一个改进自行复叠制冷循环的实验研究

自行复叠制冷循环以其结构简单、可靠性高、适应性强等特点,在能源、生物、医学和生命科学等领域得到了日益广泛的重视和应用。针对一个改进的自行复叠制冷循环,建立了该制冷循环的实验台,进行了不同配比的二元混合工质和三元混合工质的自行复叠制冷循环性能实验,得出了改进自行复叠制冷循环的降温特性图以及性能系数COP和制冷量与制冷温度的关系。最后比较了二元自行复叠系统与三元自行复叠系统稳态运行参数的优劣。     

自动复叠制冷循环方式的探讨

本文将自动复叠制冷与两级压缩、复叠制冷进行比较并分析其优点,介绍了自动复叠制冷的基本原理和应用前景。重点讲述了自动复叠制冷的几种循环方式,分析了这几种制冷循环流程的特点、存在的问题,希望对自动复叠制冷系统的进一步研究和改进有一定的参考价值。     

现代工业低温制冷技术概述

介绍了在-40～-100℃,单级压缩、双级压缩及复叠等不同制冷循环的原理及特点,并在此基础上阐明了针对所需不同的低温,应采取的适宜的制冷循环方式,同时也对目前符合环保节能要求的NH3/CO2复叠制冷系统作了初步分析。这些对工业制冷中,不同温度需求下,制冷方式的正确选择和应用具有重要的现实意义。     

自复叠制冷技术发展现状

自复叠制冷因制冷温区较宽,在普冷、深冷领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。在介绍自复叠制冷技术的应用和原理的基础上,与单级压缩、两级压缩及复叠式制冷技术进行比较,指出了自复叠制冷技术的优势和特点。主要从自复叠制冷技术流程及混合制冷剂选择和配比两方面,对当前自复叠制冷技术的研究概况进行分析,并指出该技术在系统流程设计和混合工质的选择和配比方面未来的发展动向,为该技术的进一步研发和推广应用提供参考。     

余热驱动的吸收-压缩复叠制冷循环性能及经济性分析

本文提出一种新型吸收-压缩复叠制冷循环,该循环由内燃机余热驱动的高温级复合吸收-压缩制冷循环与动力驱动的低温级CO2亚临界压缩制冷循环复叠构成。对不同制冷工质对在此循环中的性能进行了对比分析;并进一步研究了关键参数对复叠制冷循环性能的影响规律;最后进行了经济性分析。结果表明：该循环的理论性能优于两级复叠制冷循环;在冷凝温度为40 ℃、蒸发温度为-35 ℃条件下,R124-DMAC/R744性能优异,COP可达2.864,是较为理想的工质对,且年总成本较低为15 150.14 美元。     

非共沸工质自复叠制冷技术研究现状

回顾自复叠制冷技术的发展历史,介绍其原理和特点,并与单级压缩／双级压缩及复叠式制冷进行比较。总结自复叠制冷技术目前的研究概况,指出该技术在现阶段应用中存在的问题和缺陷,以及今后研究中应该着重考虑并改进的方面。     

自复叠制冷技术在低温冷冻装置中的应用现状

低温冷冻装置应用和需求越来越广泛。传统主要以两级、多级复叠,以及两级压缩中间冷却等制冷方式实现,设备系统复杂。本文在对低温冷冻装置应用领域和特点进行分析的基础上,对自复叠制冷技术在低温冷冻装置中的应用进行了总结,并指出自复叠制冷技术在低温冷冻装置中应用的优缺点,存在问题等,为该技术在低温冷冻装置中推广应用提供参考。     

-60℃水冷自复叠制冷系统研究

提出一种新型水冷自复叠制冷循环方式,用冷凝分离器代替传统循环的冷凝器和相分离器,在冷凝分离器中同时完成了高沸点工质的冷凝及高沸点工质与低沸点工质的分离。对采用这种冷凝分离器的水冷自复叠制冷循环方式的R22/R23、R290/R170、R134a/R23、R134a/R170四种工质对进行了循环特性研究。在自行搭建的水冷自复叠制冷系统实验台上进行了R22/R23、R134a/R23两种工质对的实验研究。结果表明,在相同工况下,R22/R23自复叠制冷系统的COP要高于R134a/R23自复叠制冷系统;和传统的自复叠系统相比,采用冷凝分离器的水冷自复叠制冷循环COP明显提高,提升率达到60%~100%。     

非共沸混合工质自复叠制冷循环研究进展

系统介绍了自复叠制冷循环的工作原理、发展和主要研究方向,对几种典型的自复叠制冷系统进行了分析比较,介绍了一种带有精馏装置的新型自复叠制冷系统,最后提出了自复叠制冷系统设计需要考虑的一些关键问题。     

自复叠制冷系统工质运行浓度变化的研究

本文介绍了单机压缩自动复叠制冷循环中,节流阀开度变化对系统循环工质运行浓度变化的影响。建立了自复叠循环的稳态仿真模型,对系统进行模拟并对结果进行分析。为了验证其变化趋势,对一级自复叠系统在常温范围内进行实验。结果表明:实验结果与计算结果的变化趋势基本相同,在一级自复叠系统中,节流阀开度变化会对系统运行的工质浓度产生影响,进而影响自复叠系统制冷效率。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...