气体静压轴承相位致振气锤失稳机理与试验

针对气体静压轴承在结构不合理或者工作参数选择不恰当时容易产生气锤失稳的问题,开展基于相位致振的气体静压轴承气锤失稳机理研究。从气体静压轴承的工作气压与气膜间隙随时间变化的相位关系出发,建立基于相位致振的气体静压止推轴承自激失稳理论模型,分析气体静压止推轴承在发生气锤失稳过程中,工作气压与气膜厚度的相位变化对应情况。理论分析和实验研究结果表明,在气体静压止推轴承发生气锤失稳过程中,工作气压与气膜厚度的相位不断变化,并在相位差为180°时发生气锤失稳,进而说明可以从相位角度解释气体静压轴承发生气锤失稳的原因。该研究进一步完善了气体静压止推轴承的自激失稳作用机理分析,为气体静压轴承的气锤失稳的机理分析及其抑制提供了一种新的方法。     

向心透平发电膨胀机静压气体轴承设计与承载特性分析

为提升有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle,ORC）系统向心透平发电膨胀机静压气体轴承的承载力与刚度,采用表压比法设计了以R245fa为润滑工质的静压气体轴承,分析转子偏心率、供气孔尺寸、进气压力对静压气体轴承承载力与刚度的影响。实验结果表明：在相同供气压力下,轴承承载力与刚度随着转速的增大而增大;在相同转速下,0.7 MPa供气压力相对于其他气体供气压力轴承的承载力与刚度略高;静压气体轴承的偏心率越大承载力越大;相同供气孔直径下,静压气体轴承的承载力与刚度随着转速的升高而升高;随供气孔直径增大,静压气体轴承的承载力和刚度也随之增大。     

高速空气静压径向轴承稳定性的试验研究

高速空气静压轴承的稳定性问题实质上是涡动振动问题,它是空气轴承在高速场合应用的一大障碍。本文对空气静压轴承在0～24万转/分范围内。刚性支承的情况下,从介绍测试涡动振幅与频率的关系开始,进行了供气压力、轴承间隙、不平衡量大小等因素对高速稳定性影响的试验分析;比较了沟槽、孔式及切向进气等五种结构轴承的高速特性;给出了试验发现的一些规律;涡动起始速度随间隙的变化关系存在有两个最佳间隙,第二最佳间隙的大小远远超过了一般设计概念所考虑的范围;沟槽节流轴承的稳定性优于孔式节流的;单排轴承的稳定性比双排的优越;沟槽节流轴承也存在所谓“阻塞”的问题。最后指出了高速空气静压轴承设计上的一些基本问题。     

基于匀压和阻尼的空气静压轴承静态特性研究*

针对常规空气静压轴承设计时存在的承载能力、刚度与气动锤之间的矛盾,提出一种基于虚拟均压和被动阻尼设计方法。采用该方法设计一种含环布均压槽和阵列阻尼孔的矩形平面空气静压止推轴承,并研究其静态特性。研究结果表明：与常规空气静压轴承结构相比,设计的空气静压止推轴承在供气压力0.5 MPa下的最高承载力提高了43.4%,最高刚度提高了51.3%;减小阻尼孔数量、减小节流孔径、提高供气压力和增设均压槽可获得最佳刚度特性;增加阻尼孔数量、减小节流孔径、提高供气压力和增设均压槽可获得最佳静态特性和动态稳定特性的综合性能。     

Active inherent restrictor for air-bearing spindles

An active control method for aerostatic bearings is proposed in this paper. The proposed method employs an active inherent restrictor AIR, (which was invented by the authors) to control pneumatic pressure on the bearing surface. The AIR consists of a piezoelectric actuator with a through hole, one end of which is small enough to function as an orifice when the actuator is embedded in the bearing to be controlled. Nine AIRS are incorporated into the aerostatic radial and thrust bearings of an air bearing spindle. According to the radial and/or thrust displacements of the spindle detected by sensors, a microcomputer changes the length of the piezoelectric actuators for controlling the orifice area of the AIRs and for compensating the displacements. Thus, the stiffness and the rotational accuracy in both radial and thrust directions can be improved without the occurrence of pneumatic hammer. Instead of ordinary passive inherent restrictors, the AIR can be incorporated into most conventional aerostatic bearings. An example of retrofit of the AIR to a commercially available air bearing spindle is also shown.     

气体静压止推轴承静态性能的数值仿真与实验研究

应用Fluent软件对小孔节流气体静压止推轴承进行了三维流场的模拟计算,分析了节流孔孔径、节流器工作面积、气源供气压力等因素对气体静压轴承性能的影响。结果表明:止推轴承的承载能力随着节流孔直径的增大而增大,在气膜间隙较小时,刚度随着节流孔孔径增大而减小,在气膜间隙较大时,刚度随着节流孔孔径的增大而增大;在保证加工精度的前提下,增大节流器工作面尺寸,以及在保证气源供气连续的前提下,增大气腔供气压力,都可以显著地改善止推轴承的静态性能。在自行研制的实验平台上进行气体静压实验,实验结果与数值模拟计算结果具有较好一致性,证明了将该数值计算方法的可行性。     

空气静压轴系支承的数值分析

采用有限差分技术,对精密轴系中的径向和轴向空气静压轴承进行了数值分析。主要针对有多个供气孔的径向轴承的复杂流场,沿周向展开承载曲面以雷诺方程为气体润滑的控制方程。同时根据质量守恒原理,制定出每个供气孔出口压力边界条件逐轮修正的迭代路线,计算出不同偏心率和供气压力下的压力分布、承载能力及流量。该技术成功地用于轴系支承精确设计并制造出精密模块化主轴轴系。     

润滑介质种类对气浮轴承性能的影响*

为研究润滑介质种类对于气浮轴承性能的影响,通过FLUENT对采用空气、二氧化碳、氢气与氦气作为润滑介质的气浮轴承进行数值计算,分别对静压轴承承载力随供气压力的变化趋势以及动压轴承承载力随转速的变化趋势进行分析;并对不同环境压力和温度下的二氧化碳润滑动压气浮轴承承载力变化趋势进行研究。数值计算结果表明:润滑介质种类对于静压、动压气浮轴承的承载特性均具有明显影响;不同润滑介质润滑下静压气浮轴承的承载力由大到小排序大致为空气、氦气、氢气、二氧化碳;不同润滑介质动压气浮轴承承载力变化趋势基本与润滑介质黏度变化趋势保持一致;二氧化碳润滑动压气浮径向轴承的承载力受环境温度与压力的影响主要体现在其工质黏度(随温度与压力)变化,二氧化碳润滑动压止推轴承的承载力随环境压力的增大近似呈线性增大。     

环形节流孔径向静压气体轴承的数值仿真

以环形节流孔径向静压气体轴承为研究对象,介绍了静压气体轴承的结构形式和工作原理,对气体润滑理论基础Reynolds方程进行了分析,利用计算流体动力学软件FLUENT对气体轴承的流场进行仿真分析,求解出了轴承气膜的压力分布.在轴承几何参数不变的情况下,分析了承载力与空气质量流量随不同供气压力和偏心率变化关系,并研究了静压气体轴承在高速工作下,动压效应对承载力的影响.     

CFD based investigation on influence of orifice chamber shapes for the design of aerostatic thrust bearings at ultra-high speed spindles

The influences of six orifice chamber configurations on performance characteristics of aerostatic thrust bearings under various operating conditions are thoroughly studied using the computational fluid dynamics approach. Experiments are carried out to further verify the simulations. The obtained results show that there are many differences in performance behaviors of the aerostatic thrust bearing caused by different orifice chamber shapes. Further analysis represents that the pressure depression, gas vortices, and the turbulent intensity which are all weakened with decreasing air film thickness. The load capacity of the aerostatic thrust bearing slightly decreases with increasing rotational speeds of the spindle.     

均压槽尺寸对空气静压导轨静态性能的影响

引入有限体积法,采用理想气体等温条件下的k—ε模型封闭流动控制方程组,对均压槽尺寸改变条件下空气静压导轨润滑气膜流场分布进行数值模拟,得到导轨工作面压力分布图及承载力、刚度变化曲线,数值模拟结果表明：导轨承载力及气膜刚度随均压槽尺寸的增大而先增大后减小,存在一个最佳值;随均压槽尺寸增大,导轨工作面压强分布趋于均匀;但当均压槽大于一定尺寸时,气膜湍动随机性引发导轨工作面压强不规则分布,易造成偏载、导致导轨性能不稳。该结论为空气静压导轨均压槽设计及导轨系统静态性能的提高提供依据。     

变截面节流器对空气静压轴承承载性能的影响

为了分析可变截面节流器对空气静压轴承性能的影响,提出了变截面节流器的空气静压轴承模型,通过轴承承载表面弹性薄板的挠度变形实现节流器截面形状的动态变化。建立固体薄板变形和气体润滑的耦合偏微分方程,采用有限差分法和超松弛迭代法对耦合方程进行离散和数值求解。计算结果表明:节流器的截面形状直接决定了数值计算过程中喷嘴系数的大小,与刚性节流器的空气静压轴承相比,变截面节流器的空气静压轴承刚度提高了15%,在较高承载力的情况下能够获得更大的刚度。实验测试结果和理论分析基本一致,变截面节流器的设计方法能够有效提高空气静压轴承的静特性。     

Numerical Calculation of Rotation Effects on Hybrid Air Journal Bearings

Hybrid air journal bearings are of great importance in the precision engineering. Despite much progress, the influence of the aerostatic effect and the aerodynamic effect on the bearings is still not clear. Numerical calculation is a useful technique to evaluate bearing performance. Many theoretical problems related to Reynolds equation have been figured out by numerical simulation. The present study analyzes the effects of rotational speed—that is, the bearing speed number—on the performance of hybrid bearings. The behaviors of the pure aerostatic bearing and the pure aerodynamic bearing are investigated for comparison. The second-order finite difference method (FDM) and an iterative procedure are proposed to solve the Reynolds equation and derive the air film pressure distribution. The bearing characteristics such as load capacity, stiffness, friction coefficient, attitude angle, and mass inflow rate are taken into consideration. The research reveals the very dependence of the hybrid bearing's performance on the journal rotation and eccentricity ratio. The numerical results indicate that at a small bearing speed number of 0.223 and eccentricity ratio of 0.15, about 99.8% of the load capacity and 99.7% of the stiffness are determined by the aerostatic effect, whereas at a large bearing speed number of 2.229 and eccentricity ratio of 0.55, about 63.2% of the load capacity and 83.3% of the stiffness are determined by the aerodynamic effect.     

应用有限体积法空气静压导轨力学特性的研究

空气静压润滑是精密工程领域的关键技术之一,润滑气膜的压强分布、承载能力、刚度等力学特性是决定导轨稳定性的主要因素。目前,空气静压导轨设计中常采用简化雷诺方程的工程计算方法,存在静态性能误差大的特点。本文针对润滑气膜的压强分布规律、承载力等主要力学特性参数进行研究。基于节流孔出射气流为冲击射流,引入计算流体力学的有限体积法,应用理想气体等温条件下的k-ε模型封闭控制方程组对润滑气膜的力学特性进行数值分析,得出不同气膜厚度下空气静压导轨工作面上的压强分布规律。数值结果表明：导轨内气膜从节流孔沿工作面到导轨边缘的压强分布规律非雷诺润滑方程所给出的均匀递减变化,而是在节流孔附近存在半径约为500µm的负压区、峰值约为0.05MPa;在静压导轨气膜厚度与承载力分析的基础上,指出气膜与导轨间的气固耦合所引发的导轨弹性自激振动是空气静压导轨实现纳米级定位的主要制约因素。     

Performance analysis of Pareto optimal bearings subject to surface error variations

A Pareto optimization study was carried out on a flat pad aerostatic bearing design. Some of the Pareto optimal configurations were then subjected to surface profiling errors including tilt, concavity, convexity and waviness and key performance parameters such as load capacity, stiffness and flow rate determined. From these studies it was concluded that multi-orifice aerostatic flat pad bearings are highly sensitive to surface profile variations and these surface profile variations are inherent limitations of the current manufacturing techniques. A technique to account for the sensitivity to manufacturing tolerance within air bearing optimization studies is also proposed.     

气体静压多孔质球面轴承静态性能分析

与传统的小孔节流气体静压轴承相比,气体静压多孔质轴承具有高承载能力、高阻尼和很好的稳定性等。气体静压多孔质球面轴承具有合力始终对准球心,轴承运转平稳等优点,既具有轴向限制同时具有径向限制,在工业当中应用相当普遍。给出了球面轴承的理论分析、有限元推导过程,基于有限元推导过程给出了球面轴承的理论计算静态性能。在自行研制的试验台上进行气体静压试验,由此得到轴承的静态性能。试验结果和理论计算结果之间的吻合良好,从而说明理论计算的正确性和可行性。     

真空环境下小孔节流式静压气体轴承流场特性与轴承性能分析

以真空环境下具有排气系统的圆盘形简单孔式节流静压气体轴承为研究对象,忽略过渡流,将流场分成黏性流和分子流区域,利用基本流动方程,推导出黏性流转变为分子流的临界半径,计算转变位置处的临界压力,纠正了前人在相关研究中部分计算式推导和分析结果错误。在此基础上,研究了临界半径和临界压力之间的相互制约关系,气流通道、气腔压力、气腔大小等对临界半径和临界压力的影响,润滑气体分子直径、质量和温度对特征压力影响和对气腔压力的约束,给出了提高轴承性能需着重考虑的因素,为真空下静压气体轴承的性能计算和设计参数优化提供了参考。     

Static tilt characteristics of aerostatic rectangular double-pad thrust bearings with compound restrictors

Aerostatic rectangular thrust bearings with compound restrictors have often been used in ultra-precision machine tools and precision measuring equipment because high bearing stiffness is easily achieved. Compound restrictors combine a feed-hole restrictor with a groove compensation restrictor. This paper investigates, theoretically and experimentally, the static tilt characteristics of aerostatic rectangular double-pad thrust bearings with compound restrictors, when coupled loads or offset loads are applied. Furthermore, the usefulness of aerostatic thrust bearings with compound restrictors is clarified by comparison with the characteristics of conventional aerostatic thrust bearing with feedhole restrictors.     

多孔质气体止推轴承跨缝过程时变特性研究

针对某大型超平气浮支撑平台上卫星模拟器所使用的多孔质气体止推轴承,在跨越气浮平台的拼缝过程中存在的运动卡滞和自激振动问题,建立多孔质轴承气体润滑理论模型,考察气体轴承的稳态特性;使用有限元法分析多孔质气体轴承通过拼缝时的动态时变特性,并分析压力分布、承载能力、倾覆力矩的变化。结果表明:平台拼缝间隙的存在对多孔质气体止推轴承压力分布造成了较大的影响,导致跨缝过程中其承载能力大幅降低,从而造成轴承表面划伤,因此在轴承的设计选用中应留有较多的承载余量;多孔质气体止推轴承在跨峰过程中,在其运动方向上存在呈正弦波动的倾覆力矩,但对其正常使用不会造成影响。     

The comparison in stability of rotor-aerostatic bearing system compensated by orifices and inherences

This paper studies static and dynamic characteristics of a rigid spindle supported by aerostatic bearings which are compensated by orifices and inherences. Eigen-solution method is used to determine the stability thresholds of both critical inertial force and critical whirl ratio belong to the motion equation of the rigid rotor-aerobearing system which is obtained by perturbation method. Various eccentricities, rotor speeds and restriction parameters are taken into considerations for the comparisons of restriction effect between both orifice and inherence. The influences of the number and the locations of air entries on the aerostatic bearing are also estimated.