the combined preform at a temperature ranging from −196 to +650°C are close to the properties of steel 07Kh16N6; fracture occurs predominantly over the diffusion zone. |
| 4. | In order to raise the working capacity and reliability of units with rotating parts from alloy éP741NP joined permanently to a shaft from steel 07Kh16N6 by the method of HIP, the shaft should be coated with a nickel barrier layer that diminishes the possibility of the formation of titanium carbide on the surface of alloy éP741NP over granule boundaries. |
2.
T. S. Kuznetsova O. A. Bannykh T. A. Chernyshova N. A. Khubrikh B. K. Shemonaev 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1989,31(3):223-228
| 1. | Depending upon the ratio of the components stabilizing the bcc or fcc phase, the leading phase in crystallization of molten 05Kh18G2N5T, 05Kh18G2N5AT, and 05Kh18G10N5M3F steels is -ferrite and in 05Kh18G10N5M3AF steel austenite. In final form the structure of the as-cast metal is formed as the result of the phase '- or M-transformation occurring in cooling of the ingot. |
| 2. | By increase in the tendency toward segregation in the investigated steels, the alloys elements are in the order Ti, Mn, Cr, Mo, and Ni. The pressence in the composition of the steels of nitrogen and titanium strengthens segregation of manganese, nickel, and chromium. |
| 3. | The presence in as-cast 05Kh18G2N5T steel of the martensite constituent leads to poorer mechanical properties. In selection of welding materials for this steel it is desirable to aim toward the creation in the joint metal of duplex phase austenitic-ferritic structure. Welding of 05Kh18G2N5AT, 05Kh18G10N5M3F, and 05Kh18G10N5M3AF steels may be done with an electrode material of the same composition as the base material. |
3.
K. A. Lanskaya V. V. Yarovoi O. V. Basargin L. V. Kulikova 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1988,30(1):19-23
| 1. | When steel 12Kh1MF is alloyed with 0.14% of REM, the amount of supercooled austenite increases in the low-temperature region. In this case, the position of the critical points Ac1n, Ac3k, and Ar3n does not vary, and the temperature Ar1k is lowered by 40°C. |
| 2. | REM in steel 12Kh1MF are bonded primarily in nitrides ranging from 120 to 200 nm in size. |
| 3. | The introduction of 0.14% REM in the steel leads to a reduction in the average size of the vanadium carbide particles from 24 nm (in the REM-free steel) to 14 nm, and contributes to the formation of a uniform ferritic-bainitic structure. |
| 4. | The presence of REM in the steel improves its properties during short-term and prolonged testing. |
4.
L. V. Lagutina 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1989,31(7):506-510
| 1. | Strengthening in steel 12Kh11V2MF occurs as a result of precipitation of two phases: M23C6 carbide phase and intermetallic Fe2W Laves type phase. Presence of one or other strengthening phase makes it possible to estimate the condition of the metal with a prescribed heating temperature. |
| 2. | The temperature-time boundaries of precipitation for M23C6 carbides and intermetallic Fe2W type phase in steel 12Kh11V2MF in the range 600–750°C have been determined. At 750°C the Fe2W phase does not decompose over about 70 h, and at 600°C over more than 70,000 h. Carbide phase M23C6 is less stable at 600–750°C than Fe2W phase. |
| 3. | Strength properties of the steel on heating mainly depend on kinetics for precipitation and dissolution of M23C6 carbide phase particles. However, formation of finely dispersed particles of Fe2W Laves type phase in the later stages of aging compensates for carbide phase coalescence, as a result of which the strength properties decrease insignificantly. |
| 4. | During operation under the effect of stresses the intensity of Fe2W type phase formation in the steel increases. Dissolution of this phase over the whole operating period of (100,000 h at 545°C) is not observed. Presence of finely dispersed Fe2W Laves type phase in the steel provides its high-temperature strength during operation and the minimum creep rate. |
5.
O. A. Bannykh E. P. Pestryakova A. G. Rakhshtadt L. V. Barseg'yan V. M. Blinov 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1991,33(1):50-52
| 1. | It is established that the level of carbide and nitride phase dissolution in chromium-manganese steels of type Kh16G18 with a varible ratio of carbon and nitrogen in them reaches a maximum at 1150°C. With an almost identical lattice spacing the degree of its distortion in steel with nitrogen is greater and therefore the specific electrical resistivity of the steel is higher. |
| 2. | The degree of strain hardening for austenitic steel type Kh16G18 containing carbon and nitrogen depends on the relationship between these elements, and as a rule it is greater, the higher the nitrogen content, which is connected with the higher structural defect density and formation of -martensite in steel with nitrogen. |
| 3. | In chromium-manganese steel type Kh16G18 with the maximum nitrogen content (0.45%) after cold plastic deformation with tru = 1.2 a higher level of strengthening was achieved with retention of its nonmagnetic nature than for steel with 0.45% C. |
6.
The structure, mechanical properties, and crack resistance after tempering of maraging steel 03Kh11N10M2T (EP-678) and low-carbon martensitic steel 12Kh2G2NMFT are studied. The range of tempering temperatures ensuring the combination of properties required for massive parts (r #x2265; 1300 MPa, 0.2 1100 MPa, KCT 0.2 MJ/m2) is determined. It is shown that steel 12Kh2G2NMFT is better adaptable to manufacture because it is hardened by air-cooling.__________Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 1, pp. 32 – 35, January, 2005. 相似文献
7.
P. A. Antikain L. I. Lepekhina V. E. Borisov T. N. Shevchenko Yu. D. Mikulina 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1988,30(8):627-630
| 1. | Cold bending of tubular blanks of 10Kh2M steel has an insignificant influence on the level of microdistortions, decreases the lattice parameter somewhat, does not change the phase composition of the carbides, and leads to cracking of the coarse M23C6 carbides. |
| 2. | Tempering at 710°C after bending reduces the level of microdistortions by more than three times and the intrinsic broadening of the (110) line by more than two times, increases the lattice parameter, and changes the phase composition of the carbide phase (M3C dissolves). |
| 3. | The stress-rupture strength of 10Kh2M steel coils in the unheat treated condition is higher at stresses exceeding 160 N/mm2 than in the heat treated condition, which is the result of the favorable kinetics of occurrence of structural transformations. With stresses below 160 N/mm2 and in service for 105 h at 505°C coils in the heat treated condition, that is, with a more stable structure, possess higher stress-rupture strength. |
8.
V. M. Goritskii G. R. Shneiderov A. D. Shur V. A. Yukhanov 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1992,34(1):3-9
| 1. | Thermal embrittlement of steels 10G2N2MFA and 15Kh2NMFA-A is caused by variation in the size and distribution of disperse-phase particles. During holding to 3000 h at 350°C, finely disperse carbides are segregated in the body of ferrite grains, block the dislocations, strengthen the steel in turn, and, correspondingly, increase its semibrittleness temperature. A further increase in holding (right up to 10,000 h) leads to coagulation of the carbides, and to a reduction in the resistance to plastic deformation and in the semi-brittleness temperature of the steel. In steel 10G2N2MFA, a monotonic increase in T50 during holding at 350°C is caused by preferential segregation of carbide particles along the ferrite-grain boundaries. |
| 2. | A different pattern of variation in the semibrittleness temperature during holding at 350°C for steels 15Kh2NMFA-A and 10G2N2MFA is governed by differences in the structure of the metal in the initial state. Steel 15Kh2NMFA-A has a preferentially subgrain-cellular structure, whereas steel 10G2N2MFA, in addition to a subgrain structure, has a significant amount of recrystallized ferrite grains; in this case, the dislocation density is three times lower in steel 10G2N2MFA than in steel 15Kh2NMFA-A. |
| 3. | The relation between the degree of thermal embrittlement and the percentages of intercrystalline fracture in the brittle fracture zones of impact specimens of the steels under investigation is ascertained. |
9.
I. P. Mozharenko L. A. Dolinskaya E. Ya. Veksler G. A. Legavets L. K. Gordienko Z. G. Fridman 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1976,18(1):3-5
| 1. | Mechanicothermal treatment of steel 12Kh1MF under the conditions given increases the dispersity of carbide particles without changing the phase composition of the metal and produces a polygonized substructure. The structural changes lead to an increase in the short-term strength characteristics of the steel at standard and high temperatures (up to 650°C). |
| 2. | Mechanicothermal treatment increases the time to failure of steel 12Kh1MF by 200–400% at all static stress levels tested. |
10.
V. B. Spiridonov V. S. Fridman Yu. L. Rodinov P. L. Gruzin 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1974,16(10):844-848
Conclusions Electron microscopic and Mossbauer spectroscopic studies showed that aging of steel 03Kh11N10M2T produces complex structural changes due to redistribution in martensite of titanium, molybdenum, nickel, and chromium atoms, and precipitation of Ni3Ti even with brief holding (5 sec at 525°). Also, a partial transformation occurs in previously deformed samples during aging at 525°. There are good correlations between the structural changes and the changes observed in the properties of steel 03Kh11N10M2T during aging.Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 10, pp. 28–32, October, 1974. 相似文献
11.
S. M. Zakharov R. L. Mezhvinskii Yu. A. Polushkin V. R. Ryabov 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1989,31(12):885-887
| 1. | Presence of bcc phase in sheet steel 18Kh15N5AM3 gives rise to embrittlement after annealing at temperatures of about 400°C. The austenitic structure of the steel realized in wire provides a higher thermal stability of mechanical properties compared with the twophase condition. |
| 2. | Intense loss of strength for steel 18Kh15N5AM3 occurs after annealing at temperatures above 550°C. |
12.
V. V. Sagaradze I. I. Kositsyna A. V. Ozhiganov 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1981,23(6):442-445
Conclusions Nonmagnetic stainless steels of the Kh12N12T3 and Kh12N14T3 type have good mechanical properties after phase strain hardening and aging (0.2 = 685 - 785 MPa, b = 1275 MPa, 20%) as compared with the properties of Fe-Ni-Ti austenitic steels with 26–30% Ni. After phase strain hardening and aging the stability of these steels is high with respect to the transformation during cold treatment.IFM UNTs AN SSSR. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 6, pp. 57–60, June, 1981. 相似文献
13.
A. A. Gol'denberg A. N. Chekhovoi L. N. Antipova 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1989,31(2):129-133
| 1. | One of the causes of failure during low-cycle fatigue of type 0Kh4V2S2MFNYuT die steel is the formation of defective spaces around the carbide inclusions. This type of damage is evidently associated with the development of stresses at the boundary of the matrix and the inclusion during external cyclic loading. |
| 2. | The effective radius of the carbide inclusions linearly increases with increase of the logarithm of their sizes. |
| 3. | During cyclic loading at a frequency of f=1 Hz and c = +2400 to –300 N/mm2 the defective spaces are observed in steel 8Kh4V2S2MFNYuT around particles of size greater than 0.3 m. |
| 4. | During metallurgical production, one should avoid the accumulation of large carbides in the structure of die steels to be used for cold working. |
14.
A. V. Bezprozvannykh A. I. Kapustin I. V. Barysheva 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1989,31(2):134-136
| 1. | An austenitic dispersion-hardened chromium manganese die steel type 5Kh10G15SM2F2R has been developed whose thermal stability is 160–190°C higher than for the martensitic class steels 4Kh4VMFS and 5Kh2MNF used currently, for similar purposes. |
| 2. | Strengthening of steel 5Kh10G15SM2F2R occurs as a result of precipitation of carbide phases type VC, Cr23C6, and Mo2C during aging. |
| 3. | Steel type 5Kh10G15SM2F2R is recommended for hot-forming tools for alloys that are difficult to work, liquid forming of copper alloys, and for hot pressing of metal powders whose operating temperature does not exceed 830–850°C at pressures up to 700–800 MPa. |
15.
É. G. Fe'ldgandler T. V. Svistunova L. Ya. Savkina O. B. Lapshina 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1996,38(2):78-83
At present the equipment for manufacturing carbamide mineral fertilizers is produced from domestic steel 03Kh17N14M3 having carbamide quality. Imported equipment also used in the industry is produced from steel of the 25–22–2 (Cr -Ni-Mo) type shipped by various firms, namely, 2RE69 (Sandvik, Sweden), 254SFER (Avesta, Sweden), 2522LCN (VDM, Germany), DM 1.4466 (Germany), and X2CrNiMo 25–22–2 (Dalmine, Italy). The imported steels are used because in some units steel 03Khl7Nl4M3 does not provide the requisite corrosion resistance in an intensified process of carbamide manufacturing. We currently possess domestic high-alloyed steel for producing new and repairing imported equipment operating under the severe conditions of carbamide synthesis. The present paper concerns the structure, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance of industrially produced steel 02Kh25N22AM2 (ChS-108) and the recommended range of its application.Inventor's Certificate No. 1686028, Stainless steel,Byull. Oikryl. Izobrei., No. 39 (1991).Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 2, pp. 27 – 31, February, 1996. 相似文献
16.
É. N. Zhelikhovskaya A. S. Zavarov S. V. Grachev 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1989,31(6):422-424
| 1. | A preliminary anneal before hardening of carburized components permits one to obtain a surface layer containing finely dispersed carbides, and to regulate their size, volume, and distribution. |
| 2. | The optimum annealing temperatures are: for steel 20Kh –790°C and for steels 20KhN3A and 20Kh2N4A –760°C. The optimum holding time is 45–60 min. |
| 3. | The optimum annealing temperature of steel 20Kh is practically independent of the degree of carbon saturation in the case-hardened layer and is determined by the position of the critical point Ac 1 of the steel. In chrome-nickel steels 20KhN3A and 20Kh2N4A, as the degree of carbon saturation increases, this temperature somewhat decreases. |
17.
O. V. Goslavskii A. G. Derzhavin I. N. Shcherbinin 《Metal Science and Heat Treatment》1989,31(11):822-825
| 1. | Maraging steel 05Kh13N7D2 with a different degree of strengthening exhibits quite high impact strength. With an increase in aging temperature from 450 to 600°C the impact strength a0.25 increases from 49 to 118 J/cm2. |
| 2. | Prolonged soaking at 300°C leads to the embrittlement of steel aged at 550°C for 10 h. The critical brittleness temperature T50 is –80°C in the original condition and it remains practically unchanged. |
| 3. | Fracture toughness KIC and critical crack opening c for steel 05Kh13N7D2 are at quite a high level at temperatures to –125°C. |
18.
| 1. | In tempering of 34KhN1M steel, types M7C3 and M23C6 carbide are formed. |
| 2. | A reduction in carbon content in the steel causes an increase in the rate of the carbide reactions M3CM7C3 and M3CM23C6. |
| 3. | There is a correlation between the hardness of 34KhN1M steel and the degree of development of the M3CM7C3 carbide reaction. With development of carbide transformation a reduction in hardness of the steel is observed. |
19.
| 1. | In austenitic corrosion-resistant steels, nitrogen, like carbon, suppresses segregation of the -phase during long-term aging. |
| 2. | In type 0Kh17N14M3G2 steels with a nitrogen content to 0.2% and a low carbon content, phase formation is controlled by the diffusion of chromium during long-term aging. |
20.
| 1. | A steel with finer grains and a more widely dispersed carbide phase that is uniformly distributed relative to the grains has the least tendency to brittle failure and satisfactory stampability during explosive forming. |
| 2. | An increased tendency to brittle failure and, as a result, failure in sheets during explosive forming is related to the inappropriate structure, which is coarse and nonuniformly distributed within the carbide phase ferritic matrix. Presumably, the formation of such a structure is the result of excessively lengthy sheet annealing at the producer's plant. |
| 3. | The structure of the original steel can be improved by applying heat treatment. In this situation, the resistance to crack propagation is improved by a factor of 3 to 8. After this improving heat treatment, the annealed 28Kh3SNMVFA-Sh steel has a relatively high level of mechanical properties. |