High‐Speed 3D Printing of Millimeter‐Size Customized Aspheric Imaging Lenses with Sub 7 nm Surface Roughness

Advancements in three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology have the potential to transform the manufacture of customized optical elements, which today relies heavily on time‐consuming and costly polishing and grinding processes. However the inherent speed‐accuracy trade‐off seriously constrains the practical applications of 3D‐printing technology in the optical realm. In addressing this issue, here, a new method featuring a significantly faster fabrication speed, at 24.54 mm³ h^?1, without compromising the fabrication accuracy required to 3D‐print customized optical components is reported. A high‐speed 3D‐printing process with subvoxel‐scale precision (sub 5 µm) and deep subwavelength (sub 7 nm) surface roughness by employing the projection micro‐stereolithography process and the synergistic effects from grayscale photopolymerization and the meniscus equilibrium post‐curing methods is demonstrated. Fabricating a customized aspheric lens 5 mm in height and 3 mm in diameter is accomplished in four hours. The 3D‐printed singlet aspheric lens demonstrates a maximal imaging resolution of 373.2 lp mm^?1 with low field distortion less than 0.13% across a 2 mm field of view. This lens is attached onto a cell phone camera and the colorful fine details of a sunset moth's wing and the spot on a weevil's elytra are captured. This work demonstrates the potential of this method to rapidly prototype optical components or systems based on 3D printing.     

白车身视觉检测系统中多类型传感器全局校准技术

针对白车身视觉检测系统中传感器数量多、种类各异、分布空间大、位置关系复杂等问题,提出了一种适用于工业现场的多视觉传感器全局校准技术。基于坐标系间接统一法,设计多个精密立体靶标作为坐标系转换中介,利用激光跟踪仪获取现场校准数据,在单位四元数数学模型的基础上,求解两坐标系间最优转换矩阵,将固定式传感器和柔性传感器的测量坐标系统一到全局坐标系。该方法已在某企业在线测量项目中成功应用,现场只需完成传感器坐标系与全局坐标系转换关系标定,降低了复杂现场环境对多传感器全局校准的限制,简化了校准过程,提高了环境适应性,校准后检测系统各向测量精度均优于±0.2 mm,满足白车身在线测量精度要求。     

基于机器视觉的阀口袋动态拾取系统设计

目的为了解决粉体包装领域自动化程度低且工作环境对人体有较大危害的问题,设计一种阀口袋动态拾取系统。方法首先分析阀口袋动态拾取系统软硬件设计和工作过程;然后,分析相机图像坐标到机器人世界坐标的转换关系、手眼标定过程,以及对采集到的图像进行畸变校正、滤波等图像处理过程;最后,采用基于卡尔曼滤波算法对流水线上运动的阀口袋实现定位和拾取。结果实验表明,机器人能够对输送机上的阀口袋实现定位和动态拾取,拾取误差小于1mm,连续运行情况下可实现每分钟5～7袋的上袋速度。结论该拾取系统运行稳定,具有较高的运行效率和拾取精度。     

一种提高双目视觉测量精度的逐步逼近方法

针对空间坐标对图象平面坐标的非线性光学映射关系,本文提出了逐步逼近实现３－Ｄ空间坐标计算的测量方法。该方法对摄象机的摆放姿态与双目传感器的装配精度要求较低,可去除介质折射产生的坐标计算误差。结合局部标定法,对摄象机光学系统的畸变误差进行校正。实验数据表明,在对双目传感器不提出较高要求的测量条件下,测量结果令人满意。     

用于机器人视觉的大景深便携式三维扫描系统

针对机器人视觉对便携式三维扫描系统的大景深要求,利用Scheimpflug条件对CCD平面进行偏转,成功地将扫描系统的景深从30mm提高到了100mm以上;并根据CCD偏转后的摄像机模型,在理论上完整地推导了便携式集成三维扫描系统的物像关系方程。针对景深扩大后带来的测量精度降低的问题,提出了一种对系统全景深范围进行分段校准的新方法,提高了测量精度与系统分辨率。三维重建时,根据被扫描物体所对应的图像点在像平面上的不同位置分别调用不同的标定参数将二维图像坐标转变为物体的空间坐标,测量精度可以达到0.06mm。     

傅里叶变换轮廓术中三维坐标同时校准方法

在相位测量型光学三维面形测量中,最终都要将相位信息转换成被测物体的高度分布信息,这个过程往往是通过对已知世界空间坐标的特征点事先标定,获得测量系统的内外特征参数后,完成被测物体的三维坐标转换.因此,标定是三维面形测量的关键环节.本文基于双向二次相位-高度映射方法和摄像机针孔模型线性无畸变标定技术,充分利用傅里叶变换的频谱方向特性,提出了对含有特征点的二维标定物表面变形条纹的频谱进行方向滤波操作,同时获取测量系统XYZ三个方向上的标定数据,对测量系统进行立体校准的系统标定方法.结合旋转风扇叶片形变的测量系统,给出了该方法的标定结果:在XY面内(230mm×230mm)的标准偏差小于0.27mm;在Z方向上小于0.022mm,位移测量灵敏度优于0.05mm.该方法为测量系统的实用化奠定了基础.     

Discrimination of optical sources by use of adaptive blind source separation theory

Optical systems based on rotating reticles were invented to determine the polar coordinates of a primarily IR optical source. Such systems fail when several optical sources are present in their field of view simultaneously. It is demonstrated experimentally that this drawback can be overcome by the application of a blind-signal-separation algorithm on the output signals of a modified optical system. The separation of the modified optical system responses into independent components yields modulating functions that carry information concerning the polar coordinates of the corresponding single optical sources.     

Wide-Field Three-Dimensional Depth-Invariant Cellular-Resolution Imaging of the Human Retina

Three-dimensional (3D) cellular-resolution imaging of the living human retina over a large field of view will bring a great impact in clinical ophthalmology, potentially finding new biomarkers for early diagnosis and improving the pathophysiological understanding of ocular diseases. While hardware-based and computational adaptive optics (AO) optical coherence tomography (OCT) have been developed to achieve cellular-resolution retinal imaging, these approaches support limited 3D imaging fields, and their high cost and intrinsic hardware complexity limit their practical utility. Here, this work demonstrates 3D depth-invariant cellular-resolution imaging of the living human retina over a 3 × 3 mm field of view using the first intrinsically phase-stable multi-MHz retinal swept-source OCT and novel computational defocus and aberration correction methods. Single-acquisition imaging of photoreceptor cells, retinal nerve fiber layer, and retinal capillaries is presented across unprecedented imaging fields. By providing wide-field 3D cellular-resolution imaging in the human retina using a standard point-scan architecture routinely used in the clinic, this platform proposes a strategy for expanded utilization of high-resolution retinal imaging in both research and clinical settings.     

基于双相机的计算机视觉坐标测量系统

为了解决单相机坐标测量模型中轴向定位重复性差的问题,研究正交双相机视觉坐标测量系统;系统由一支特制光靶标、两台正交放置的CCD 摄像机和一台电脑组成.在单相机测量模型的基础上引入冗余算法,使得两个正交单相机系统相互补偿对方轴向测量误差,从而实现高精度的空间三维坐标测量;实验采用最简的共线三点测头模式搭建测试装置,在测量距离1 500 mm 处各个方向分辨率优于0.2 mm ,与坐标测量机移动对比测量精度达到±0.15 mm .     

基于点云分析的大型立式液态石化产品储罐容量计量方法研究

采用点云分析的容量计量方法对大型立式液态石化产品储罐容量测量问题进行了研究。利用光学相位测距原理和光栅度盘测角原理,在伺服系统控制下,实现了立式罐圈板空间坐标点云的获取,空间点云位置允差达到2mm。并用迭代算法和最小二乘算法对立式罐测量点坐标的数据进行了分析处理,拟合出立式罐不同圈板处的等效半径。以1000m³立式罐为比对试验对象,点云测量分析方法计算结果与国际仲裁标准围尺法测量结果的最大半径偏差为2.8mm。     

Real-time three-dimensional object recognition with multiple perspectives imaging

A novel system for recognizing three-dimensional (3D) objects by use of multiple perspectives imaging is proposed. A 3D object under incoherent illumination is projected into an array of two-dimensional (2D) elemental images by use of a microlens array. Each elemental 2D image corresponds to a different perspective of the 3D object. Multiple perspectives imaging based on integral photography has been used for 3D display. In this way, the whole set of 2D elemental images records 3D information about the input object. After an optical incoherent-to-coherent conversion, an optical processor is employed to perform the correlation between the input and the reference 3D objects. Use of micro-optics allows us to process the 3D information in real time and with a compact optical system. To the best of our knowledge this 3D processor is the first to apply the principle of integral photography to 3D image recognition. We present experimental results obtained with both a digital and an optical implementation of the system. We also show that the system can recognize a slightly out-of-plane rotated 3D object.     

大口径精密光学元件质量检测装置

针对精密光学元件表面缺陷检测效率低、大口径元件不便于检测问题,设计了一种应用于大型激光装置的大口径光学元件缺陷检测装置。通过强光手电筒、LED灯及高亮度卤素灯3种光源对40 mm×40 mm的K9样片暗场成像对比实验,得知光照强度最大的卤素灯光源检测效果最佳。研究了基于线阵CCD扫描的三维电控平移台的运动机理,确保高精度图像的采集。在此基础上,分析了图像区域定位、二值化处理、缺陷的检测等关键技术,实现了元件的高精度、实时在线检测。     

Broadband ultrasound field mapping system using a wavelength tuned, optically scanned focused laser beam to address a Fabry Perot polymer film sensor

An optical system for rapidly mapping broad-band ultrasound fields with high spatial resolution has been developed. The transduction mechanism is based upon the detection of acoustically induced changes in the optical thickness of a thin polymer film acting as a Fabry Perot sensing interferometer (FPI). By using a PC-controlled galvanometer mirror to line-scan a focused laser beam over the surface of the FPI, and a wavelength-tuned phase bias control system to optimally set the FPI working point, a notional 1D ultrasound array was synthesized. This system enabled ultrasound fields to be mapped over an aperture of 40 mm, in 50-microm steps with an optically defined element size of 50 microm and an acquisition time of 50 ms per step. The sensor comprised a 38-microm polymer film FPI which was directly vacuum-deposited onto an impedance-matched polycarbonate backing stub. The -3 dB acoustic bandwidth of the sensor was 300 kHz to 28 MHz and the peak noise-equivalent-pressure was 10 kPa over a 20-MHz measurement bandwidth. To demonstrate the system, the outputs of various planar and focused pulsed ultrasound transducers with operating frequencies in the range 3.5 to 20 MHz were mapped. It is considered that this approach offers a practical and inexpensive alternative to piezoelectric-based arrays and scanning systems for rapid transducer field characterization and biomedical and industrial ultrasonic imaging applications.     

多目视觉测量系统的光束法平差改进

为了消除三维扫描测量机器人系统中工业机器人定位误差对测量结果的不利影响,搭建了多目视觉测量系统对三维扫描测头进行空间同步定位.由于系统中相机与标志点之间的距离变化较大,标志点重投影误差难以评价空间定位误差,另外受相机标定精度影响,光束法平差对三维坐标修正不明显.为解决上述问题,本文改进了光束法平差,在传统光束法平差的误...     

基于3D视觉的微通道换热器定位与尺寸测量

为实现微通道换热器生产线的自动化与智能化,提出一种基于3D视觉的微通道换热器定位与尺寸测量方法,以引导机械臂进行抓取上下料。首先,用3D相机以俯视角度拍摄产品,矫正获取的图像并将RGB图像与深度图像对齐;其次,通过产品3D信息的辅助实现精确的二维图像分割以及角点的二维坐标定位;最后,加权拟合角点的深度值,通过角点二维坐标及深度信息进行坐标转换得到其三维坐标,计算产品尺寸。实验结果表明:该算法能够在复杂的背景中实现精确的图像分割与尺寸测量,在测量距离为4000mm时相对测量误差可控制在1%以内,能够满足系统需求。     

Collinear guided wave to leaky wave acoustooptic interactions in proton-exchanged LiNbO(3) waveguides

The results of a detailed theoretical study on collinear guided wave to leaky wave acoustooptic (AO) interactions in proton-exchanged LiNbO(3) (PE:LiNbO(3)) planar waveguides are presented. The guided-to-leaky mode conversion for an input optical beam at the wavelength of 632.8 nm by the induced diffraction grating from a collinear surface acoustic wave (SAW) is analyzed using a generalized multimode formulation of the coupled mode theory. Mode conversion efficiency and AO bandwidth have been calculated as functions of acoustic frequency, interaction length, guiding layer thickness, and acoustic drive power density for three cuts of the LiNbO(3) substrate. High performance configurations that are desirable for application to demultiplexing and switching in optical communication systems are identified, and the corresponding channel capacity and frequency resolution are determined. For example, it was shown that the X-cut configuration features the highest mode conversion efficiency. However, a relatively small AO bandwidth is associated with this configuration. Both high mode conversion efficiency and large AO bandwidth can be accomplished at the guiding layer thickness of 1.0 mum. A TM(o)-->TE(nu) mode conversion efficiency as high as 42% together with an AO bandwidth of approximately 70 MHz can be achieved in the Z-cut waveguide at the guiding layer thickness of 1.0 mum, acoustic drive power density of 50 mW/mm, interaction length of 40 mm, and acoustic frequency of 460 MHz. The corresponding channel capacity and frequency resolution are 745 and 0.09 MHz, respectively. Measured mode conversion efficiencies as high as 90 and 78% obtained at the acoustic frequencies of 107 and 367 MHz using the X-cut substrate and the Y-propagation SAW have verified the theoretical prediction on the mode conversion efficiencies.     

Three-dimensional optoelectronic stacked processor by use of free-space optical interconnection and three-dimensional VLSI chip stacks

We present a demonstration system under the three-dimensional (3D) optoelectronic stacked processor consortium. The processor combines the advantages of optics in global, high-density, high-speed parallel interconnections with the density and computational power of 3D chip stacks. In particular, a compact and scalable optoelectronic switching system with a high bandwidth is designed. The system consists of three silicon chip stacks, each integrated with a single vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser-metal-semiconductor-metal detector array and an optical interconnection module. Any input signal at one end stack can be switched through the central crossbar stack to any output channel on the opposite end stack. The crossbar bandwidth is designed to be 256 Gb/s. For the free-space optical interconnection, a novel folded hybrid micro-macro optical system with a concave reflection mirror has been designed. The optics module can provide a high resolution, a large field of view, a high link efficiency, and low optical cross talk. It is also symmetric and modular. Off-the-shelf macro-optical components are used. The concave reflection mirror can significantly improve the image quality and tolerate a large misalignment of the optical components, and it can also compensate for the lateral shift of the chip stacks. Scaling of the macrolens can be used to adjust the interconnection length between the chip stacks or make the system more compact. The components are easy to align, and only passive alignment is required. Optics and electronics are separated until the final assembly step, and the optomechanic module can be removed and replaced. By use of 3D chip stacks, commercially available optical components, and simple passive packaging techniques, it is possible to achieve a high-performance optoelectronic switching system.     

采用光栅投影的三维测量方法

提出一种新的三维坐标测量方法,该方法基于光栅投影、相移和三角测量等测量方法。与传统的光学测量方法不同,测量系统采用两个CCD相机记录投影光栅,减小了测量误差,提高了测量精度。测量实验结果在各个坐标上的精度分别为?靘,?靘,?8.5靘,总体精度优于20靘,证明了该方法的先进性和可行性。     

3-D ultrasound guidance of surgical robotics: a feasibility study

Laparoscopic ultrasound has seen increased use as a surgical aide in general, gynecological, and urological procedures. The application of real-time, three-dimensional (RT3D) ultrasound to these laparoscopic procedures may increase information available to the surgeon and serve as an additional intraoperative guidance tool. The integration of RT3D with recent advances in robotic surgery also can increase automation and ease of use. In this study, a 1-cm diameter probe for RT3D has been used laparoscopically for in vivo imaging of a canine. The probe, which operates at 5 MHz, was used to image the spleen, liver, and gall bladder as well as to guide surgical instruments. Furthermore, the three-dimensional (3-D) measurement system of the volumetric scanner used with this probe was tested as a guidance mechanism for a robotic linear motion system in order to simulate the feasibility of RT3D/robotic surgery integration. Using images acquired with the 3-D laparoscopic ultrasound device, coordinates were acquired by the scanner and used to direct a robotically controlled needle toward desired in vitro targets as well as targets in a post-mortem canine. The rms error for these measurements was 1.34 mm using optical alignment and 0.76 mm using ultrasound alignment.     

Design of a compact off-axis two-mirror freeform infrared imager with a wide field of view

With the development of modern precision optical fabrication and measurement technologies, optical freeform surfaces have been widely employed in different applications, especially in off-axis reflective optical systems. For an infrared optical system operating in the long-wavelength spectrum, compactness, brightness, and a wide field of view are key requirements for military surveillance or scene sensing. In this paper, we present an off-axis two-mirror freeform infrared imager with compactness and brightness. It has a large pupil of size 12?mm and a fast focal ratio of 2.2 over a wide 23° diagonal field of view, as well as good image quality. XY-polynomial freeform surfaces are applied to the viewing mirror and focusing mirror. The multiple degrees of freedom of optical freeform surfaces are very helpful for off-axis aberration correction and improving the optical performance over the entire pupil across the full field of view. The overall dimension of our designed freeform infrared imager is about 30?mm by 30?mm by 30?mm, which is elegantly miniaturized. The final designed results of a reflective freeform infrared imager are demonstrated and discussed in detail.