发展可再生能源:保障能源安全的实际需求

开发利用可再生能源已成为能源可持续发展战略的重要组成部分.我国要更加重视水能源、风能、太阳能、地热能等可再生能源的开发利用,尽快使优良资源得到合理开发利用,不断提高优质清洁能源在能源结构中的比例.     

应重视能源结构调整的目标

我国能源结构必须调整升级,这既是能源理论界大声疾呼的问题,也是产业结构升级的必然要求.然而,能源结构调整的目标是什么、是靠技术进步推动还是市场拉动、采取那些政策措施等,并没有形成统一的意见.在国家规划或能源政策中,往往是煤炭、油气、电力、可再生能源等各有重点,而国家能源的战略重点在哪没有明确的说法,需要见仁见智,至今还没有形成一个符合我国社会主义市场经济条件下的国家综合能源战略和政策体系.     

能源利用新模式——能源互联网

随着环境污染加剧、能源严重短缺等问题的出现,可再生能源的利用将越来越普及.以可再生能源技术和信息技术紧密结合为特征的"能源互联网"将会带来第三次工业革命.介绍了"能源互联网"的发展、内涵及其市场前景,并详细阐述了其应具备的特征以及架构体系和技术支撑.作为未来能源发展的新趋势,"能源互联网"将在能源消费、能源技术、能源产业方面带来革命潮流."能源互联网"在促进能源可持续发展的同时,也将为社会带来巨大福利.     

我国新能源和可再生能源政策及未来发展趋势分析

一、我国新能源和可再生能源的发展动力 1.社会和环境对我国新能源和可再生能源发展的期待 近100年来,全球能源消耗平均每年以3%的速度递增,专家预测,随着世界人口的增加和社会生活的进步,全世界能源消耗仍将以3%的速度增长.大量能源的消耗不仅大大加快了传统化石能源的消耗速度,同时排放出大量的SO2、CO2、NOx和烟尘,给生态环境造成破坏,从而使得整个地球遭受损失,严重制约着人类社会和经济活动的发展.因此,许多权威预测表明,发展可再生能源在21世纪将变得越来越重要.全球都需要积极开发利用可再生能源.     

我国2007年农村可再生能源发展现状与趋势

据农业部对全国农村可再生能源统计结果表明,目前农村居民生活用能呈稳步增长趋势,农村可再生能源发展迅速,能源消费结构以秸秆和薪柴为主,但存在着商品能源消费城乡差距较大,地域差异显著等问题.分析表明,商品能源无法满足中国农村能源发展需求.我国拥有丰富的可再生能源资源,可供农村地区开发利用的可再生能源主要包括太阳能、风能、小水电、地热能、生物质能.为促进在我国农村地区发展可再生能源产业,建议采取完善可再生能源开发利用的政策法规体系,消除可再生能源开发利用的市场障碍,加大资金投入力度,多能互补开发农村能源,加快服务体系建设等措施.     

英国提高能源效率的政策取向

能源效率是一个环境优先选择概念,它对于气候变化和可持续发展战略的实施至关重要.提高能源效率一直是英国能源政策的重点目标之一. 英国负责能源效率的政府部门设置如图1所示.     

我国能源效率的灰色关联度分析——基于能源弹性的视角

能源弹性是分析经济增长与能源生产、消费增加之间关系的重要指标.选取了2001～1010年我国煤炭、石油、天然气和水电、核能的生产、消费弹性作为数据样本,通过建立灰色关联度模型,得出煤炭、石油、天然气及水电、核能的生产弹性与总能源生产弹性的关联度分别为0.708946,0.669974、0.765697、0.676101,煤炭、石油、天然气及水电、核能的消费弹性与总能源消费弹性关联度分别为0.708946、0.669974、0.765697、0.676101.在能源生产弹性和消费弹性中,煤炭和天然气的关联度并不具有完全的一致性,建议加大对天然气这种新型清洁能源的开发、利用,现阶段应大力发展洁净煤技术,提高煤炭的燃烧效率,减少环境污染;目前石油的生产、消费弹性与总能源生产、消费弹性的关联度均为最低,建议应适度提高石油使用水平;水电、核能与总能源弹性关联度不高,建议目前应加大科研力度.     

国外能源终端需求战略研究

八十年代后期,世界资源研究所与《全球能源终端利用方案》课题组合作,对发展中国家能源消费状况作了深入调查研究,在此基础上,发表了《全球能源终端利用方案》的研究报告.报告中提出:在有效利用终端耗能设备先进技术与加强科学管理同时,只要适度增加能源工业建设,发展中国家就能够在避免破坏环境条件下,获得促进工农业生产较快发展和满足人们较好生活所需的能源供应.如果仍保持目前的能源消费水准发展下去,经过20～30年,其人均能源消费量虽也能达到工业国家目前的水平,但人们的综合生活质量甚至不如今日.其核心问题是能源未能得到有效且合理利用,能源的利用效率还是很低下的.国外专家们提出了能源终端需求战略的新思想,已受到一些发展中国家的高度重视,认为这是解决发展中国家能源问题的希望所在.     

我国化石能源与可再生能源协同发展的技术途径与政策建议

与世界其他各国一样,我国能源发展正面临着资源日益拮据、供需矛盾尖锐、能源结构失衡和环境污染加剧等问题.协调化石能源和可再生能源两者的关系是一项十分紧迫的任务.本文结合近年来化石能源和可再生能源产业有关形势的分析,提出化石能源与可再生能源协同发展可能的若干技术路线和政策建议,为国家未来能源安全提供支撑.     

浅谈以电力为中心的绿色能源战略

能源发展要以电力为中心似乎是个老问题,我国从1985年开始,经“七五”、“八五”、“九五”、“十五”直到2020年,一直坚持“能源发展以电力为中心,煤炭为基础”,但在新形势下,重提“以电力为中心”就具有特殊意义.新形势下,不仅煤炭清洁利用要求把更多的煤炭转变成电力,而且可再生能源和新能源替代化石能源时,大部分也必须转换成电力,保护生态环境和应对气候变化也必须以电力为中心.我国自1985年提出能源工业的发展要以电力为中心以后,电力工业有了长足的发展,电力在全国的覆盖面大大提高,电气化程度快速上升.2010年我国电煤占煤炭消费量的比重、电力占一次能源消费量的比重、电能占终端能源消费量的比重,都比1985年提高了1-2倍.在大能源观的指导下,中国的绿色能源战略是:节能;解决煤烟污染,方法是煤炭利用要以电力为中心;发展天然气,用天然气替代发电以外的用煤,将替代下来的煤炭供发电用;发展水电和核电,对中国来说,水电、核电是能源工业以电力为中心的重要内容;开发新能源,新能源绝大多数需要转变成电力来使用,所以绿色能源战略要以电力为中心.我国要实现用低碳、无碳能源替代化石能源的第三次能源大转换,需要做好替代能源的选择;研究建立非化石能源的电力辅助服务设施;建立适应我国电力工业需要的智能电网;加强大规模储能设施的研究开发;加强用能设施的研究等各方面的工作.中国在没有完成两次能源大转换的落后条件下,要通过第三次能源大转换迎头赶上.     

Canada’s constitutional separation of (wind) power

This paper investigates the impact that a federal government structure has on strategic selection of renewable energy policy instruments. The context for this study centers on wind power development in Canada. Canada is a nation that is blessed by all the attributes necessary to catalyze global leadership in installed wind power capacity. Unfortunately, the constitutional separation of powers that underpins Canada’s federal system impedes the creation of a national wind power development strategy because Canada’s provinces have constitutional authority over electricity governance. The insights gleaned from the case study are used to develop a conceptual framework for understanding the impact that federal structure has on policy instrument selection and efficacy under areas of federal, regional and concurrent policy jurisdiction. Finally, this framework is re-applied to identify specific approaches the Canadian federal government could take to resolve what currently amounts to be a fragmented, ineffective approach to wind power development planning.     

The Philippines' five-year energy program: 1981–85

The paper states the rationale behind the Philippines' Five-Year Energy Program; its underlying philosophy which is to provide the consumer with cost-effective energy alternatives that are essential to the economic, social and political progress of the nation; the basic policy objectives as well as the concrete plans of action and quantitative goals of each sector.Assuming a 6.3% growth rate in energy demand, it is envisioned that the Philippines' total commercial energy requirements by 1985 will amount to about 120 million barrels-of-oil equivalent. The industrial sector will absorb 47.5%, in consonance with the industrial expansion program of the government. The share of transportation is expected to reach 26.6%, with the balance to be accounted for by the residential and commercial sectors (25.9%).Pursuant to the state's policy to achieve self-reliance in energy supply, national dependence on oil is programmed to decline from 87.9% in 1980 to 49.7% in 1985, as the expected energy demand is met by indigenous sources. Hydro, coal and geothermal power will substantially displace oil utilization, their share increasing from 12.1% in 1980 to 45.2% in 1985. In addition to domestic crude oil production, development of non-oil resources could realize for the Philippines a 56% self-sufficiency target by the end of 1985.A total financial package of $8.29 billion is required over the next five years to fully operationalize the target program. This corresponds to an average yearly requirement of $1.66 billion—the financial magnitude of this program underscores the premium attached to long-term national aspirations for energy self-reliance.     

Biomass energy in North American policies

The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of biomass energy in the federal government policies of Canada, Mexico and the USA on the development and utilization of biomass energy. These policies span the entire spectrum from poor to excellent. One of the main driving forces displacing fossil fuels today is environmental issues. But there are still major barriers that are affected by government policies and that must be overcome to facilitate the displacement of large amounts of fossil fuels by biomass. Among these are development of large-scale systems that can supply sustainable amounts of biomass energy and biofuels at competitive prices, and nationwide distribution systems that simplify consumer access. These and other barriers must ultimately be addressed if any federal government decides to institute policies to help establish large-scale biomass energy markets. Otherwise biomass energy utilization will continue to rely on government subsidies and will be limited to niche markets for many years until oil depletion and supply disruptions become a fact of life. This indeed may turn out to be the third oil shock in the 21st century.     

巴西实施生物柴油计划的政策举措

巴西联邦政府自“国家乙醇燃料计划”的大胆创新和有益尝试以来，已经探索出了很多宝贵经验，并于2004年年底正式启动“生物柴油计划”。在该计划的实施中，政策引导、法律监管、税收优惠、金融扶持等各种手段的组合应用使得该计划在启动不到4年的时间里，就已经开始逐渐显现成果。估计至2008年底，巴西生物柴油年产量约为35×10^8L，B5柴油的实施极有可能提前实现。同时，该计划增加了贫困地区的收入，并为社会提供了将近21万个就业机会。无论从国家安全战略，还是从可持续发展的角度而言，巴西在发展生物燃料方面的举措对于同样是发展中国家的我国来说，是值得借鉴的。     

A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Indonesia

The global energy consumption is likely to grow faster than the population growth. The fuel consumption was growing from 6630 million tons of oil equivalents (Mtoe) in 1980 to 11,163 Mtoe in 2009. This projected consumption will increase 1.5% per year until 2030 and reach 16,900 Mtoe and the main drivers of this growth are mostly developing countries in Asia. Indonesia is one of the developing countries and energy supply is an important factor for all-around development. The country's energy consumption still depends on non-renewable energy such as crude oil, coal and natural gas as sources of energy. Utilization of fossil fuel continuously contributes to huge amount of greenhouse gases emission that leads to climate change. Facing such an unfavorable situation, the government of Indonesia prioritizes on energy supply securities by diversification of energy resources. The energy mixes in Indonesia based on five main resources; these are crude oil, natural gas, coal, hydropower, and renewable energy. Although the country encourages utilizing renewable energy, the contribution is only around 3%. Considering natural condition and geography, this country is blessed with great potential of renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy, micro hydro and biomass energy. Noting the potential of renewable and sustainable energy resources in the country, the government must pay more attention on how to utilize it. Many efforts have been done to promote renewable energy such as to create energy policy and regulations, yet it still did not give any satisfactory result. Government, non-government agencies and the public should take a more proactive step to promote and use renewable energy in order to achieve the secure and environmentally sustainable energy resources.     

高油价下的亚太国家能源政策

国际市场油价不断攀升,对亚太发展中国家经济增长带来巨大影响和挑战。许多国家都采取各种措施,积极应对,调整和制定能源政策,通过改善提高能源利用效率,鼓励开发利用可再生能源,积极开展区域合作,优化资源配置,降低对石油资源的依赖,保障能源安全。本文分析了当前油价对经济发展的影响,介绍了部分亚太国家应对油价上涨的能源政策,指出保障能源安全,实现可持续发展是亚太国家能源政策的唯一选择。     

Energy security vs. climate change: Theoretical framework development and experience in selected EU electricity markets

Electricity generation in different countries is based on a variety of fuel mixes compromising solid fossil fuels, oil, natural gas, nuclear and renewable energy sources. While in the past, national energy agendas have directed the optimal utilisation of domestic resources as a means to achieve supply security, today's environmental debates are influencing the electricity fuel mix in new directions. In this paper we examine the electricity sectors of Germany, Greece, Poland and the UK in an attempt to identify the policy and technology choices implemented in each country. The country selection is deliberately made to facilitate an extended overview of national agendas, varying domestic energy resources and industrialisation levels but still within the common EU framework. The focus is placed on policies related to two objectives, climate change mitigation and improving electricity supply security. The theoretical framework developed provides the possibility to assess the electricity sector independence at a national level using a multi-parametric analysis of the fuel mix data. Through a comparative assessment of the knowledge gained in different countries the authors provide insights and suggestions that allow for an improved understanding of the trade-offs and synergies that various policy options may introduce.     

水电是实现可持续发展的重要能源

化石能源日益枯竭,需求与供给矛盾逐渐凸显,国家非常重视可再生能源和替代能源的开发建设,从法律、政策上为其创造了条件,水电是可再生能源中唯一能形成供给规模、改善结构、保障安全、恢复大气及生态环境的优质能源,加快水电开发是现实的选择,理应受到各级政府的高度重视和社会各界理解支持。     

How to reach a compromise on drilling in AWNR

Drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) has been controversial for decades and is likely to remain so. However, progress towards resolving this controversy might be possible if the congressional proposals to open ANWR include provisions that require the federal government to spend the money the federal government makes through leasing fees and taxes on conservation. The rising price of oil means that the profits to the federal government from drilling in ANWR are greater than the amount of money required to preserve all of the world's major centers of biodiversity. Moderate environmental organizations might therefore support drilling in order to avert other larger environmental problems elsewhere.