微计算机控制的多画面交互式彩色图形系统

本文阐述一个低成本、应用灵活的交互式彩色图形系统.它包含一个用于画面前后台显 示处理的多画面存贮管理部件,具有彩色图形、字符、伪彩色图象和动画四种显示模式.系统 的交互功能(例如图象/图形的输入,修改与画面编辑等)由系统软件和一个易于扩充的图形命 令语言定义,因此可望该系统能在多方面获得应用.     

IDECAP Interactive Pictorial Information System for Demographic and Environmental Planning Applications

IDECAP is a database type information system. It is different from regular database systems as the information is mainly presented via thematic maps displayed on a graphics screen. Retrieval of information is usually achieved by means of graphical interaction with these images. The system utilizes interaction techniques and systems software from interactive computer graphics, using vector graphic and colour raster graphic stations for output. The present databank contains data based on grids and polygonal data. The system is being applied, but not restricted, to the Dutch 1971 Census data and the 1978 land use data. It allows the mapping of grid variables against a topographic background. Areas of interest can be investigated in detail by zooming in on a window drawn on the graphics screen by the user. Maps can be adjusted by user-definable class distributions shown in the form of histograms with standard deviations.     

Groundwater quality management modeling using videodigitized data and interactive computer graphics

In the last few years, interactive modeling, digital cartographic analysis, and computer graphics have become important activities in many engineering and resource management organizations. Such computer-aided water resources planning systems are becoming increasingly powerful, both computationally and graphically, and are also becoming more portable and affordable. These systems will be important aids in the synthesis and analysis of resource management plans and policies. They also will provide an improved means of communicating technical data to professional engineers and planners as well as to citizen participation groups.An important component of these interactive systems will be their use of digital, color-coded mapping. Since such mapping has long been regarded as an effective means of presenting spatially- and time-variant information associated with groundwater management problems, for example, its incorporation into the digital world of computer simulation analysis is an important step towards more effective groundwater and other resource planning.This paper very briefly reviews some of our research in the development of interactive modeling-computer graphic systems applied to groundwater quality management problems, and describes the use of videodigitized maps and other images as a means of providing low-cost, cartographic information needed for effective interactive input of geographic and other model data and for the display of model results.     

Developments of CAD in civil engineering reviewed

Substantial progress has been made during the past decade in making the computer an effective analytical tool for the design engineer. However more recent development has concentrated on various features of a design offices final product. These areas comprise production of construction drawings, interactive graphics, colour graphics, pre-and post-processing of input and output data, linking analysis programs to modular design programs to provide a rapid transfer of design to the latest code requirement, use of microcomputers and personal computers. There is also significant software development for site management, cost analysis, general administration and documentation related to construction. This takes advantage of the availability of cheaper hardware which can communicate with other computers elsewhere in a network. User interaction facilities are being built into programs which allow the engineer to concentrate on design decisions. This paper reviews the developments during the last two-three years in CAD in Civil Engineering.     

Transforming GIS data into functional road models for large-scale traffic simulation

There exists a vast amount of geographic information system (GIS) data that model road networks around the world as polylines with attributes. In this form, the data are insufficient for applications such as simulation and 3D visualization-tools which will grow in power and demand as sensor data become more pervasive and as governments try to optimize their existing physical infrastructure. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for enhancing a road map from a GIS database to create a geometrically and topologically consistent 3D model to be used in real-time traffic simulation, interactive visualization of virtual worlds, and autonomous vehicle navigation. The resulting representation provides important road features for traffic simulations, including ramps, highways, overpasses, legal merge zones, and intersections with arbitrary states, and it is independent of the simulation methodologies. We test the 3D models of road networks generated by our algorithm on real-time traffic simulation using both macroscopic and microscopic techniques.     

Classification and prediction of road traffic usingapplication-specific fuzzy clustering

In the field of road traffic management, fuzzy techniques have already been used for traffic control. In this paper, we use fuzzy methods for traffic data analysis. The results of the data analysis are classification and prediction systems. Our work is focused on fuzzy clustering methods. The known clustering models are extended to: constrained prototypes, the use of a mix of different prototypes for one data set, partial supervision of the clustering, and the estimation of the number of clusters by cluster merging. Two successful application examples are given. The first one is the classification of traffic jam on a German autobahn, and the second application is a long-term prediction of traffic volume     

The display of molecular models with the AMES interactive modeling system (AIMS)

The graphics capability (DISPLAY) of a large scale interactive molecular modeling system (AIMS) is described and discussed.DISPLAY allows the transparent use of a lower level graphics network GRANET. GRANET provides communication links and software packages unifying an aggregate of computers and graphics systems at Ames Research Center. The graphics devices used by DISPLAY are analyzed in terms of their display capabilities and other features. The Evans and Sutherland Picture System (E&S) with its interactive capabilities is seen to be one of the most powerful devices used by DISPLAY. The DISPLAY subsystem can present molecular models in any of three graphic formats—wireframe, ball and stick and space-filling. The software comprising DISPLAY provides five major features: (1) DIRECT—which allows models to be viewed directly from a molecular library: (2) STATIC—which provides a means of producing single plots on several types of recording media: (3) DYNAMIC—which supports the production of multiple frame plot files: (4) BEZIER—where the representation of a model is given in terms of control points and parametric patches which define its surface: and (5) SCANLINE—whereby raster techniques are used to build an image of a model line by line. These features are discussed in terms of their software implementation, conceptual content, and application to ongoing research.

It is found that despite certain limitations, the system provides a useful assortment of graphics which aid the researcher in model visualization and understanding.     

Designing large‐scale interactive traffic animations for urban modeling

Designing and optimizing traffic behavior and animation is a challenging problem of interest to virtual environment content generation and to urban planning and design. While some traffic simulation methods have appeared in computer graphics, most related systems focus on the design of buildings, roads, or cities but without explicitly considering urban traffic. To our knowledge, our work provides the first interactive approach which enables a designer to specify a desired vehicular traffic behavior (e.g., road occupancy, travel time, emissions, etc.) and the system will automatically compute what realistic 3D urban model (e.g., an interconnected network of roads, parcels, and buildings) yields the specified behavior. Our system both altered and improved traffic behavior in novel procedurally‐generated cities and in road networks of existing cities. Our urban models contain up to 360 km of roads, 300,000 vehicles, and typically cover four hours of simulated peak traffic time. The typical editing session time to “paint” a new traffic pattern and to compute the new/changed urban model is two to five minutes.     

城市交叉路口交通流传递函数模型研究

为研究交通流对象动态特性,提出了描述城市交通流对象的一般模型结构,确定了描述单路口交通流为代表的城市路网交通流的典型动态环节。通过设计不同的仿真试验内容,获得了不同条件下的不同仿真交通流的输入输出数据,基于系统辨识的方法分别建立了单路口交通流的传递函数模型。研究表明,城市交通流的周期控制通道传递函数为三阶系统;绿信比控制通道传递函数为二阶系统。该传递函数模型能够很好地描述交通流状态,可以用于交通流对象动态特性研究。     

三维城市道路仿真模型构建

通过对现有城市道路模型的分析,提出了使用ArcGIS软件构建三维城市道路仿真模型。构造了道路几何网络模块、交通检测模块和控制管理设施模块的二维和三维模型。重点介绍了交叉口节点的二维模型建立,以及基于数字高程图得到城市道路的三维模型。最后将该模型应用于微观交通仿真系统中,可以为仿真系统中其它仿真模型提供空间参照、几何模型和逻辑模型,为各类交通行为数学模型提供存储空间和作用空间,为各种程序算法提供调度接口。与其它道路模型比,该模型能更准确、细致地反映道路网的拓扑关系和道路几何条件,从而为交通仿真模型真实地反映路网交通状态奠定了基础。     

基于JAVA技术的碳市场仿真系统

二氧化碳排放量的急剧升高引发了一系列的环境问题,碳排放权交易系统作为一种以较低成本达到碳减排目标的经济手段,对中国的减排之路具有重要意义. 本研究基于Agent建立了钢铁行业的碳排放权交易市场模型,考虑了企业真实的减排技术以及决策方式,并使用NetLogo软件对模型进行仿真. 系统的前台界面采用Java语言编写,通过与NetLogo程序的连接,实现了数据的相互传输. 在Java程序中,运用多种技术动态输出仿真结果,建立了一个多功能的碳市场仿真系统.     

基于实测流量的局域路网随机分配模型

针对城市局域路网所能获取的出行需求条件通常是重要交叉口的流量数据,而不是完整的出行OD矩阵的特点,在分析城市道路转弯比例时变稳定性的基础上,采用交叉口转弯比例作为重要参数,建立基于蒙特卡罗随机系统模拟思想的局域路网交通分配模型,并给出局域路网仿真分配系数矩阵的计算方法。将该模型在实际路网中进行应用测试,分配流量与实测数据的比对结果验证了该方法的适用性。     

A GIS-based environmental modelling system for transportation planners

This paper describes a GIS-based environmental modelling system, termed TRAEMS, for use by transport planners in assessing the environmental effects of road traffic plans. The system utilises capabilities of GIS to integrate the output from a transport planning activity with land use information to model the environmental impacts of different road traffic scenarios. TRAEMS enables planners to test transport related environmental impacts at the same time as they are testing the traffic carrying efficiencies of network plans. The suitability of this type of environmental modelling for planning purposes is illustrated using a case study.     

Developing a software toolkit for urban traffic modeling

ATLAS is a modeling language that permits a static view of a city section to be defined for simulating traffic in closed areas. We propose a methodology that is focused on the user while being able to improve the software development activities. The models are formally specified, avoiding a high number of errors in the application, thus reducing the problem solving time. Streets are characterized by their traffic direction, number of lanes, etc. Once the urban section is outlined, the traffic flow is automatically set up. Specialized behavior is included to model traffic lights, trucks, traffic signs, railways, etc. The basic idea is to provide a mapping into DEVS and Cell‐DEVS models that can be easily executed with a simulation tool. As the modelers can focus on the problem to solve, development times for the simulators can be dramatically reduced. A front‐end system allows the user to draw city sections (and then parse the drawing to create a valid ATLAS file), and an output subsystem permitting cars to be shown with realistic 3D graphics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Interactive Graphics for Computer Adaptive Testing

Interactive graphics are commonly used in games and have been shown to be successful in attracting the general audience. Instead of computer games, animations, cartoons, and videos being used only for entertainment, there is now an interest in using interactive graphics for ‘innovative testing’. Rather than traditional pen‐and‐paper tests, audio, video and graphics are being conceived as alternative means for more effective testing in the future. In this paper, we review some examples of graphics item types for testing. As well, we outline how games can be used to interactively test concepts; discuss designing chemistry item types with interactive 3D graphics; suggest approaches for automatically adjusting difficulty level in interactive graphics based questions; and propose strategies for giving partial marks for incorrect answers. We study how to test different cognitive skills, such as music, using multimedia interfaces; and also evaluate the effectiveness of our model. Methods for estimating difficulty level of a mathematical item type using Item Response Theory (IRT) and a molecule construction item type using Graph Edit Distance are discussed. Evaluation of the graphics item types through extensive testing on some students is described. We also outline the application of using interactive graphics over cell phones. All of the graphics item types used in this paper are developed by members of our research group.     

基于延迟函数次梯度启发式道路交通补偿策略

拥挤收费被认为是解决交通拥挤的有效方法,解决道路交通拥堵的主要想法是,对于有些容易造成拥堵的道路进行收费,而对于其他未充分利用的道路进行适当补偿,对此提出一种基于延迟函数的次梯度启发式道路交通补偿策略。首先,给出道路集的收费/补贴的非线性规划模型,主要是基于Beckmann最小化目标函数实现,然后利用库恩-希尔斯条件和拉格朗日乘子建立模型的条件约束;其次,基于启发式算法建立道路交通的定价补偿策略,利用边际成本建立延迟函数分析模型,然后基于次梯度法进行模型的优化;最后,通过在真实道路网络上的仿真实验,显示所提算法在旅行时间、交通流量、收敛性等指标上均具有较好的性能,验证了算法的有效性。     

Abstract Interaction Objects

The concept of an ‘interactor’ has been introduced by Faconti and Paterno' [6] as an abstraction of an entity in interactive graphics capable of both input and output. However the notion of interaction object need not be confined to graphics systems; it represents a useful structure for thinking and reasoning about the behaviour of interactive systems in general. As part of Esprit Basic Research Action 7040 (Amodeus-2) we are using the concept of interactor, and existing work on state-based processes and agents, to develop a model and theory of interactive systems. In this paper we describe two formal models for interaction objects and sketch how they can be used to build a small vocabulary of operators to support the rigorous specification of a graphics system. Our model differs from the approach of Faconti and Paterno' in that it abstracts away from any specific graphics framework and is thus suited to the level of abstraction demanded by formal approaches to system development.     

Principles of cooperation and competition: application to car driver behavior analysis

This paper aims at presenting and discussing definitions, typologies and models of cooperation or competition between human operators and at trying to apply them to analyze the cooperative and competitive activities of the car drivers. It pays special attention on a so-called Benefit-Cost-Deficit model to analyze cooperation or competition between human operators in terms of both positive and negative consequences. The application of such a model to assess the car drivers’ activities focuses on three interactive organizational levels: the coordination between drivers directed by the Highway Code, the road infrastructure on which these drivers are moving and the traffic flow.     

Computer-aided learning—the development of interactive microcomputer-based medical teaching programs

Computer-aided learning has an advantage over conventional printed and audiovisual self-learning methods by virtue of being interactive and has a potential role in medical education. Software packages, which allow medical lectures with no previous programming expertise to create their own interactive microcomputer-based lessons, are available. The software enables creation of lessons with features such as the use of colour, graphics, the requirements for input from students, feedback, decision making, creation of summaries and scores. The use of one such package, for the development of community medicine and clinical medicine interative lessons at St Thomas's Hospital Medical School, London, is described.     

High-quality texture reconstruction from multiple scans

The creation of three-dimensional digital content by scanning real objects has become common practice in graphics applications for which visual quality is paramount, such as animation, e-commerce, and virtual museums. While a lot of attention has been devoted recently to the problem of accurately capturing the geometry of scanned objects, the acquisition of high-quality textures is equally important, but not as widely studied. In this paper, we focus on methods to construct accurate digital models of scanned objects by integrating high-quality texture and normal maps with geometric data. These methods are designed for use with inexpensive, electronic camera-based systems in which low-resolution range images and high-resolution intensity images are acquired. The resulting models are well-suited for interactive rendering on the latest-generation graphics hardware with support for bump mapping. Our contributions include new techniques for processing range, reflectance, and surface normal data, for image-based registration of scans, and for reconstructing high-quality textures for the output digital object