The effect of interfacial evaporation on heat and mass transfer of falling liquid film

Analysis of experimental data and estimation of the order of magnitude for interfacial mass diffusion have demonstrated that considerable excess evaporation exists on the free interface of falling liquid film, and that the capillary pressure caused by surface tension is the driving force of this excess interfacial evaporation, which we called the "capillarity-induced interfacial evaporation". By correlating the experimental data, an empirical expression of the effective capillary radius, re, is obtained with which the evaporative rate formula we derived and reported previously has been modified to improve the prediction of the critical heat flux for film breakdown. Comparisons with the available predicting models show that our modified equation can predict the experimental results with much lower relative deviation.     

单组分液滴在快速降压环境下传热传质过程研究

为了对降压环境下单个液滴的蒸发过程进行研究,基于气液界面的捕捉模型,建立适用于快速降压环境下单个液滴的蒸发模型,利用纯水液滴蒸发的实验数据验证该模型,分析静止纯水液滴在相变过程中的形态变化以及液滴内部速度场、蒸汽分布等随时间的变化,模拟分析不同压力环境、液滴直径、初始温度等条件对液滴中心温度及蒸发速率的影响.结果表明:...     

板式蒸发式冷凝器热质传递的简化计算

板式蒸发式冷凝器是在蒸发式冷凝器和板式换热器的基础上发展起来的,兼有两者的优势.文中提出了一种用于计算蒸发式冷凝器气-液界面的温度和蒸发量的简化算法,进而对影响蒸发式冷凝器性能的参数进行了分析.结果显示,高的空气流速导致低的界面温度和高的蒸发量,强化了换热效果,并得到了空气通道内温度和含湿量的分布曲面;当相对湿度保持不变而增大空气温度时,蒸发量随之下降,与此同时界面温度线性上升.     

连续液柱流自由表面非平衡绝热蒸发

分析连续液柱流自由表面绝热蒸发过程并进行了数值模拟,获得了汽液界面温度及蒸发通量分布规律。结果显示表面非平衡蒸发过程速率仅为按热力学平衡条件下最大理论计算量的20%,并且受液柱内部向自由表面传热控制。表面蒸发过程迅速衰减,当x/L=0.5,表面释放的蒸发热与液柱内部过热量之比水ηx(蒸发进程)仅为0.25,蒸发进程已接近尾声,揭示了强化液柱表面更新是强化该过程的主要因素。本模型计算结果得到了单液柱流绝热真空蒸发实验数据的验证,蒸发速率模拟值与实验值相对误差小于10%。     

Harvesting net power and desalinating water by pressure-retarded membrane distillation

Pressure-retarded membrane distillation (PRMD) can convert low-grade heat to useful work by harvesting the pressure energy of the condensation liquid on the cold side. In this study, a new type of PRMD system for combined freshwater and power production was proposed. For this configuration, the thermal energy of the phase change is transported to the interface mainly by conduction rather than convection, which significantly reduces the pump power loss of the liquid flow. In addition, it also utilizes a multistage structure to regenerate heat with low pump power loss. The experimental results showed that, for a module with a heating area of 1.0 m², this system can produce 188 L of freshwater and 27.8 kJ of power each day when operating between 80°C and 40°C. The water and power densities of the PRMD configuration would be affected by saline ions in the feed liquid, air resistance in the evaporation chamber, membrane wetting, and membrane compaction. The experimental and molecular dynamics simulation results indicated that a higher temperature difference or working temperature will significantly improve the desalination and power generation rates because of the increased mass transfer driving force of the vapor gradient. This study proved that it is possible for a PRMD system to simultaneously obtain net power and freshwater using low-grade heat as the only energy input. Nevertheless, the liquid supply, working pressure, and membrane properties should be improved to achieve better performance.

     

基于太阳能驱动水蒸发的系统设计及研究进展

太阳能驱动水蒸发作为一种光热转换应用,由于光热转换效率高,且具有清洁水生产的工业潜力,从而引起了人们的关注。近年来,太阳能驱动的蒸发系统-将太阳能与热能的能量转换定位在空气/液体界面上,因其可以减少热损失并提高能量转换效率,已经被作为传统的体积加热蒸发的替代系统。讨论了如何实现高性能蒸发的系统设计策略,包括多孔纳米结构、界面蒸发结构和芯吸结构。介绍了太阳能驱动水蒸发的3种系统,即体积系统、界面系统和隔离系统。描述了将这种太阳能驱动的界面蒸发工艺应用于海水淡化和污水处理中的可能性,还讨论了其中存在的一些问题和挑战     

端部锚固对温度作用下CFRP-混凝土界面黏结行为影响

为了明确端部锚固措施对碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)-混凝土界面黏结行为的影响,采用解析理论手段建立了温度作用下端锚CFRP-混凝土界面剥离全过程理论模型.结合常温界面黏结理论,引入双线性黏结-滑移本构,推导了界面滑移、界面剪应力以及CFRP正应力分布表达式,给出了界面荷载-滑移响应及界面剥离承载力模型,通过与试验和数值结...     

滴体积法测液-液界面张力

采用一套简易的界面张力测试装置，研究了用滴体积法测液一液界面张力时，对毛细管滴头内径和外径选取的原则。实验表明，当毛细管内液相不能润湿滴头端面时，在Tate公式中应采用毛细管内径进行计算，实际悬滴半径等于滴头内半径。当毛细管内液相能润湿滴头端面时，对任何待测体系均存在一个适用的滴头外径范围，应采用毛细管外径进行计算。只有所选滴头外径在此范围内，才能保证水、有机液体与玻璃间三相线稳定在滴头的外周线上。否则会使滴头外半径与实际悬滴半径不等，给测量结果造成严重偏差。     

Kinetics of Evaporation of Zn and Pb from Carbon-bearing Pellets Made of Dust Containing Zn-Pb-Fe Oxides

The influence of reduction temperature, size of coal powder and the carbon content on the evaporation rates of Zn and Pb in pellets made of ZnO-PbO-FeO bearing dust has been investigated between 1100-1300℃. The evaporation rate of Zn and Pb obtained from the experiments has been analyzed with kinetic models. The results show that the control step for evaporation of Zn is reduction reaction of ZnO by CO at the interface,and that the evaporation rate of Pb is controlled by the volatilization of reduction products, i.e. liquid lead. The overall apparent activation energies of Zn and Pb evaporation from the pellet are 79.42kJ/mol and 88.74kJ/mol respectively.     

多孔介质中油气体系相平衡规律研究

油气体系和储层多孔介质是一个相互作用的系统，当地层压力低于饱和压力时，储层中同时存在气、液、固（指岩石）三相，在多孔介质中，由于孔隙半径小，因而毛细管压力应予以考虑，在建立了考虑毛细管压力的相平衡计算模型之后，针对二个凝析气藏，一个黑油油藏和一个挥发油藏，分别对其油气体系的毛细管压力，饱和压力和恒组成膨胀过程中液相含量进行了相态模拟模拟计算，总结出毛细管压力对油气体系相平衡的影响规律。     

Interfacial microstructure and properties of Ti(C,N)/Ni bonded by transient liquid-phase diffusion

Effects of the main process parameters(temperature and time) on microstructure and properties of Ti(C, N)/Ni interface bonded by (Cu+Nb) interlayer in a vacuum diffusion bonding device were investigated. The interfacial microstructures consisted initially of Ni₃Nb metallic compound and eutectic of Ni₃Nb+CuNi_SS, and finally transformed to (Ti, Nb) (C, N)+Ni₃Nb near Ti (C, N) and NiCu_SS+Ni₃Nb near Ni when diffusion bonding temperature was 1 523–1 573 K. It was clear that Cu was a constituent in the transient liquid phase (TLP) into which Ni was dissolved by forming Cu-Ni transition liquid. Nb was dissolved in Cu-Ni transition liquid rapidly. Ti (C, N) conld be wetted by resultant Ni-Nb-Cu transient liquid phase which was followed by a little (Ti, Nb) (C, N) solid solution formed at interface. This increased the interface combining capability. Ultimately the interface shear strength was able to reach 140 MPa. The theoretle analysis and experimental results show that the growth of interfacial reaction layer Ni₃Nb accords with parabola law, and the activation energy of diffusion reaction is 115.0±0.5 kJ/mol, while the diffusion reaction speed constant is 12.53 mm/s^1/2. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50074017/E0408)     

Mass-Spring-Damper Model with Steady State Parameters for Predicting the Movement of Liquid Column and Temperature Oscillation in Loop Heat Pipe

In order to investigate the mechanism of the temperature oscillation in loop heat pipes, this paper investigated the movement of the phase interface as the changed input power by a mass-spring-damper model. The model was solved with MATLAB and was used to explain the high-frequency and low-amplitude temperature oscillation. Temperature variation with the input power from 20 W to 75 W was investigated based on a LHP prototype in a literature. The model agreed well with the experimental data in the literature. The simulation results suggested that the movement of the liquid column was caused by the fluctuation of pressure difference applied on the liquid column and the stiffness coefficients of the vapor springs increasing with the input power. According to parameter analyses, the temperature oscillation at the outlet of the condenser can be weakened by increasing the mass of the liquid column and keeping the temperature at the outlet of the condenser steady.     

基于元胞自动机法的铝合金定向凝固过程微观组织数值模拟

基于溶质扩散和界面能的作用,考虑成分过冷、曲率过冷和界面能各向异性和界面扰动,并改进了溶质再分配的算法以及界面液相浓度偏导数的离散格式,建立了凝固过程中晶体的生长模型。利用此模型并采用元胞自动机方法对铝合金定向凝固过程中的平界面、胞状和枝晶状三种典型界面形貌演化进行了模拟,并把模拟参数和模拟结果与经典凝固理论进行了比较,发现在G/V值略小于成分过冷判据给出的临界值时就已经获得平界面。并验证了平均一次枝晶间距与温度梯度和抽拉速度的变化关系,与理论结果吻合较好。     

Characters of surface deformation and surface wave in thermal capillary convection

In the field of fluid mechanics, free surface phenomena is one of the most important physical processes. In the present research work, the surface deformation and surface wave caused by temperature difference of sidewalls in a rectangular cavity have been investigated. The horizontal cross-section of the container is 52 mm×42 mm, and there is a silicon oil layer of height 3.5 mm in the experimental cavity. Temperature differ- ence between the two side walls of the cavity is increased gradually, and the flow on the liquid layer will develop from stable convection to un-stable convection. An optical diag- nostic system consisting of a modified Michelson interferometer and image processor has been developed for study of the surface deformation and surface wave of thermal capillary convection. The Fourier transformation method is used to interferometer fringe analysis. The quantitative results of surface deformation and surface wave have been calculated from a serial of the interference fringe patterns. The characters of surface deformation and surface wave have been obtained. They are related with temperature gradient and surface tension. Surface deformation is fluctuant with time, which shows the character of surface wave. The cycle period of the wave is 4.8 s, and the amplitudes are from 0 to 0.55 μm. The phase of the wave near the cool side of the cavity is opposite and correlative to that near the hot side. The present experiment proves that the surface wave of thermal capillary convection exists on liquid free surface, and it is wrapped in surface deformation.     

凝析油气体系流固耦合相平衡计算新方法

在分析了孔隙介质内表面吸附、毛细凝聚、毛细管压力等界面物理化学效应和应力变形对孔隙介质中流体相态影响的现象学特征和影响机制的基础上,通过在大尺度空间常规流体相平衡热力学模型中引入界面物理化学效应的影响,同时通过高才尼-卡尔曼方程将毛细管半径与孔隙介质储渗特性的应力敏感性研究成果相关联,建立了同时考虑储层应力变形和界面物理化学效应影响的微孔隙尺度条件下的低渗特低渗凝析气藏多相流体流固耦合露点压力、p-T相图及定容衰竭相平衡热力学计算模型.该模型的初步应用表明,其相态模拟计算结果能更为合理地解释孔隙介质环境中的凝析油气体系相态特征实验研究结果.     

土壤-犁壁界面毛细负压的形成和作用

根据毛细现象的附加压强理论,解释了剪断毛细管后,管中剩余的水分处于悬浮状态这一现象;结合土壤含有丰富毛细管的事实和耕地时犁铧切断土壤毛细管的过程分析,证明了土壤 犁壁界面存在由弯月面的附加压强产生的毛细负压,同时给出了毛细负压产生的判定式。根据界面粘附功的Young Dupre方程,应用毛细负压的观点解释了水接触角大的材料和仿生非光滑表面的减粘机理。     

上浆剂使用浓度对碳纤维性能的影响研究

为了改善碳纤维表观性能及其复合材料界面性能,不同浓度的上浆剂用于碳纤维表面上浆．采用原子力显微镜（AFM）、动态接触角测试仪（DCAT）和微复合材料界面结合强度（IFSS）等研究了上浆剂浓度对碳纤维的表面形貌,表面能及对微复合材料界面性能和耐湿热老化性能的影响．实验结果表明：上浆剂的使用浓度对碳纤维表观性能影响较大．A...     

近50年山东省蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势及影响因素分析

以山东省境内18个国家级气象站1961～2008年逐日实测数据为基础,选用统计分析、相关分析和Mann-Kendal非参数检验等方法对近50年来山东省蒸发皿蒸发量及其影响因素的变化趋势进行分析。结果表明:近50年来山东省的蒸发皿蒸发量呈现下降趋势,下降速率为8.78mm／a;尤其在夏季和春季下降最显著;从空间分布看,蒸发皿蒸发减少量由沿海地区向内陆地区逐步加大。通过与同期太阳净辐射、风速、气温和水气压差等气象因素对比分析,认为蒸发的下降是多种因素共同作用的结果,其中主要是由太阳净辐射和风速的下降引起的。     

对二甲苯氧化反应器-冷凝器模拟

建立了一个用于模拟对二甲苯氧化制对苯二甲酸过程的连续气液搅拌釜反应器模型.模型描述了反应器中各组分间的化学反应、气液传质、溶剂和反应物的蒸发移热及塔顶冷凝回流等复杂过程.模拟计算结果与实际工况吻合.用此模型考察了反应压力、冷凝回流温度和回流比对反应过程的影响.计算表明:冷凝回流温度的升高、回流比的降低和反应压力的升高都导致反应温度增加,虽然醋酸和对二甲苯的副反应消耗增加,但液相中对羧基苯甲醛的质量分数降低和反应收率增加.