T8钢硼钛铌共渗层中夹缝组织的相结构研究

用透射电镜、显微硬度计和电子探针研究了T8钢硼钛铌共渗层的相结构及元素分布。结果表明,表层FeB晶界处有TiC和NbC,里层(Fe,M)_2B针间和前沿存在岛状的夹缝组织,其显微硬度值为280～550HV_(0.1)夹缝组织由α—Fe、Fe_3Si、Fe_5Si_3、Fe_5SiB_2、Fe_(4.9)Si_(2.0)B_(1.0)、Fe_3(Si,B)及FeCSi组成。共渗层中硅与碳的分布不均匀,富集区大多在(Fe、M)_2B齿间和前沿。     

20钢固体粉末法渗硼和硼钒共渗的渗层研究

采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子探针等检测手段，分析了20钢固体法渗硼和硼钒共渗的渗层组织结构、成分特点及其硬度分布。结果表明，硼钒共渗层厚度大于单一渗硼层，且渗层更加连续致密，其渗层主要由Fe2B、V2C和VB相组成，硼钒共渗层硬度比单一渗硼有所提高，硬度梯度较小。     

钢的粉末渗钨和硼钨共渗研究

本文对四种钢进行了粉末渗钨、硼钨共渗的试验研究。用金相显微分析、扫描电镜能谱分析、X射线衍射分析等方法研究了渗层的成分、相结构和组织。指出硼钨共渗层由Fe_2、W_2B和WC构成,具有高的硬度(HV_(0.1)2100)。同时,对硼钨共渗层的脆性和耐磨性进行了研究。     

Q235钢电镀镍渗硼层组织及抗高温氧化性能北大核心CSCD

对Q235钢电镀镍层进行渗硼处理,研究其渗层组织特性及抗高温氧化性能。用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对镀镍渗硼层横断面进行了显微组织观察,用X射线能谱仪（EDS）分析了渗层不同部位的元素分布。结果表明,渗硼层为Fe2B,Ni4B3和Ni31Si12相,渗层厚度为33~254μm,并随着渗硼温度和渗硼时间的增加而增加。用显微硬度计测试渗层的硬度分布,复合层（硼化物和硅化物层）的硬度值约为1753 HV,硼化物层的硬度值为1645~2003 HV,基体硬度为173 HV。镀镍层与镀镍渗硼层经700℃氧化40 h的高温氧化动力学曲线显示镀镍渗硼层的抗高温氧化性能优于镀镍层,Ni3Si,B2O3和Si O2产物起到提高其抗高温氧化性能的作用。     

廉价渗硼剂及渗后工艺对渗硼层脆性的影响

本文探索了用两种廉价的固体渗硼剂,对45、40Cr钢作渗硼处理:渗后采用正火,淬火+低回,共晶化处理三种工艺。结果表明:硼酸、硼砂、石墨粉为主要成份的渗硼剂,具有良好渗速、易获得Fe_2B组织,有一定重复使用性能。渗硼后共晶化处理使“脆断脆性”和“剥落脆性”均有改善。     

稀土元素对45钢固体渗硼的催渗作用

对45钢进行了单元渗硼与硼稀土共渗,观察了渗硼层的组织、厚度,测试了各渗硼样品显微硬度、耐磨性和耐蚀性等性能.结果表明,加入稀土元素以后,渗硼层基本为单相的Fe2B,硼针变长,取向明显.在950 ℃×5 h渗硼条件下,稀土氧化物质量分数在8%～9%时,渗层厚度最大.质量分数为9%稀土-硼共渗可以提高硼原子的渗入深度约1.5倍.与单元渗硼样品相比,硼稀土共渗样品具有较高的硬度、耐磨性能和耐酸、碱、盐腐蚀性能.     

Cr12MoV钢渗硼工艺及渗层的组织与性能

采用正交试验方法,优化出Cr12MoV钢最佳的渗硼工艺参数为950℃×5 h及最佳的稀土加入量为0.3wt%。与普通工艺的渗硼层相比,优化的渗硼层较厚且致密,疏松和空洞减少,硬度压痕完整,渗层脆性较低,渗层前沿较齐整。经X-ray衍射分析表明,渗硼层主要由FeB、Fe2B、(Fe、Cr)3C、(Cr、Fe)7C3组成。经优化渗硼后再经970℃淬火、200℃回火处理后,其渗层耐磨性比优化渗硼层提高15倍。     

渗硼时间对45钢固体粉末渗硼渗层组织与性能的影响

以45钢为基材对其表面进行固体粉末渗硼,探讨渗层生长行为及渗硼时间与渗层组织及性能的关系.结果表明,渗硼层由硼化物Fe2B构成,硼化物以长短不齐的方式垂直楔入基体形成连续针齿状层,与基体牢固结合.随渗硼时间延长,渗层厚度先快速增大后缓慢增加.渗层生长动力学符合抛物线规律.渗层显微硬度随渗层深度增加,先开始有所增加,后出现明显降低,最后缓慢降低.延长渗硼时间,渗硼深度增加,且显微硬度和耐磨性均能增加.     

电场频率对45钢交流电场增强粉末法渗硼的影响

在800℃粉末法渗硼过程中对中碳45钢试样和渗剂施加交流电场,研究电场频率对粉末法渗硼的影响规律和作用机制。对渗硼保温过程中试样的温度、渗硼层显微组织、相结构、厚度及显微硬度分布等进行观测分析。结果表明:交流电场使试样温度高于渗硼保温炉温,电场电流恒定时,随频率从20Hz增至400Hz,试样温升先降低后升高,硼化物层及增碳区厚度均先减小后增加;当电场电流为3A时,硼化物层为单相Fe2B;当电场电流≤2A时,随频率增加,硼化物层由FeB+Fe2B双相变为单相Fe2B,渗层表层硬度降低、硬度分布曲线趋于平缓。分析认为,电场频率通过综合影响渗剂反应、活性硼原子及含硼活性基团在试样表面的吸附和试样内原子的扩散来影响渗硼。     

渗硼层择优取向的测定

一、前言钢的渗硼层具有很高的硬度(约HV1600)、较高的耐磨性和红硬性。Fe_2B在熔化温度内不发生相变。渗硼层具有很大的残余压应力(可达800MPa),且可通过渗后热处理在较大的范围内予以调整。由于具有这些特点,故渗硼在工业上已获得较广泛的应用,并取得了一定的经济效益。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。