晶体硅太阳电池接触电阻测量方法

分析传输线模型(TLM)法在接触电阻测量中的缺陷,通过建立金属-半导体界面的电压、电流方程推导出不同电流模式下接触电阻的表达式,在TLM法的基础上提出新的测量方法,可精确测量电极与硅体的比接触电阻率和接触界面的薄层方块电阻,从而准确计算出太阳电池接触电阻。该方法测量方便、计算结果精确,可有效应用于晶体硅太阳电池接触电阻的研究。     

晶体硅太阳电池扩散工艺研究

作为晶体硅太阳电池制作的心脏环节,扩散的效果也就是扩散后方块电阻的均匀性显得尤为重要。影响方块电阻均匀性的主要因素有:大小氮的流量、O2的流量、通源时间、再分布时间和中心温度。通过逐一改变这些因素,分析所得数据,得到一个能有效控制方块电阻大小、使方块电阻均匀性达到最佳的规律:大小氮流量的变化共同影响方块电阻均匀性;方块电阻大小的改变主要靠温度、时间、小氮的流量的改变来调节。通过以上实验规律的研究,便于常规工艺的调试和高方块电阻工艺中高方块电阻的制备和极差的优化。     

应用于太阳电池的单晶硅上化学镀镍工艺

研究了在P型单晶硅上扩散的N区发射极上选择性化学镀镍工艺,获得了较为优化的化学镀工艺过程,得到了均匀致密的镀层。其中针对单晶硅表面的特点,采取了浓酸浸泡和HF处理以及氯化钯的活化方法,使得镀层质量得以提高。进行了合金化处理温度对合金层的电阻率影响的研究,结果发现在N_2气氛下330℃的热处理将会促进具有最低方块电阻的Ni-Si合金的形成。在方块电阻为45Ω/□的发射极上,化学镀后得到了方块电阻为2Ω/□的Ni-Si合金层。     

薄膜CdSe光电化学电池的理想填充因子和串联电阻的估算

本文描述了太阳能光电化学电池的串联电阻及理想填充因子的一种简单估算方法。从变光强下测量的短路光电流及开路光电压数据可以直接估算电池的串联电阻和能量损失,并对薄膜CdSe电极与多硫溶液组成的光电化学电池进行了估算。结果说明涂敷在不同底基材料上的CdSe薄膜电极的串联电阻是有差别的,这为制备高效CdSe薄膜电极,选择合适的底基材料提供了定量的依据。     

F掺杂SnO2透明导电薄膜微结构及性能研究

通过实验测量常压热分解CVD工艺制备的F掺杂SnO2薄膜的方块电阻、膜厚、形貌、微结构、中远红外反射率等性质，详细研究了基板温度对SnO2薄膜微结构的影响和微结构与薄膜电学、光学性能之间的关系。研究发现，将基板温度从375℃提高到525℃以上，薄膜结晶程度大大提高，薄膜厚度从25nm提高到近300nm，方块电阻下降了两个数量级，中远红外的反射率达到了85％以上.     

基于激光掺杂的SE+PERC单晶硅太阳电池关键工艺的研究

在现阶段主流太阳电池生产设备的水平条件下,研究了激光频率、初始方块电阻和烧结峰值温度对基于激光掺杂的选择性发射极(SE)+PERC单晶硅太阳电池电性能的影响。分别采用奥林巴斯显微镜和Halm电学性能测试仪,分析了不同频率的激光在硅片表面形成的光斑形貌,以及不同实验条件时电池的电性能变化趋势。结果表明,激光频率为220 kHz时有利于在硅片表面形成连续性且不重叠的光斑,形成最佳重掺杂区,从而提升电池转换效率;基于现有的常压扩散设备的掺杂水平,在确保硅片表面方块电阻均匀性的情况下,初始方块电阻选择120Ω/□更有利于提升电池的转换效率;烧结峰值温度为790℃时,更有利于在电池电极位置形成良好的欧姆接触,从而获得最佳的电池转换效率。     

多极法测量杆塔接地电阻的研究

针对输电线路杆塔周围常有障碍物,三级法测量其接地电阻不易较远距离布线的问题,提出了采用多极法测量杆塔接地电阻,应用CDEGS软件分别对三极法和多极法测量杆塔地网接地电阻建模仿真,仿真结果表明,多极法测量准确度较高,并可缩短电流极与接地电极间的距离.     

ITO/Metal/ITO叠层电极中Cu/Ag对钙钛矿太阳电池电极性能的影响

研究ITO/Metal/ITO（IMI）电极中金属层Cu和Ag及其厚度对电极光电性能的影响,结合霍尔测试、紫外分光光度计、原子力显微镜等分析金属层材料和厚度对IMI电极光电性能以及形貌的影响。通过优化金属层厚度,获得方阻分别为11.2 Ω/□和14.5 Ω/□且400~800 nm波长范围内平均透过率分别为93.9%和86.5%的ITO/Ag/ITO和ITO/Cu/ITO电极。将IAI和ICI电极作为正面电极应用于钙钛矿太阳电池,太阳电池的填充因子从62.5%提升至78.0%。IMI在短波段的较大反射率会导致电池短路电流密度低1~2 mA/cm²。当Cu层和Ag层的厚度分别为7.4 nm和6.4 nm时,钙钛矿太阳电池的效率达到最佳。     

利用太阳电池Ⅰ-Ⅴ特性测量其基区少数载流子寿命

提出了一种新的测量成品太阳电池基区少子寿命的方法,这种方法在电池制备完成后进行测量.此方法还可对印刷电极后烧结这步工艺流程进行少子寿命的监控,以提供改进电极制作工艺信息.     

固体聚合物电解质水电解膜电极的电化学阻抗谱研究

测量了不同电解温度、电解电压等操作条件下固体聚合物电解质水电解膜电极的电化学阻抗谱,采用ZSimpWin软件对阻抗谱进行了拟合和分析。结果表明,提高电解温度,可减小电极的电化学反应电阻以及固体聚合物电解质膜的电阻;提高电解电压,电极的电化学反应电阻降低,但是电压过高,受气泡效应显著影响,电极反应电阻反而增加,阻抗谱中出现散乱的点;与质子交换膜燃料电池不同,SPE水电解过程中膜电极的阻抗谱出现"弥散效应",拟合时采用的等效电路也不同。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。