Landscape change in the multi-functional countryside: a biographical analysis of farmer decision-making in the English high weald

There is growing recognition that the landscape implications of agricultural restructuring are complex, location specific and subject to various feedback effects. This paper explores how the economic decline of mainstream farming in the English High Weald is redefining the relationship between agriculture and the landscape, encouraging existing farmers to diversify their income base but also creating opportunities for new forms of land occupancy and management in a multi-functional countryside. Through a biographical analysis of a range of different types of land manager, it is illustrated how attitudes to land use and the occupancy of rural land are changing, distinguishing between holdings that are still seen primarily as sites of production by their farming family occupiers and those that are coming to be regarded chiefly as spaces for living by a new category of lifestyle occupier. The implications of this differentiation of the stakeholder community for future landscape management in the United Kingdom and the European Union are explored.     

On change in the landscape

Research in landscape history/archaeology frequently concerns studies of human interventions in the cultural landscape. Decisions are seen to produce interventions that change a setting in some way, and each combination of decision, intervention and result tends, often sub-consciously, to be regarded as an episode of change or a discrete chapter in the evolution of a locality. Research will conventionally culminate in the completion of such an episode. The habit of perceiving landscape change in terms of discrete chapters or episodes distracts attention from the on-going nature of changes that reverberate around a landscape causing adjustments and compensations long after the termination of the initial intervention. The processes of adjustment and compensation endow landscape change with the character of a continuum rather than that of an episode. Examples from a long-term and highly detailed investigation of landscape evolution at Ripley, North Yorkshire, are used to illustrate the need for more refined perspectives on change. These perspectives should embrace continuing consequences of change as well as the initial impact of a decision upon a location.     

Envisioning England: the visual in countryside writing in the 1930s and 1940s

The dust-jacket art, photographs and end-paper maps used in books published by B.T. Batsford Ltd in the 1930s and 1940s are examined. Drawing on work on landscape representation, publishing history and the history of geographic thought, the ways in which the visual arts associated with countryside writing constitute forms of popular geographic knowledge are explored. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to the ways in which some apparently non-academic, creative and imaginative processes of envisioning landscape inform, and are themselves informed by, an academic discourse—in this case geography—which continually asserts a claim to speak authoritatively of, and for, landscape.     

Landscape, race and memory: biographical mapping of the routes of British Asian landscape values

In this paper the migration routes of British Asian women living in London are examined. It is shown that British Asians connect with a myriad of landscapes abroad, including East Africa, India and Pakistan. These connections to past landscapes are mapped and considered here as valued environments of British Asian women in Britain. Through the mapping of their biographies, it is apparent that memories of other landscapes are embedded in environmental practices in Britain, therefore contributing to making the landscape in Britain inclusive and meaningful in the context of the South Asian migration. The maps of migration show the heterogeneity of landscapes experienced by the British Asian women. Memories of other lands manifest themselves in the UK. The effect of these memories on the South Asian home itself in the process of shaping diasporic geographies of belonging and being within the UK is illustrated.     

Landscape and water in the oases of Egypt's western desert

While natural processes, mainly wind and water erosion, define desert landscapes, human manipulation and use of water play important roles in defining the landscape within desert oases. The role of water in the oases of the Western Desert of Egypt is described, and it is considered how the scarcity of water affects its use. The challenge to the protection of these archetypal landscapes presented by new forms of development is identified.     

Exploring the Heterogeneity of Rural Landscape Preferences: An Image-Based Latent Class Approach

Effects of depopulation, farm family income and changes in agricultural practices, etc. have resulted in the abandonment or destruction of traditional mountainous landscapes. An image-based stated choice survey was applied to explore the effects of various landscape change processes on the preferences of a mostly urban sample (N = 410). The 128 digitally generated landscape scenarios represented various kinds and intensities of agricultural and tourism use of a historic terraced area in Austria. Latent class segmentations identified four segments, with different preferences for natural, managerial and social landscape features. While a preference for a more complex, mysterious and natural landscape was found for three segments, one segment preferred more open landscapes. The results indicate that landscape change can affect humans in different ways, and that evolutionary and cultural preference theories are useful in explaining landscape preferences.     

谈季节和昼夜变化效应在园林造景中的应用

本文主要介绍了利用自然界季节和昼夜景色的变化来增加园林造景效果的方法,植物在不同的季节里和昼夜间,展现着不一样的美丽。通过人工的种植,可以使植物配合自然界季节或昼夜的变化,为游人提供一种更加贴近自然的美的享受。     

English Hill Towns: Some Further Steps in Appreciating their Identity in the Wider Landscape

The notion that English hill towns can be identified as a particular type of settlement is reinforced and a systematic analysis of the characteristics that contribute to their identity in the wider landscape is undertaken. Fourteen towns that meet the working definition of an English hill town are examined in terms of four sets of characteristics that constitute their distinctive features: the continuing imprint of their origins, location and early functions; the influence of natural physical features on their founding and subsequent development; their morphological form; and the visual characteristics that are the medium through which their identity is mainly experienced — pre-eminent amongst these are a town's visual profile, its figure - ground relationship with the landscape, and its skyline. Groups of hill towns with consistent characteristics are identified, including 'classic' English hill towns. While the analysis is not directed explicitly towards the development and implementation of planning policy, the fuller understanding of hill towns gained through the analysis should enrich the policy process.     

Remote sensing and GIS in modeling visual landscape change: a case study of the northwestern arid coast of Egypt

Land use planners in many countries have recognized the importance of the aesthetic values of landscape. Their desire to incorporate these values into decision-making processes has created a need to identify valid ways to quantify the scenic characteristics of landscapes. This has led to an increasing interest in the use of spatial data and geographic information systems (GIS) methodology in assessing visual attributes of the landscape. The objective of the present study is to assess the visual changes in a rapidly developing coastal area of Egypt using remotely sensed data (satellite images and aerial photographs) and raster GIS modeling. The analysis assesses changes between a period characterized by a vernacular, relatively natural landscape (1950s) and the beginning of the exploitation of the region for resorts (1990s). Using land use/land cover classes extracted from the satellite images and aerial photographs, four visual attributes of landscape are identified: land use/land cover diversity, activity (degree of naturalness), proximity to the shoreline, and topographic variety. A composite index is also developed. Although these attributes and the composite index rely mostly on the type of land use/land cover information on the landscape under consideration, the adopted techniques succeed in detecting several changes in the attributes, spatially locating them and mapping the magnitude of their changes. This study demonstrates what can be done to analyze and assess what is usually considered an incommensurable resource, the visual attributes of landscapes. It also reveals the extent of the impact of unplanned or ill-planned activities on one of the fragile resources of arid landscapes.     

Landscape impact analysis: a systematic approach to landscape impacts of policy

A method for analysis of landscape impacts and for presentation in visual terms was developed by the author and has been applied in Sweden and Norway to policy analysis. The method has successively been developed into a generalized method of landscape impact analysis of policies, programmes and plans — Landscape Impact Analysis (LIA). This deals with the interaction of human and natural systems and the resulting landscape. The method uses scenario techniques as a way of solving the problems of lack of specificity of policy, a problem which seems underestimated in the development of strategic environmental assessment. The paper describes the main steps of the method and shows examples of the application of the method to changes in Norwegian agricultural policy.     

1996年-2008年昆明城市建成区景观格局梯度动态变化研究

以1996年和2008年的昆明城市土地利用图为数据源,运用景观格局指数对城市景观梯度格局进行定量分析和比较,研究表明城市景观格局梯度变化与城市建设开发强度密切相关,1996年环城路内是城市建设的核心区域,一、二环间开发建设的力度较小,二环以外城市建设用地较为分散;2008年一、二环之间的开发力度为最大,一、二环间的景观格局梯度变化幅度最大,表明此时期昆明城市空间扩张进入快速的“外延式”扩张阶段。快速城市化是推动昆明市景观格局变化的主要驱动力,政策性因素导致城市景观格局方向性变化。     

后工业景观设计语言——上海宝山节能环保园核心区景观设计评议

后工业景观是工业时代之后“第四自然”的表征,其设计受到“大地艺术”和后现代建筑理论的影响.结合对上海宝山节能环保园核心区景观设计的评价分析,探讨了后工业景观设计语言的表达方法.后工业景观设计强调场地分析与设计构思的整体性,空间与场所的再生以及技术与艺术的结合.通过对设计实践的反思,也提出了我国后工业景观设计面临的问题.     

Landscape and Infrastructures: Design Issues for the Integration of Parking Areas in Non-urban Contexts

This work represents a critical review of a selection of significant parking area projects chosen within the contemporary international context, aimed at discussing the role of parking architecture conceived as an opportunity to reinvent non-urban landscapes. Such an issue is part of the very topical broader theme of relationships between infrastructure and landscape, and of the various space and time scales on which landscape is perceived. Nowadays designers have to deal with several parking design opportunities related to the construction of intermodal stations, airports, shopping malls, industrial areas, as well as natural, cultural and leisure parks. Even if these places and design themes have now become usual, they still require an appropriate and original design research. Parking areas, besides their specific original function, can represent gardens and public spaces lying between the city and the countryside, capable of producing new hybrid landscapes blending art, nature and architecture.     

与自然和谐的景观体验——浅析青岛浮山新区山水居组团景观设计

通过对山水居组团景观设计特点的深入解析,提出"以人与自然和谐为本"的设计理念.山水居组团由两大部分组成,一是精品示范住宅区山水居及山水苑游憩水景公园,二是山水居东南的浮山新区居住区中心及特色观演坡地公园,前者以"静"为主,体现景观的亲和力;后者以"动"取胜,反映景观的震撼力;两部分动静结合,相得益彰。     

寻找如画之景——英国18世纪如画园林的认知过程

作为英国18世纪三大美学范畴之一的如画理论,不仅是一种审美认知,也是切实可行的方法和手段。在如画园林发展的百年间,人们不断寻找如画美景。早期,英国人对如画美景的寻找带有明显的怀旧情结,这体现在对克劳德镜的使用以及对古典废墟的热衷。后期,随着如画发展成为与美、崇高并列的美学范畴,崇高逐渐演化为如画园林的重要内涵。从文献和实例两个方面入手,深入18世纪英国语境,从多重视角探索如画园林的认知过程。     

景观意识的融入:建筑设计基础空间教学研究

从重庆大学建筑城规学院一年级空间教学的改革实践出发,提出将景观意识融入建筑设计基础空间教学的教育理念,对该理念指导下的空间教学目标、方法、内容、成果等进行总结和介绍,并探讨了建筑与景观在空间教学上的结合点,以及景观意识对于空间教学的指导意义,旨在摆脱传统教学形体造型趋向的局限性,发展设计方法学指导下空间-场地-行为-材料-形体整体关联的建筑空间教学体系,为空间教学的理性研究和创新发展提供新的实践思路.     

监理工程师如何管理工程变更

阐述工程变更的一些特点。提出了监理工程师处理工程变更的若干原则和程序．     

把城市当成一个园林来设计--借鉴新加坡城市绿化经验探讨上海园林建设模式

园林所要创造的,不仅仅是使房地产增值、获取经济效益,同时也是对国民的素质和精神风貌的一次展现。本文对新加坡的成功经验进行了研究,其对高速城镇化的上海提供了非常重要的参考价值。     

新农村建设规划与城市扩张的景观安全格局途径——以马岗村为例

强调中国大地上广大传统村落是保障国土生态安全、维持人地关系和谐,以及保障中华民族草根信仰持续稳定的细胞,也是和谐社会的基础.如何保护好村落的生态环境、传承历史文化、维护草根信仰体系,建立一个充满活力的和谐社会将是新农村建设规划的出发点和归宿.笔者应用景观安全格局的理论和方法,以广东省顺德市的马岗村为例,把村落看作是大地生命系统的有机组成部分,通过判别和完善对村落的生态、历史文化、社会结构和信仰体系具有关键意义的景观元素、局部和空间关系,建立景观安全格局,来保障村落的生态、历史和社会文化之生命在快速的城镇化和社会主义新农村建设中得以延续.     

道路生态学融注城市道路景观规划初探——以武汉花山生态新城为例

该文首先指出道路生态景观建设是体现花山生态新城的重要表征,然后定位了花山生态新城道路系统生态景观总特征,尝试从道路生态学的角度,对花山滨水道路、路边植物、路面、亮化、道路休闲等几个方面初步探讨道路生态景观营建的措施,对今后道路生态景观建设起到参考作用。