池沸腾多种底面肋型可视化实验研究

以纯水作为介质,使用高速摄像技术针对池沸腾加热底面肋型不同工况下的池沸腾换热特性进行实验研究。研究了无肋、中间打断式、三断式肋3种加热底面肋型沸腾池强化换热特性,分析了不同底面肋型条件对沸腾池壁区边界层两相特征的影响规律。结果表明：相同热流密度条件下,换热三断式肋型池沸腾气泡脱离速度明显加快,气泡运动距离、气泡脱离直径最小,底面气泡生成时间最短,强化换热效果最显著,中间打断式肋型对池沸腾强化换热作用弱于三断式肋型作用;热流密度相同时,与光板肋型池沸腾相比,中间打断式肋型池沸腾换热系数增大约8%,三断式肋型池沸腾与光板肋型池沸腾换热系数相比增大约16.5%,在无肋、中间打断式、三断式3种底板类型沸腾池中加热底板肋型为三断式的沸腾池强化换热性能最好,三断式的底面肋型可以提高池沸腾强化换热性能,增强换热能力。     

微通道中液氮的流动沸腾——换热特性分析

对微通道中液氮流动沸腾换热特性进行试验研究和分析。给出典型的沸腾曲线,分析壁温、干度和换热系数沿微通道管程的变化规律,考察热流密度、质量流量和压力对流动沸腾换热的影响。将126个试验数据点与四个换热关联式比较,并对微通道中流动沸腾换热机理进行分析。结果表明,在多数情况下干度和热流密度对沸腾换热系数的影响较小,换热系数主要决定于质量流量和压力,随两者增加而增加,换热以对流蒸发为主导机理。KLIMENKO关联式预测效果最好,TRAN微通道关联式次之,对常规管道得到广泛使用的CHEN关联式和SHAH关联式都远远高估了试验值。基于两相流压降和换热特性分析,推知微通道中的两相流流型不同于常规管道：在低干度情况下,流型以弥散泡状流为主;而在高干度情况下,流型以由雾状汽芯和不规则液膜组成的环状流为主。     

CO_2/润滑油混合物在水平管内流动沸腾换热的试验研究

为了测试润滑油对CO2流动沸腾换热特性的影响,以指导CO2换热器的设计,对CO2/润滑油混合物在水平管内的流动沸腾换热系数进行了试验研究,试验工况质量流量为2.74~5.61kg/h,热流密度为3.2~5k W/m2,测试段入口干度为x=0.2~0.5,蒸发温度在-4~8℃之间,选择PAG作为润滑油,浓度为0~6%。试验结果表明,润滑油浓度越大,CO2的局部换热系数越小;润滑油浓度较低时(<3%),换热系数下降较大,再增大含油量,换热系数下降的趋势减缓。增大蒸发温度可以延迟干涸的发生,相反地,大的热流密度和质量流量可以使管内提前出现干涸。CO2/润滑油混合物的换热系数随蒸发温度的升高而增大,随热流密度和质量流量的增大而减小。     

CO_2气体冷却器的性能分析与试验研究

CO2气体冷却器的型式和换热效果对CO2跨临界循环的性能影响较大,有必要对其换热性能进行分析。通过对气体冷却器划分微元,建立了传热过程计算模型,用间接法计算了划分微元与不划分微元时CO2侧冷却换热系数,并与几个所选换热关联式的计算值进行了比较,结果发现划分微元时的值几乎都高于关联式计算值。综合分析选择了较合适的换热关联式,为系统及气体冷却器的模拟优化提供了依据。进而新建了CO2热泵实验台,对新气体冷却器的性能进行了测试和比较。结果表明,新CO2气体冷却器的性能比原换热器有了大幅提高。通过优化达到了改善换热器和系统性能的目的。     

二氧化碳跨临界循环放热过程换热性能研究

二氧化碳跨临界循环放热过程处于超临界区，由于在准临界点附近CO2的热物理参数变化非常剧烈，超临界区流体的换热有别于传统制冷剂，气体冷却器的换热优劣对系统性能影响较大。为了能设计出高效的气体冷却器，应该对这一过程的换热性能作一全面了解。本文主要讨论了制冷剂CO2在气体冷却器中的换热特点，以及流体温度、高压侧压力、质量流速、热流密度、管径和含油量等因素对换热的影响，最后探讨了换热关联式和气体冷却器型式的研究进展。     

环形热管蒸发段换热过程的数值模拟

通过采用Fluent软件提供的蒸发沸腾模型与自定义函数程序（UDF）,对无吸液芯、无高度差的环形热管蒸发段的管内相变换热过程进行了模拟分析,得出了管内相变换热过程与管外热流密度的关系,并进一步地对不同管径、高度的情况进行了对比分析。     

微尺度通道内混合物流动沸腾特性研究

对非共沸混合工质R32／R134a(25％／75％)在微尺度管内的流动沸腾换热特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明,在较高热流密度下,微尺度管内流动沸腾换热与质量干度和质量流量基本无关,热流密度对换热有着很大的影响,在较宽的热流密度范围内,核态沸腾在换热过程中占据主导地位。和细小管道相比,在相同条件下,微尺度管道内的流动沸腾表面传热系数高于细小管道。     

竖直矩形窄通道内水流动沸腾换热特性的研究

建立单面加热垂直矩形窄通道流动沸腾换热试验装置,针对截面250mm×3.5mm的窄缝通道,对水流动沸腾换热特性进行试验研究。通过试验分析可知:(1)随着干度的增加,局部换热系数先增加后减小,有一个最大值,此时处于饱和核沸腾区域,其蒸汽干度也接近于0,同时也接近于沸腾起始点。相应地流体从单相流-泡状-块状流-搅拌-环状流转变。(2)在流动沸腾换热中,热流密度对核态沸腾换热有明显影响,而对流动沸腾液膜蒸发的影响甚小,所以可以认为由热流密度的变化而引起的换热变化,主要表现在核态沸腾。(3)入口温度的变化对单相流动的换热系数有影响,而沸腾换热系数与流型及汽泡的产生及扰动有极大关系,入口温度对流动沸腾局部换热系数基本没有影响。     

超临界CO2水平管内换热的实验研究

对超临界二氧化碳在水平管内的对流换热与压降特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,入口压力、CO2质量通量密度和冷却水质量通量密度对换热性能有很大影响,而入口温度和浮升力对换热性能无明显影响。实验还发现入口压力和CO2质量通量密度对压降有较大影响。并将实验结果和4个超临界二氧化碳换热关联式做了比较,分析发现Krasmochekov-Protopopov关联式与实验结果吻合较好。     

润滑油对管内沸腾换热影响研究综述

润滑油的存在会对管内流动沸腾换热产生影响,不同粘度、浓度的润滑油影响效果不同,不同的换热条件,如干度、质量流量、热流密度的变化也会改变润滑油对换热的影响。因此,本文对相火文献的研究成果进行了回顾,分析和总结了润滑油对管内流动沸腾换热的影响。     

低压条件下紧凑叉排管束沸腾换热特性试验

针对传统的满液型蒸发换热器,将蒸发器中的水平加热管束按叉排方式紧凑排列形成窄缝空间,在大气压和低压运行条件下,利用窄缝空间沸腾强化换热机理,可以将在低壁温/低热负荷条件下的自然对流换热转化为核态沸腾换热,能有效提高满液式蒸发器的换热性能。和传统的满液型蒸发换热器相比,这种紧凑式蒸发器平均换热系数能提高一倍以上。紧凑蒸发器的管距、管位置,工作压力都对蒸发器的换热性能有显著影响,管距的影响是最大的。不同的压力条件下存在一个对应的最佳管距。在此管距下,蒸发换热器的强化换热性能达到最大。最佳管距对应的管束水力当量直径近似等于池内沸腾时的气泡脱离直径。随着压力减小,最佳管距逐渐增大。同时,紧凑式管束布置引起的窄缝空间内沸腾强化换热强化效果也逐步降低。     

Theoretical and experimental studies on boiling heat transfer for the Thermosyphons with various helical grooves

Boiling heat transfer characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphons with various helical grooves are studied experimentally and a mathematical correlation is developed to predict the performance of such thermosyphons. The study focuses on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of two-phase closed thermosyphons with copper tubes having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 internal helical grooves. A two-phase closed thermosyphon with plain copper tube having the same inner and outer diameter as those of grooved tubes is also tested for comparison. Water, methanol and ethanol are used as working fluid. The effects of the number of grooves, various working fluids, operating temperature and heat flux are investigated experimentally. From these experimental results, a mathematical model is developed. In the present model, boiling of liquid pool in the evaporator is considered for the heat transfer mechanism of the thermosyphons. And also the effects of the number of grooves, the various working fluids, the operating temperature and the heat flux are brought into consideration. A good agreement between the boiling heat transfer coefficient of the thermosyphon estimated from experimental results and the predictions from the present mathematical correlation is obtained. The experimental results show that the number of grooves, the amount of the working fluid and the various working fluids are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphons. Also, the thermosyphons with internal helical grooves can be used to achieve some inexpensive and compact heat exchangers in low temperature.     

再循环重力供液制冷系统换热性能可视化研究

建立了再循环重力供液制冷系统可视化试验台,在不同工况下对制冷系统进行实验研究,观察玻璃蒸发管内制冷剂的沸腾换热流动状态,研究分析重力供液蒸发器的传热特性。试验表明:再循环重力供液蒸发器内,制冷剂的沸腾换热出现了气泡流、气塞流、气弹流、分层流、波状分层流等流型。通过编程计算得到,经过修正的J.Chawla关联式和Kandlikar关系式分别在低温及高温工况下对沸腾换热系数有较好的预测,计算结果与试验值的偏差均在12.5%以内,采用两种关联式相结合的方法能较好地对重力供液蒸发器管内沸腾换热进行预测。     

环保节能型户式中央空调系统的研究

介绍了一种采用CO2跨临界制冷循环的户式中央空调系统,利用热回收换热器,回收空调系统高温CO2气体冷却散发的热量,既减少了对环境的热污染,又可以为居室提供生活热水,通过对适合不同季节需要的5种运行模式的分析,得出这种新型的户式中央空调系统,对保护环境、节约能源有一定的实用价值.     

An experiment on thermosyphon boiling in uniformly heated vertical tube and asymmetrically heated vertical channel

Continuing efforts to achieve increased circuit performance in electronic package have resulted in higher power density at chip and module level. As a result, the thermal management of electronic package has been important in maintaining or improving the reliability of the component. An experimental investigation of thermosyphonic boiling in vertical tube and channel made by two parallel rectangular plates was carried out in this study for possible application of the direct immersion cooling. Fluorinert FC-72 as a working fluid was used in this experiment. Asymmetric heated channel of open periphery with gap size of 1, 2, 4 and 26 mm and uniformly heated vertical tubes with diameter of 9, 15 and 20 mm were boiled at saturated condition. The boiling curves from tested surfaces exhibited the boiling hysteresis. It was also found that the gap size is not a significant parameter for the thermosyphonic boiling heat transfer with this Fluorinert. Rather pool boiling characteristics appeared for larger gap size and tube diameter. The heat transfer coefficients measured were also compared with the calculation results by Chen’s correlation.     

Nucleate boiling heat transfer in nanofluids with carbon nanotubes up to critical heat fluxes

In this study, pool boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and critical heat fluxes (CHF) are measured on a smooth square flat copper heater in a pool of pure water with and without carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersed at 60°C. Tested aqueous nanofluids are prepared using multi-walled CNTs whose volume concentrations are 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.05%. For the dispersion of CNTs, DISPERBYK 184 is used in distilled water. Pool boiling HTCs are taken from 10 kW/m² to critical heat flux for all tested fluids. Test results show that the pool boiling HTCs of the nanofluids are lower than those of pure water in entire nucleate boiling regime. On the other hand, critical heat flux is enhanced greatly showing up to 150% increase at the CNT concentration of 0.001% as compared to that of pure water. This is related to the change in surface characteristics by the deposition of CNTs. This deposition makes a thin CNT layer on the surface and the active nucleation sites of the surface are decreased due to this layer. The thin CNT layer acts as the thermal resistance and also decreases the bubble generation rate resulting in a decrease in pool boiling HTCs. The same layer, however, decreases the contact angle on the test surface and extends the nucleate boiling regime to very high heat flux range and reduces the formation of large vapor canopy at near CHF. Thus, a significant increase in CHF results.     

管内流动沸腾传热关系式对R410A的适应性研究

R410A作为一种替代制冷剂,已经大量用在工业生产中。R410A制冷系统的设计和研发需要进行R410A管内流动沸腾换热计算。目前有很多公式预测两相流流动沸腾换热系数,它们对R410A的适应性需要判断。本文从10篇论文中收集了1268组R410A流动沸腾传热实验数据,用这些数据对27个两相流流动沸腾换热关系式进行了评价,选出了较为精确的R410A管内流动沸腾换热关系式,为R410A管内流动沸腾换热计算的公式选择提供了依据,为提出精确度更高的R410A管内流动沸腾公式提供了参考。     

Investigation of boiling heat transfer characteristics of two-phase closed thermosyphons with various internal grooves

The boiling heat transfer characteristics of two-phase closed thermosyphons with internal grooves are studied experimentally and a simple mathematical model is developed to predict the performance of such thermosyphons. The study focuses on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of a two-phase closed thermosyphons with copper tubes having 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 internal grooves. A two-phase closed thermosyphon with plain copper tube having the same inner and outer diameter as those of grooved tube is also tested for comparison. Methanol is used as working fluid. The effects of the number of grooves, the operating temperature, the heat flux are investigated experimentally. From these experimental results, a simple mathematical model is developed. In the present model, boiling of liquid pool in the evaporator is considered for the heat transfer mechanism of the thermosyphon. And also the effects of the number of grooves, the operating temperature, the heat flux are brought into consideration. A good agreement between the boiling heat transfer coefficient of the thermosyphon estimated from experimental results and the predictions from the present mathematical model is obtained. The experimental results show that the number of grooves and the amount of the working fluid are very important factors for the operation of thermosyphons. The two-phase closed thermosyphon with copper tubes having 60 internal grooves shows the best boiling heat transfer performance.