金属真空弧离子源引出强流离子束的数值模拟

为了引出更高强度、更高亮度的铀离子束,以满足重离子研究中心(Gesellschaft für SchwerionenforschungmbH,GSI)重离子同步加速器的需求,本文用三维的计算机程序KOBRA3-INP对金属真空弧离子源(Metalvapor vacuum arcion source,MEVVA)引出强流铀离子束在引出系统和后加速系统中的动力学特性进行了研究,讨论了离子源发射束流密度对引出束性能的影响.结果表明,束流损失主要发生在引出系统和后加速系统之间的漂移区;在假设漂移区束流被空间电荷中和的情况下,模拟结果和实验结果符合;在发射束流密度为180-230 mA/cm2范围内,经后加速的束流强度变化不大.     

真空弧氘离子源中杂质氕对束流品质的影响

分析了真空弧氘离子源中杂质的主要构成,并着重分析了杂质氕的成因及其对氘离子源性能的影响.对单次脉冲和低重复频率脉冲工作状态下的真空弧氘离子源进行了光谱诊断实验和核反应分析实验,结果表明,氘离子源等离子体中的确含有较多的杂质氕,可对氘离子源的引出束流品质产生较大的危害.并对如何减小杂质氕的影响提出了建议.     

MEVVA离子源凸形引出电极的研制

介绍了金属蒸气真空弧(Metal vaporvacuumarc,MEVVA)离子源的凸形引出电极的研制.研究表明,凸形引出电极可以完成离子束的强制发散功能,从而在较短的引出距离和较小的引出电极面积的条件下得到大的束斑和均匀可应用的束流分布.通过对几种不同的电极结构的比较研究,得到了满足应用要求的凸形引出电极.     

真空弧离子源的电阻触发工作方式

介绍了真空弧离子源的一种电阻触发工作方式。有别于典型金属蒸汽真空弧(Metal vapor vacuum arc,MEVVA)离子源的触发工作方式,该方式不需要高压触发脉冲发生器和高压隔离脉冲变压器,简化了电源系统。实验测量了采用电阻触法20-200A主弧电流下的引出离子流,结果表明离子流随主弧流增大。研究了不同阻值触发电阻的起弧情况,实验结果表明在一定电阻阻值范围内,触发电阻越大,触发越难成功。电阻增大使得触发时间增长,主弧上升沿变缓,但是对引出的离子流几乎没有影响。     

低能高束流氩离子源的结构及性能

离子源技术是等离子体研究中的一项重要内容,而低能大束流源则是离子源技术研究中的一个重要方向,因为这样的源在离子束刻蚀、离子束溅射镀膜以及荷能粒子与物质相互作用方面都有广泛的应用;本文采用空心阴极空心阳极结构,用热阴极电子发射弧放电驱动并用磁场约束产生等离子体,用曲面发射引出离子束,研制成了氩气放电溅射离子源;研究了灯丝加热电流、弧压对弧流的影响和弧流与工作气体压力对离子束引出的影响规律.离子源的引出电压在0-4.0 kV之间连续可调,最大引出束流为100 mA,束斑面积为φ6.0 cm,以Ti为溅射靶时的最大溅射沉积率为0.45 nm/s,离子源可连续工作160 h.     

脉冲离子束流聚焦装置的研制

用小型化的质量分析系统进行脉冲离子束流实验研究时,从真空弧离子源中引出的束流脉冲幅度大、能量低,由于空间电荷效应使脉冲束流发散度很大,使得离子束流成分分析的不确定度增大。为克服在有限的空间范围内脉冲离子束流聚焦的困难,研制了一种新的双限束光阑三膜片透镜离子束流聚焦装置。双限束光阑着重减少束流发射度,三膜片透镜则适合小尺度空间的脉冲束流聚焦。计算机模拟的结果符合这种大脉冲离子束流聚焦的设计思想。磁质谱仪应用该聚焦装置后,发散到质量分析器分析盒上的脉冲离子束流幅值从未加聚焦前的115 mA减少至0.06 mA,脉冲离子束流质量分析的不确定度降低。     

强流紧凑型回旋加速器注入线Beam Profjle在线监视系统

束流分布在线测量系统的任务是完成注入线上法拉第筒处的束流径向分布测量，主要用于诊断束斑大小和形状，为离子源束流指标测试、束流引出做好准备工作。同时调束试验中，利用束流分布在线测量系统可判断束流中负氢离子束的径向分布，为离子源的调试、试验提供1种测量手段。     

BRIF—ISOL系统离子源引出系统设计方法研究

BRIF-ISOL系统离子源的引出系统是决定引出束性能的关键部件。随着束流强度的变化，引出束附近的电位也会随之变化。本工作利用Pierce理论，研究了引出区电位分布随束流密度变化的关系。     

750KeV,50mAH—RFQ预注入器调整结果

文章介绍西德DESY研究所750keV负氢离子预注入器的调整结果。通过提高弧流,磁控管型H~-离子源可以引出18keV,60—80mA的H~-脉冲离子流。发现外部磁场可以在螺旋管内部感生一个方向大体相同的磁场。在低能输运段,离子束空间电荷中和所需的时间约100μs。在离子源引出束流约65mA时,经两对螺旋管聚焦和RFQ加速后可以获得能量为750±8.8keV,聚团半宽度约0.8ns,发射度约3mm·mrad,束流为52mA的脉冲H~-流;其中33mA以上的束流处于1mm·mrad以内。     

螺线管透镜对加速管束流匹配的影响研究

螺线管透镜具有轴对称性、结构尺寸小等优点,在束流传输系统中得到了广泛应用,然而螺线管透镜磁场的非线性部分(像差)会导致束流发射度增长,降低束流的传输效率。本文采用TRACK程序模拟,研究了螺线管透镜像差与束流发射度增长的关系,发现束流发射度的增长与磁透镜的磁感应强度有关,同时优化螺线管透镜的磁场均匀性有效抑制了束流发射度增长。此外,基于一种磁场均匀度较高的螺线管透镜研究了离子源引出系统与加速管的束流匹配过程,结果表明相比汇聚入射束和准平行入射束,发散入射束通过加速管后的束流包络较小,束流发散相对较缓慢。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.