液晶聚氨酯/酚醛树脂共混复合材料的力学性能和摩擦性能

使用自行合成的联苯型液晶聚氨酯(LCPU)与热塑性酚醛树脂(PF)通过原位复合的方法制备了一系列不同LCPU含量的LCPU/PF共混复合材料。研究了不同LCPU含量对LCPU/PF原位复合材料的力学性能,玻璃化转变温度和摩擦性能的影响,采用SEM研究了不同LCPU含量对LCPU/PF复合材料的磨损面及磨损机理的影响。结果表明,LCPU的加入可以显著地改善材料的力学性能,冲击强度提高18.7%、弯曲强度提高37.1%;玻璃化转变温度提高18℃;在摩擦系数几乎不变的情况下可以明显降低材料的磨损体积。     

UP/GF/LCPU原位混杂复合材料动态力学性能

为了改进不饱和聚酯树脂在高低温和交变应力下力学性能和热稳定性较差的缺点,利用自行合成的端基含有活性基团的热致性液晶聚合物(LCPU)对不饱和聚酯(UP)/玻璃纤维(GF)复合材料改性,用DMA测试了共混物的动态力学性能,用扫描电镜(SEM)对材料断面的形态结构进行了研究.结果表明,加入一定量的LCPU,复合材料的动态力学性能得到一定改善,材料的冲击强度和弯曲强度得到明显的提高,其中冲击强度最大提高了16%,弯曲强度最大提高36%,弯曲模量最大提高61%,材料的应力-应变行为得到改善,而LCPU的含量对材料的硬度影响不大;LCPU的加入对提高材料的断裂能具有一定的作用.     

洋麻纤维-棉纤维混纺织物/环氧树脂复合材料力学及吸湿性能

采用碱氧一浴法对洋麻纤维(KF)进行精细化处理,并制备了不同混纺质量比的精细化处理KF-棉纤维(KF-CF)混纺织物及KF-CF/环氧树脂(EP)复合材料。通过纤维强度、细度测试和FTIR、TG、SEM研究了精细化处理对KF性能的影响,通过对KF-CF/EP复合材料力学性能分析得到最佳混纺质量比,探究了最佳混纺质量比KF-CF/EP复合材料在湿热及化学环境下的吸湿性能。结果表明:精细化处理后的KF直径降低了30.66%,拉伸模量提高了31.24%,柔软度提高了13.20%,热稳定性得到提高;当KF与CF混纺质量比为40∶60时,KF-CF/EP复合材料力学性能最优,拉伸强度为101.90 MPa,弯曲强度为189.64 MPa;在湿热环境下,时间越长,温度越高,KF-CF/EP复合材料的吸水率越高,碱性环境会导致KF-CF/EP复合材料吸水率提高。      

氧化石墨烯/碳纳米管协同改性环氧树脂的制备与性能

先用改进的水热法,经超声剥离制备氧化石墨烯(GO),并采用两相萃取法将制得的GO萃取到环氧树脂基体(EP)中;再用超声分散及热催化反应的方法将羟基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)分散到甲基六氢苯酐(MHHPA)中,然后将GO/EP复合材料与MWCNTs/MHHPA混合制得GO-MWCNTs/EP复合材料。利用扫描电镜对该复合材料断面形貌进行表征,并进行了力学性能测试及动态力学分析测试。结果表明,复合材料的力学性能和热稳定性较纯环氧明显提高。当GO加入量为0.1%,MWCNTs含量为0.4%时,材料的冲击强度最高,强度值为84.22kJ/m2,提高了137%;拉伸强度提高了48.4%;断裂伸长率增加了97.9%。表明GO-MWCNTs对环氧树脂具有协同增强、增韧的协同效应。     

化学接枝对碳纤维结构及其复合材料的影响

以丙二酸环(亚)异丙酯和多乙烯多胺对碳纤维进行化学接枝反应,并制备了碳纤维/环氧树脂(CF/EP)复合材料。利用红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电镜、动态力学分析对碳纤维和CF/EP复合材料进行表征和测试,研究了复合材料的力学性能,分析比较了2种接枝反应对碳纤维结构及复合材料界面结合的影响。结果表明,碳纤维表面分别成功接枝了-COOH和-NH2,且多乙烯多胺的接枝反应对碳纤维表面和CF/EP复合材料断面产生的效果更为突出,2种复合材料的拉伸强度分别提高了4.4%和17.5%,Tg分别提高了3.1℃和8.2℃,多乙烯多胺的接枝反应对改善界面更具优势。     

短玻纤增强丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物的制备及性能

以丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)及短玻璃纤维(SGF)为原料, 以苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)和环氧树脂(EP)为界面相容剂, 制备了SGF/SMA-EP-ABS复合材料。用扫描电镜(SEM)、 动态力学热分析(DMTA)等研究了界面相容剂对SGF增强ABS复合材料力学性能及界面粘结性能的影响。结果表明:加入SMA或EP, SGF增强ABS复合材料的力学性能明显提高; SMA与EP同时加入具有明显的协同效果, 使复合材料的性能更为优越。当SGF加入质量分数为30%时, SGF/SMA-EP-ABS复合材料的拉伸强度、 弯曲强度、 冲击强度较未添加界面相容剂时分别提高了56%、 42%、 79%。SEM和DMTA测试表明, 加入SMA和环氧树脂后, SGF与ABS基体之间的界面粘结性能得到很大改善。      

原位在线监测多因素协同对玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料热老化性能的影响

针对玻璃纤维增强聚合物(GFRP)复合材料作为火电烟囱内衬的服役老化问题,以玻璃纤维/环氧树脂(GF/EP)复合材料为研究对象,用正交试验法研究温度、偶联剂含量和热流老化时间等因素对GF/EP复合材料热损伤后的质量损失率、弯曲强度和剪切性能的影响。采用金相显微图像处理法测量计算GF/EP复合材料的孔隙率,使用自主设计并搭建的原位在线监测系统对GF/EP复合材料进行测试。结果表明,不同因素对GF/EP复合材料性能的影响程度不同。偶联剂含量的增加会有限改善GF/EP复合材料的质量损失率,而温度因素对复合材料弯曲强度的影响较大,复合材料本身存在的后固化行为会影响弯曲性能的变化趋势,随温度升高弯曲强度总体下降了11.8%。GF/EP复合材料的层间剪切强度与热老化时间密切相关,16 h相比8 h热流老化后的层间剪切强度均值提高了10.2%。      

拟薄水铝石改性环氧树脂复合材料的制备与性能

采用水热合成法制备拟薄水铝石(AlOOH)纳米棒,以3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)为表面改性剂,制得mAlOOH,以环氧树脂(Epoxy,EP)为基体,制备AlOOH/EP和mAlOOH/EP复合材料。研究AlOOH和mAlOOH的填充量对AlOOH/EP及mAlOOH/EP复合材料性能的影响。结果表明,mAlOOH明显提高了mAlOOH/EP复合材料的力学性能。mAlOOH的填充量为4wt%时,mAlOOH/EP复合材料的冲击强度和弯曲强度分别比聚合物基体分别提高了259%和44%;填充量不超过5wt%时,mAlOOH/EP的介电常数与介电损耗均略低于纯环氧树脂。当添加量为3wt%时,mAlOOH/EP具有最低的介电常数和介电损耗及最高的玻璃化转变温度(123℃)。      

PVDF对芳纶无纺布/环氧树脂共固化复合材料力学和阻尼性能的影响

为评价热塑性结晶聚合物聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)对共固化复合材料动态力学和阻尼性能的影响,首先,将PVDF负载到芳纶无纺布(ANF)上,采用共固化工艺制备了PVDF-ANF/环氧树脂(EP)结构阻尼复合材料。然后,利用动态机械分析仪测试了PVDF-ANF/EP复合材料的损耗因子、损耗模量和储能模量的温度谱;通过弯曲强度、弯曲模量和层间剪切强度的测试评价了复合材料的静态力学性能;通过单悬臂梁振动实验测试了复合材料的共振频率及自由振动衰减曲线,并计算了损耗因子;通过I型、II型层间断裂韧性实验及断面微观形貌的观察研究了复合材料的断裂韧性及增韧机制。最后,对复合材料的微观结构进行分析,探讨了其兼具力学性能和阻尼性能的结构内因。结果表明:通过在ANF表面负载PVDF,可在不引起复合材料力学性能明显下降的前提下,进一步提高PVDF-ANF/EP复合材料的阻尼性能和层间断裂韧性,复合材料的损耗因子提高了33.3%,I型和II型断裂韧性分别提高了168%和208%。     

埃洛石复配2-羧乙基苯基次膦酸对环氧树脂阻燃及力学性能的影响

将埃洛石纳米管(HNTs)与2-羧乙基苯基次磷酸(CEPPA)复配并用于环氧树脂(EP)阻燃改性,制备了CEPPA-HNTs/EP复合材料。研究了HNTs与CEPPA的配比对CEPPA-HNTs/EP复合材料热稳定性、阻燃性及力学性能的影响。TG分析表明,CEPPA与HNTs复配可提高CEPPA-HNTs/EP复合材料的热稳定性,促进成炭并降低分解速率。锥形量热和极限氧指数分析表明,加入HNTs可降低EP热释放速率,而CEPPA对提高EP的极限氧指数作用更显著。残炭的红外分析及SEM结果表明,燃烧过程中CEPPA与HNTs反应生成硅铝磷酸盐促进凝聚相的脱水交联,形成更致密的炭层。力学性能分析表明,当HNTs与EP和CEPPA与EP的质量比分别为6%和4%时,CEPPA-HNTs/EP复合材料的拉伸强度和冲击强度分别提高了19.4%和17.3%,冲击断面的SEM图像显示CEPPA-HNTs/EP复合材料呈韧性断裂。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...