Computer simulations of the dynamic behavior of three point bend specimens

Computer simulations of the mechanical behavior of a three point bend specimen with a quarter notch under impact load are performed. Two cases with different load application points at the side and at the middle of the specimen are considered. An elastic-plastic von Mises material model is chosen. Three phases such as impact, bouncing and bending phases are found to be identified during the period from the moment of impact to the estimated time for crack initiation. The quasi static case is compared with the above two cases. It is clearly shown that no plastic deformation near the crack tip is appeared at the impact phase. However, it is confirmed that the plastic zone near the crack tip emerges in the second phase and the plastic hinge has been formed in the third phase i.e., at the end of which a quasi static state is reached.     

On the application of a micromechanical small fatigue crack growth model to predict fretting fatigue life in AA7075-T6 under spherical contact

This work presents a method for assessing the fretting fatigue life by estimating the fatigue crack growth rate from the regime of microcracks to the final failure, which is achieved using a two-threshold small fatigue crack growth model. The propagation thresholds are associated with the interaction of the "monotonic plastic zone" and the "cyclic plastic zone" with the microstructure of the material. The predicted fatigue life and the estimated non-propagating cracks agree very well with the experimental fretting fatigue tests with spherical contact in 7075-T6 aluminium alloy.     

Optimisation Method for Determination of Crack Tip Position Based on Gauss-Newton Iterative Technique

In the digital image correlation research of fatigue crack growth rate,the accuracy of the crack tip position determines the accuracy of the calculation of the stress intensity factor,thereby affecting the life prediction.This paper proposes a Gauss-Newton iteration method for solving the crack tip position.The conventional linear fitting method provides an iterative initial solution for this method,and the preconditioned conjugate gradient method is used to solve the ill-conditioned matrix.A noise-added artificial displacement field is used to verify the feasibility of the method,which shows that all parameters can be solved with satisfactory results.The actual stress intensity factor solution case shows that the stress intensity factor value obtained by the method in this paper is very close to the finite element result,and the relative error between the two is only-0.621％;The Williams coefficient obtained by this method can also better define the contour of the plastic zone at the crack tip,and the maximum relative error with the test plastic zone area is-11.29％.The relative error between the contour of the plastic zone defined by the conventional method and the area of the experimental plastic zone reached a maximum of 26.05％.The crack tip coordinates,stress intensity factors,and plastic zone contour changes in the loading and unloading phases are explored.The results show that the crack tip change during the loading process is faster than the change during the unloading process;the stress intensity factor during the unloading process under the same load condition is larger than that during the loading process;under the same load,the theoretical plastic zone during the unloading process is higher than that during the loading process.     

疲劳近门槛值区裂纹扩展模式变化的试验研究

利用扫描电镜观察疲劳门槛值区试样的裂纹表面形貌,研究了疲劳门槛值区裂纹扩展模式的分布,分析了裂纹扩展模式的变化对疲劳裂纹扩展速率da／dN的影响。结果表明,断口形貌存在面型断裂（沿晶或穿晶）（Faceted Fracture,FF）,面型断裂分数（Percentageof Faceted Fracture,PFF）最大值出现在循环塑性区尺寸接近原始奥氏体晶粒直径时。通过比较循环塑性区尺寸与晶粒尺寸,随着应力强度因子幅值AK的降低,裂纹先以辉纹型模式扩展,在PFF达到最大值后,裂纹以晶体学模式扩展。辉纹型模式扩展时,PFF的变化对da／dN影响不大;晶体学模式扩展时,由于FF诱发裂纹闭合,从而降低da／dN。     

高撕裂阻力金属延性断裂韧度测试方法探讨

讨论现行J积分测试方法在测定高撕裂阻力(dJ/da)金属延性断裂韧度JIC时所遇到的困难,结合工业金属冶金组织特性分析裂纹试样受力后的钝化、启裂及裂纹稳态扩展过程,并给出此类材料的JIC测试方法.研究指出,裂纹启裂过程是一个由塑性变形为主导的裂纹顶端伸张变形和裂尖钝化向微孔型断裂过渡的过程;开裂点实际上是在漫长的裂纹前沿上大部分地方完成这一过渡,裂尖伸张区(stretched zone, SZ)达到饱和,微孔开裂机制开始占据主导地位的标志.采用直线和幂函数形式拟合启裂后的J-Δa关系,以及采用幂函数形式拟合启裂前与启裂后全过程的J-Δa关系均可得到很相近的相关性,且在一定程度上,后者显得更合理.     

恒幅和单峰超载疲劳裂纹尖端区域残余应力场的数值模拟

采用弹塑性有限元方法,对恒幅及不同超载比的单峰超载作用下的裂纹扩展进行有限元模拟.通过模拟得到的裂纹扩展过程中裂尖塑性区及应力(残余应力)场分析产生裂纹闭合的原因以及对裂纹扩展的影响.结果表明,从残余应力角度分析裂纹扩展是可行的,为建立基于残余应力的裂纹扩展模型提供分析基础.     

力学性能不均匀性对焊接接头三点弯曲试样塑性区发展规律的影响

利用弹塑性有限元方法对焊接接头试样在三点弯曲试验中塑性区的发展情况进行了计算。分析了不同的裂纹深度、强度组配，焊缝宽度以及不同位置裂纹的焊接接头试样对塑性区形状发展的影响规律。分析结果显示，不同强度组配和几何特征的焊接接头试样对裂纹尖端塑性区的发展规律有较大的影响，由于裂纹尖端拘束程度的不同会造成塑性区的形状和尺寸的改变，因此在做焊接接头试样三点弯曲试验时，可能会得出与均质材料试样不同的驱动力曲线     

3D-C/SiC复合材料断裂韧性的研究

针对 C/ Si C复合材料的结构特征和断裂行为与单一陶瓷材料线弹性断裂不同的特点 ,采用三点弯曲加载试验对 3 D- C/ Si C复合材料室温的加载—卸载行为进行了实验研究。通过对滞回曲线的分析 ,运用能量表征方法定量研究了裂纹扩展过程中弹性变形能、塑性变形能及裂纹扩展形成新表面所需的能量 ,获得了裂纹扩展阻力曲线。结果表明 :3 D- C/ Si C复合材料在加载卸载过程中载荷—加载点位移呈现典型的滞回曲线 ,能量法分析表明 ,裂纹扩展阻力曲线呈现先增加后减小的变化规律     

缺口疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展

本文使用AI-4Zn-2.5Mg-1.5Cu高强度铝合金研究了缺口疲劳短裂纹的萌生和扩展。结果表明,缺口有效应力强度因子可以用试验方法标定,它是缺口几何形状、裂纹尺寸和材料组织特征参量的函数。试验标定的缺口有效应力强度因子可以用来定量描述缺口短裂纹的萌生和扩展。     

基于实验确定疲劳缺口系数Kf的方法

采用局部应力应变法预测复杂载荷下结构或构件的疲劳裂纹形成寿命,最定.通过实验研究不同转换因子和不同半径对Smith损伤参量的影响.借助于光滑试件和缺口件的对比实验结果,提出确定弹塑性疲劳缺口系数的方法.采用此方法确定疲劳缺口系数,获得的损伤参量与裂纹形成寿命关系的数据分散带最窄.因此,可以提高疲劳裂纹形成寿命预测的精度.     

低周疲劳精密下料新工艺及试验研究

传统的金属棒料下料工艺存在着材料利用率低、能耗高、生产效率低以及下料断面质量差等问题。采用一种新的下料工艺-周向加载低周疲劳精密下料技术,利用V形槽的应力集中效应,促使棒料V形槽底尖端处疲劳裂纹的萌生及疲劳裂纹的快速扩展。描述周向加载低周疲劳精密下料机的工作原理。给出在低周疲劳下棒料V形槽根部裂纹是否起裂的判据。采用两种控制曲线对5种材料(20钢、H59、45钢、20Cr和LY12)的棒料进行试验研究,实现加速棒料裂纹的产生、扩展并获得良好的棒料断面质量。试验结果表明,V形槽的应力集中效应可以有效地减小棒料下料过程中的平均应力,在不断增加打击位移的同时减小冲击频率可以保证棒料裂纹的稳定扩展和断裂。     

钝裂纹或缺口下失效评定图的变化及修正方法研究

应用增量理论弹塑性有限元方法以及弹塑性断裂力学 Ｊ积分理论, 深入研究和全面探讨了一种用于含裂纹结构完整性评定的工程方法——失效评定图, 以及钝裂纹或缺口根部曲率半径、缺口长度、缺口端部椭圆离心率、试样形式和材料等对其的影响。提出了钝裂纹或缺口应力强度因子和极限载荷修正方法。通过这一方法建立的失效评定图可有效地消除缺口因素对失效评定图的影响, 由此, 可完全等效地将裂纹失效评定图用于含缺口结构的完整性评定。     

A study on the determination of closing level for finite element analysis of fatigue crack closure

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to investigate detailed closure behavior of fatigue cracks and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The finite element analysis performed under plane stress using 4-node isoparametric elements can predict fatigue crack closure behavior. The mesh of constant element size along crack surface can not predict the opening level of fatigue crack. The crack opening level for the constant mesh size increases linearly from initial crack growth. The crack opening level for variable mesh size, is almost flat after crack tip has passed the monotonic plastic zone. The prediction of crack opening level using the variable mesh size proportioning the reversed plastic zone size with the opening stress intensity factors presents a good agreement with the experimental data regardless of stress ratios.     

42CrMo4钢疲劳裂纹扩展时的残余应力及其变化

对４２ＣＣｒＭｏ４钢质调质试样疲劳裂纹扩展时的表面残余应力测定表明，在裂纹尖端前方和裂纹两则一定范围生成残余应力，裂纹尖端处压应力最大。随着裂纹的扩展压应力范围增大，最大压应力增加，表明残余应力始终处于一动态再分布过程中，与裂纹尖端区域的塑性变形直接相联系。裂纹扩展时残余应力的真实分布状态，按理想模型已不能作出圆满描述。由于裂纹尖端塑性变形区较小，选用合适的Ｘ线光栅孔长测的残余应力较为真实。     

小范围屈服条件下复合材料裂纹尖端塑性区分析

基于复合材料力学,推导Tsai-Hill强度准则在平面应力和平面应变条件下的一般表达式,得到了小范围屈服条件下,含中心裂纹无限大板Ⅰ型裂纹、Ⅱ型裂纹和Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型裂纹尖端塑性区的解析解。针对不同裂纹倾角及泊松比 和,对裂尖塑性区进行了计算和分析。结果表明平面应变条件下塑性区范围小于平面应力条件下塑性区范围,参数、和 对复合材料裂尖塑性区范围和形状有明显的影响,不同的参数值得到的塑性区结果差别很大。另外,该解既适用于各向异性复合材料,也适用于各向同性材料。     

钝缺口试样疲劳短裂纹形成与扩展

对两种晶粒尺寸的中碳钢钝缺口试样进行了对称拉疲劳试验，应用复型方法观察了疲劳理解纹沿缺口根部的早期形成与扩展过程；测量了表面裂纹形状随裂纹长度的变化规律。结果表明，试样的破坏是由形成于缺口根部表面的短裂纹扩展、裂纹间连接形成穿透裂纹，穿透裂纹扩则引起的。     

Analysis of short and long crack behavior and single overload effect by crack opening stress

The study analyzed the behaviors of short and long crack as well as the effect of single tensile overload on the crack behaviors by using fatigue crack opening behavior. Crack opening stress is measured by an elastic compliance method which may precisely and continuously provide many data using strain gages during experiment. The unusual growth behaviors of short crack and crack after the single tensile overload applied, was explained by the variations of crack opening stress. In addition, fatigue crack growth rate was expressed as a linear form for short crack as for long crack by using effective stress intensity factor range as fracture mechanical parameter, which is based on crack closure concept. And investigation is performed with respect to the relation between plastic zone size formed at the crack tip and crack retardation, crack length and the number of cycles promoted or retarded, and the overload effect on the fatigue life.     

A simple model for stability of a long axial surface crack in a thin walled cylinder

Growth in the thickness direction of a long axial surface crack at the inner surface of a thin walled cylinder has been analyzed for loads generated by internal pressure and a thermal gradient through the wall thickness. Plane-strain deformations have been considered. It has been assumed that the cracked cross-section is fully plastic, but that the plastic zone width in the circumferential direction is very small. The cracked cross-section transmits a normal force and a bending moment, which have been considered as external forces on an equivalent cut ring element, to compute the deformation of the cracked cross-aection. An analytical expression has been derived for the crack-opening-displacement, as a function of the loads and the crack depth. Stable and unstable crack growth have been investigated on the basis of a critical crack-opening-displacement and a smoothly rising crack-opening R-curve. The condition for unstable crack growth depends primarily on the magnitude of the internal pressure. A thermal gradient by itself is less likely to cause unstable crack propagation.     

铝合金板材中心孔裂纹尖端塑性区数值计算

通过有限元对铝合金板材中心孔裂纹尖端处塑性区模拟计算,说明在裂纹尖端产生了较大的塑性区,并相应地计算出塑性区的大小。本文通过有限元模拟2124铝合金板材中心孔裂纹扩展情况。铝合金材料为典型的脆性材料,2124铝合金板材在疲劳加载情况下会先进行弹性形变,达到屈服强度后进行塑性形变。本文对2124铝合金板材进行有限元模拟时,先采用线弹性模型,计算裂纹扩展的应力强度因子,然后采用弹塑性模型,计算裂纹尖端的塑性区大小,从而进一步对裂纹尖端应力强度因子进行修正。在建立有限元模型时,以二维的Ramberg-Os-good（R-O）本构为基础,采用参数化的方式,这样是为了可以更好地对有限元程序进行调试。在有限元网格划分时,由于在相同精度下四边形单元的计算效率是三角形单元的几倍,所以采用四边形单元,提高计算精度。有限元建模时,采用plane42、solid 45和solid 95三种单元,plane42单元用于建立2D网格,solid45单元用于建立3D网格,而solid95单元则是用于引入奇异单元。同时,由于试样模型对称性,所以取1/4模型来进行计算。在计算裂纹尖端应力强度因子及塑性区大小时,采用恒ΔK方式和增ΔK两种加载方式来进行计算。首先在恒ΔK下,计算出相应的应力强度因子,其值和理论值相吻合,同时观察得到的塑性区形状与理论形状相似,计算塑性区尺寸大小,首先证明有限元程序的正确性。进一步有限元模拟计算在增大ΔK情况下不同预裂纹长度下塑性区的变化情况。经过有限元计算得到的塑性区尺寸大小,最后可以近似用经验公式表达。     

基于统一强度理论的断裂准则

基于统一强度理论,在小范围屈服条件下,推导Ⅰ、Ⅱ复合型裂纹裂尖塑性区范围的统一解析解。给出不同拉压比α、泊松比υ、中间主应力影响参数b以及裂纹倾角β下的一族塑性区形状与大小的轨迹,讨论以上参数对裂尖塑性区变化的影响。最后基于裂纹尖端塑性区的解析解,提出了一种复合型裂纹断裂准则,分析了裂纹倾角与初始断裂角的关系。结果表明,该准则预测结果比其它准则更精确,与试验结果吻合得非常好。