Characterisation of wear particles produced by metal on metal and ceramic on metal hip prostheses under standard and microseparation simulation

The failure of metal on polyethylene total hip replacements due to wear particle induced osteolysis and late aseptic loosening has focused interest upon alternative bearings, such as metal on metal implants. A recent advance in this field has been the development of a novel ceramic on metal implant. The characteristics of the wear particles generated in this low-wearing bearing have not been previously determined. The aims of this study were to characterise metal wear particles from metal on metal and ceramic on metal hips under standard and adverse (microseparation) wear conditions. Accurate characterisation of cobalt-chrome wear particles is difficult since the reactive nature of the particles prevents them from being isolated using acids and bases. A method was developed to isolate the metal wear particles using enzymes to digest serum containing lubricants from metal on metal and ceramic on metal hip simulations. High resolution scanning electron microscopy was then used to characterise the wear particles generated by both metal on metal and ceramic on metal implants under standard and microseparation wear conditions. The wear particles isolated from all simulations had a mean size of less than 50 nm with a rounded and irregular morphology. No significant difference was found between the size of wear particles generated under any conditions.     

Acetabular metal backed fatigue due to severe wear before revision

The polymer UHMWPE is widely applied as bearing element at acetabular side in total hip arthroplasty. In some designs, a metal backed is placed between the polymer and bone. Today, wear of the polymer is the major cause of revisions. In some extreme cases, the metallic cephalic component and the metal backed experience contact wear promoting wear debris, which has catastrophic consequences. In this paper, it was analyzed a retrieved acetabular component of total hip arthroplasty re-revised due to metal backed rupture after gross metal wear. Failure analysis shown fatigue of the metal backed. To simulate the stress distribution over the metal backed and polymer liner, a finite element analysis was performed taking account metal backed wall reduction due to wear. It was observed that the decrease in the metal backed thickness increase stresses at the metal/polymer interface and the stresses which enhance polymer wear. It was also observed that wear produces a change of the location of maximum stress, from the contact periphery to the middle section of the hemispherical wall. This change promotes failure due to bending of the metal backed. Revision of metal backed shall be always made when metal backed wear is observed, even when it is well fixed in the bone.     

原位相转化反应制备的金属/金属氧化物用于析氧反应

金属/金属氧化物复合材料凭借其独特的界面和电子结构已被广泛设计合成,并应用于碱性溶液中电催化析氧反应的电催化剂.然而,如何设计并获得丰富的金属/金属氧化物界面和均匀分散的金属相仍是一个挑战.此外,金属和金属氧化物在增强电催化活性方面的协同机理依然不清晰.本文以金属氧化物为基体,通过锂诱导的转化反应,制备了具有丰富界面和...     

On the lubrication and wear of metal by rubber

A puncture test has been used to investigate the lubrication and wear of metal by rubber. Cylindrical metal indentors are used to puncture a rubber surface under controlled conditions. Several mechanisms are investigated which affect both the lubrication and wear of the metal. A self-lubrication effect is reported whereby there is a drop in puncture load over successive punctures, which correlates with a strong increase in the contact angle of water against the metal surface and is associated with a reduction in metal wear rate. It is suggested that this is due to the formation of a rubbery layer on the metal surface. The wear rates of several different metals are studied and at least one metal showed an enhanced wear rate for its hardness, suggesting some mechanism of polymer radical attack. In most cases, however, metal and rubber hardnesses were the dominant factors in determining wear rates.     

Development of microparticle counting sensor based on structural and spectroscopic properties of metal mesh device

A microparticle counter based on a metal mesh device was developed. The metal mesh device had a lattice-shaped structure with well-regulated holes of 1.8 μm. The collection percentages of differently sized microparticles using the metal mesh device were determined by flow cytometry. The cut-off point and hole size of the metal mesh device were identical. Polystyrene microparticles were detected from changes in the spectroscopic properties of the metal mesh device. When microparticles were trapped on the holes of the metal mesh device, the transmittance in the infrared spectra decreased. Microparticles smaller than the holes were not detected by the metal mesh device, whereas 2 and 3 μm microparticles were detected. Polystyrene and silica microparticles could be counted using the metal mesh device via calibration curves between the concentration of microparticles and the change level in the transmittance of the metal mesh device. The separation of microparticles from a mixture suspension using the metal mesh device was evaluated. Unlike a microfiber filter, only 2 μm microparticles were collected from coexisting 1 μm microparticles by the metal mesh device. Owing to its high separation ability, the metal mesh device selectively detected 2 μm microparticles in coexisting 10-equivalence 1 μm microparticles.     

再论载体材料与贵金属催化剂——粉末冶金多孔金属应当是贵金属催化剂的合理载体材料

理论分析和实验结果表明催化过程中催化剂不参加化学反应,催化剂本身不发生化学变化,化学反应模式催化循环反应不可能发生,1902年提出的化学反应模式的催化循环原理(Sabatier's principle and Boudar'ts prin-ciple)难以令人信服。简述了触媒理论的逻辑推理及实验验证。触媒理论认为催化循环是催化剂质点内运动的电子轨道变形与恢复的循环,催化剂(或促进剂)有助于变形了的轨道恢复,而毒化剂则使变形了的轨道进一步变形;认为载体材料对贵金属催化剂催化活性的影响犹如催化剂(或促进剂)或毒化剂。凡是电负性大于贵金属催化剂的酸性材料作为载体都会降低金属催化剂催化活性,为了达到相同的转化率,必须要用较多的贵金属催化剂。Cl、O、N、C、S、P、SiO2、Al2O3、B2O3、硅藻土以及菫菁石陶瓷等都是酸性元素或材料。凡是电负性小于贵金属的碱性材料和过渡族元素都能提高贵金属的催化活性,如果达到同样的排放标准,则可以节省许多贵金属。汽车尾气净化催化剂用的Fe-Cr-Al金属卷片蜂窝载体优于陶瓷蜂窝载体。粉末冶金多孔金属蜂窝载体的最大优点是涂层量多而又不易剥落,起燃温度低,远优于金属卷片蜂窝载体。     

镀锌钢的液态金属脆现象及其在电阻点焊过程中的表现

液态金属脆是指通常具有韧性的固体金属或者合金与液态金属直接接触且受到拉伸应力时,其塑性降低并发生脆性断裂的现象。钢在液态锌中会发生液态金属脆现象,这在镀锌钢的热拉伸实验中得到了证实。此外,研究人员发现在镀锌高强钢的电阻点焊过程中也会出现液态金属脆现象,表现为在焊点表面出现大量裂纹,这些裂纹对焊点性能存在潜在危害。本文回顾了镀锌钢液态金属脆现象的热拉伸实验研究,阐明了影响脆化现象的实验因素;综述了镀锌钢在电阻点焊过程中发生液态金属脆现象的研究进展,分析了产生裂纹的位置及其影响因素,并总结了可能的解决方案。     

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of Langmuir–Blodgett films of N-octadecyl-8-hydroxy-2-quinoline carboxamide deposited from subphases containing metal ions

The Langmuir–Blodgett films of N-octadecyl-8-hydroxy-2-quinoline carboxamide (HOQ) deposited from subphase containing metal ions were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The amphiphilic HOQ with its complexing head group in contact with the aqueous phase can form metal complexes with the metal ions present in the aqueous phase. The formation of HOQ–metal complexes leads to the appearance of new XPS peaks assigned to the metal ions. The information on stoichiometry provided by XPS indicates that a metal ion is coordinated by one HOQ molecule for transition metal ions of the fourth period, but by two HOQ molecules for the metal ions after the fourth period.     

高分子金属络合物的性能及应用进展

介绍了高分子金属络合物的种类、合成 ,主要综述了高分子金属络合物不同于低分子络合物的催化性能、电学性能、光学性能及磁性以及作为催化剂、光学材料、电学材料等方面的应用进展     

服役条件下螺旋焊接管线钢疲劳裂纹扩展机理分析

对服役条件下螺旋焊接管线钢裂纹扩展机理进行了分析,通过试验测定了两种母材区和两种焊缝区的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,通过扫描电子显微镜分析了螺旋焊接管线钢中裂纹扩展速率不同的原因。结果表明:焊缝疲劳裂纹扩展速率快于母材中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率;焊缝组织中分布着许多孔洞和表面裂纹,导致组织疏松,使焊缝金属的韧性降低,从而使管线钢承载能力降低,在循环波动载荷下易发生螺旋焊缝疲劳断裂失效。     

Electron chemoemission from metal to semiconductor

A method of monitoring hot electron generation in a metal, accompanying a chemical reaction on the metal surface, is proposed. The phenomenon of electron chemoemission from metal to semiconductor has been observed. The effect of conversion of the energy liberated on the surface of a metal catalyst into the electric energy is found.     

压缩长度对金属橡胶减振器刚度的影响

对金属橡胶减振器按照刚度参数进行选配或在最终的装配过程中,经常会发生静态或动态性能的差异。如果能以不更换金属橡胶块为前提,通过改变金属橡胶块的压缩长度来改变金属橡胶减振器的使用刚度,将可降低产品的废品率。在进行相关理论分析后,通过10组压缩试验对分析结果予以验证。试验结果还表明在刚度变化相同的情况下,金属橡胶块压缩长度改变值在“软化”处理时比“硬化”处理时要大。此方法有效地提高金属橡胶减振器的成品率,节省生产成本并提高资源的利用。     

不锈钢母材及其焊缝金属材料单拉本构关系研究

为研究国产双相型S22053和奥氏体S30408不锈钢母材及其焊缝金属材料的单拉本构关系和破坏模式,对4组共12个材性试样进行了单向拉伸试验,并对其破坏截面进行了电镜扫描。基于试验曲线,利用修正的Ramberg-Osgood （R-O）模型对材料本构关系参数进行了拟合,进而对不锈钢母材和焊缝金属的单拉本构关系进行了对比分析。结果表明：不锈钢母材和焊缝金属材料均发生韧性破坏,其本构关系都表现出明显的非线性;焊缝金属材料的屈服强度和极限强度均高于不锈钢母材,而延性低于母材;修正的R-O模型与母材和焊缝金属材料试验曲线吻合良好;在焊缝连接承载力精确分析中,应考虑焊缝金属材料与母材本构关系的差异,分别使用相应的本构关系模型。     

金属包装覆膜技术的研究与应用进展

目的 综述金属包装覆膜技术的研究现状与应用进展,阐述金属覆膜工艺的原理及特点.方法 金属包装因其优异的加工性能和力学性能,在食品饮料包装中占据着重要地位,但金属包装存在的腐蚀现象会影响包装内装物的质量.金属的覆膜技术相较于涂层技术,具有抗腐蚀性能良好、成本低和绿色环保等特点,应用在食品饮料包装中具有较大的优势.从金属覆膜的工艺技术出发,介绍金属覆膜技术的研究现状,分析影响其结合强度的因素,通过聚合物改性和金属基材的表面处理来减少缺陷的产生,从而提高覆膜金属包装的质量.结论 金属覆膜工艺在食品包装方面有着广泛的应用,通过借鉴以往实验研究成果,分析金属覆膜工艺中存在的问题与缺陷,探讨覆膜过程中膜铁结合机理,从而为金属覆膜技术的创新研究和应用提供支持.     

Ellipsometry and Other Reflection Techniques

A survey is given of some optical methods that are used to investigate the metal surface and thin oxide films on the metal. These optical techniques allow observation of the film during the actual process of film growth on the metal in a metal/electrolyte or metal/gas system. Besides ellipsometry multiple reflection, modulated reflectance spectroscopy and internal reflectance spetroscopy are discussed.     

Growth of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Sharp Metal Tips

The nucleation and growth of single‐walled carbon nanotubes is observed in situ in a transmission electron microscope. Carbon atoms are implanted into catalytically active metal particles by electron‐beam sputtering. The metal particles are then shaped with a focused electron beam. Once the particles have a region of high surface curvature, spontaneous nucleation and growth of single‐walled carbon nanotubes occurs on the metal particles. It is shown that the local solubility of carbon in the metal determines the nucleation of nanotubes. This is confirmed by atomistic computer simulations treating the solubility of carbon in a metal particle as a function of the size of the system.     

导流角对挤压变形流动的影响机理分析

针对平模挤压时常因金属流速不均匀而易产生缺陷,本文采用了带导流角结构的芯模进行挤压研究.通过数值模拟和实验,深入分析了挤压过程中金属变形流动行为的机理,结果表明:带导流角芯模挤压时筒底不出现分流的现象,"死区"显著地缩小;处于塑性区内材料的应变类型由三种变为均一的拉伸类,显著地提高了金属变形流动的均匀性,利于金属的挤出成形及制品质量的提高.     

金属泡沫材料研究进展

综述了金属泡沫材料的各种制备方法。液相法制备金属泡沫材料包括气体吹入法、固体发泡剂法和固体—气体共晶凝固法、熔模铸造法、渗流铸造法、喷射沉积法以及粉末加压熔化法等制备方法。采用金属粉末烧结法、浆料发泡法等制备工艺可以从固相制备金属泡沫材料。电沉积法以及气相沉积法可用于制备高孔隙率的金属泡沫材料。最后简要总结了金属泡沫材料的应用。     

The influence of Zr layer thickness on contact deformation and fracture in a ZrN–Zr multilayer coating

In order to understand the influence of ductile metal interlayer on the overall deformation behavior of metal/nitride multilayer, different configurations of metal and nitride layers were deposited and tested under indentation loading. To provide insight into the trends in deformation with multilayer spacings, an FEM model with elastic-perfect plastic metal layers alternate with an elastic nitride on top of an elastic–plastic substrate. The strong strain mismatch between the metal and nitride layers significantly alters the stress field under contact loading leading to micro-cracking in the nitride, large tensile stresses immediately below the contact, and a transition from columnar sliding in thin metal films to a more uniform bending and microcracking in thicker coatings.     

A study of the effect of filler metal thickness on tensile strength for a stainless steel plate-fin structure by experiment and finite element method

This paper presents a study of the effect of filler metal thickness on tensile strength for a stainless steel plate-fin structure by finite element method and experiment. The results show that the filler metal thickness has a great effect on tensile strength. The tensile strength is increased with the filler metal thickness increase, then it keeps stable when the filler metal thickness is 105–140 μm. But it decreases rapidly when the filler metal thickness is larger than 140 μm. The fracture location is shown at the end of vertical fin when the filler metal thickness is 105–140 μm. Specimens with filler metal thickness smaller or larger than 105–140 μm rupture in the brazed filler metal. The optimal filler metal thickness is 105 μm, using which can get higher strength for 304 stainless steel plate-fin structures.