Increasing input power dynamic range of SOA by shifting thetransparent wavelength of tunable optical filter

Gain-saturation-induced self-phase modulation (SPM) leading to pulse distortion in a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is overcome by shifting a tunable optical filter (TOF). A recovered or broadened pulse can be obtained after filtering the amplified pulse in the SOA even if the short pulse is only 2-3 ps long. The input power dynamic range (IPDR) can be strongly increased by shifting the TOF and the direction of the shifted transparent wavelength is different for 10 Gb/s return-to-zero (RZ) or nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) signals. The transparent wavelength of the TOF should be shifted to a longer wavelength for RZ signals and to a shorter for NRZ signals. 80-Gb/s optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) signal amplification in the SOA is demonstrated for the first time. We also demonstrate that a large IPDR for the 80-Gb/s OTDM signal can be obtained by shifting the TOF     

Choice of MUX/DEMUX filter characteristics for NRZ, RZ, and CSRZ DWDM systems

This paper investigates the influence of filter bandwidth and flank steepness of both multiplexing and demultiplexing filters in dense wavelength division multiplexed systems (spectral efficiency 0.8 b/s/Hz) in the presence of coherent wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) crosstalk. Using a recently introduced technique for the statistically reliable performance prediction of systems impaired by coherent WDM crosstalk, this paper presents numerical results for nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ), 33% duty-cycle return-to-zero (RZ), and 67% duty-cycle carrier-suppressed return-to-zero signals. This paper confirms that steep filter flanks are generally preferable, both in terms of optical signal-to-noise ratio penalty and in terms of filter bandwidth tolerance.     

Optically preamplified receiver performance due to VSB filtering for 40-Gb/s optical signals modulated with various formats

Optically preamplified receiver performance according to the vestigial sideband (VSB) filtering has been numerically investigated for 40-Gb/s optical signals modulated with nonreturn-to-zero, duobinary nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ), carrier-suppressed RZ, and duobinary carrier-suppressed RZ formats. The VSB filtering enables the spectral widths of NRZ, duobinary NRZ, and RZ signals to be reduced without severe power penalties at the receiver. On the other hand, carrier-suppressed RZ and duobinary carrier-suppressed RZ signals have no large advantages over VSB filtering because of the characteristics of their signals. Our results suggest that RZ signals are the most suitable modulation format for VSB filtering, without considering the filter loss, because of the tolerance of the intersymbol interference and a large spectral width. However, duobinary NRZ signals are the most suitable modulation format for VSB filtering, considering the filter loss, because of their narrow spectral width.     

基于保持光注入的半导体光放大器自偏振旋转性能的改善

研究了基于“保持光”（holding beam）注入（HBI）改善半导体光放大器（SOA）自偏振旋转（SPR）性能的方法。HBI虽然降低了SOA的偏振模式增益,但是缩短了对TE和TM模式的增益恢复时间,从而加速了SOA器SPR特性对超快信号的响应。以基于SOA的SPR特性的光功率均衡为例,我们发现,HBI可以明显抑制和...     

Optimum filter bandwidths for optically preamplified NRZ receivers

We present a comprehensive treatment of optically preamplified direct detection receivers for non-return-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) on/off keying modulation, taking into account the influence of different (N)RZ optical pulse shapes, specified at the receiver input, and filter transfer functions; optical Fabry-Perot filters (FPFs) and Bragg gratings as well as electrical fifth-order Bessel and first-order RC low-pass filters are considered. We determine optimum optical and electrical filter bandwidths and analyze the impact of bandwidth deviations on receiver sensitivity. Optimum receiver performance relies on a balance between noise and intersymbol interference (ISI) for NRZ transmission, while for RZ reception detection noise has to be traded against filter-induced signal energy rejection. Both for NRZ and 33% duty cycle RZ, optical filter bandwidths of around twice the data rate are found to be optimum. Receivers using RZ coding are shown to closely approach the quantum limit, and thus to outperform NRZ-based systems by several decibels. We further analyze the impact of important degrading effects on receiver sensitivity and optimum receiver bandwidths, including receiver noise, finite extinction ratio, chirp, and optical carrier frequency (or optical filter center frequency) fluctuations     

基于微波光子滤波器的归零到非归零码型转换研究

从信号频域处理的角度分析并实验验证了一种基于微波光子滤波器的归零(RZ)码到非归零(NRZ)码的码型变换方案。理论上,通过对RZ和NRZ码基带信号的频谱特点以及微波光子滤波器的特性进行分析,构建一个低通滤波器并对RZ码信号进行滤波,强烈抑制RZ码信号中的时钟分量,最终实现RZ到NRZ码的码型转换。在实验中,采用一种两抽头加色散延时的微波光子滤波器对速率为10Gbit/s的RZ码信号进行了处理,成功得到了转换后的NRZ码信号。信号波形和频谱均显示了此方案的良好性能。通过简单地调节微波光子滤波器的部分参数,可对任意速率的信号进行处理,具有很好的灵活性。     

Theoretical study of all-optical NRZ to RZ format conversion with tunable pulse width based on XPM in a silicon waveguide

An all-optical format conversion from non-return-to-zero(NRZ) to return-to-zero(RZ) is presented based on cross-phase modulation(XPM) in a silicon waveguide with a detuned optical bandpass filter(OBPF).The simulation results show that the tunable bandwidth of the OBPF leads to RZ signals with tunable pulse width.The conversion efficiency(CE) and the pattern effect of the RZ signal are attributed to the parameters of the pump pulse and the OBPF.The converted RZ signal exhibits lower timing jitter than the NRZ signal.     

基于啁啾光纤布拉格光栅的宽谱光单边带调制方法

提出一种基于啁啾光纤布拉格光栅(CFBG)的宽谱光单边带(OSSB)调制实现方法。光双边带(ODSB)调制信号经过同一CFBG两个相反方向的反射,利用偏振控制器(PC)实现两个方向偏振态的正交。这种双反射CFBG(DR-CFBG)结构可以滤出光载波与其中一个边带实现OSSB调制,同时消除了反射谱内的色散,避免了滤波引起的相位畸变。利用实验制作的线性CFBG搭建了DR-CFBG,实验数据仿真结果表明,本文方法可以实现宽谱基带信号与加载数据信息射频信号的OSSB调制,结果表明传输距离大于6km时,40Gb/s NRZ信号OSSB调制传输有明显优势;加载2.5Gb/s的NRZ信号,OSSB调制传输50km,误码率为10-9时,20GHz射频为载波的功率代价比10GHz低3dB,比40GHz低1.2dB。改进CFBG的边沿斜率可以更好地抑制边带残留,提高OSSB调制信号的传输性能。     

Enhancing the dynamic range and DGD monitoring windows in DOP-based DGD monitors using symmetric and asymmetric partial optical filtering

We propose and demonstrate a new type of degree-of-polarization (DOP)-based differential-group-delay (DGD) monitor using an optical filter such that the DGD monitoring range and DOP dynamic range are dramatically increased. We apply this technique to varying pulsewidth return-to-zero (RZ), carrier-suppressed RZ (CSRZ), and alternate-chirped RZ (ACRZ) signals and show that by optimally setting the position, bandwidth, and shape of a filter, we can double the DGD monitoring range compared to traditional DOP-based DGD monitors. Using our technique, the DGD monitoring ranges for 10, 20, and 40 Gb/s /spl sim/12.5-ps pulsewidth RZ signals are increased by 32, 33, and 12 ps, respectively. We also show that a narrow-band optical filter, offset from the center of the optical spectrum by the bit-rate frequency, can double the dynamic range of DOP-based DGD monitors for non-RZ (NRZ) signals.     

Comparison between NRZ and RZ signal formats for in-line amplifiertransmission in the zero-dispersion regime

Nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) signal formats are experimentally and numerically compared for single-channel long-distance transmission in an in-line amplifier system with dispersion management providing average zero dispersion and local nonzero dispersion at an interval equal to the in-line amplifier spacing. Among a 20-ps RZ signal, a 40-ps RZ signal, and an NRZ signal transmitted in 10 Gb/s straight-line experiments, the last signal achieves the longest transmission distance of 6000 km while the others are limited to 4400 km. Numerical simulations explain these results well and show that, along with linear amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) accumulation, signal waveform distortion due to the combined effect of higher order group-velocity dispersion (GVD) and self-phase modulation (SPM) dominates the performance. Nonlinear optical noise enhancement is not obvious because of the fiber dispersion arrangement. Signals with large pulse widths are less affected by the combined effect, while small-width signals yield superior initial signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as determined by optical noise. A detailed simulation indicates that a pulse width of about 60 ps is optimum for long distance transmission under the fiber dispersion arranged in this paper     

Performance evaluation of prechirped RZ and CS-RZ formats inhigh-speed transmission systems with dispersion management

This paper describes the transmission performance of prechirped return-to-zero (RZ) and prechirped carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (CS-RZ) signals over a periodically dispersion-compensated transmission line. We analyze the transmission characteristics of both formats, taking account the transmitter configuration expected, in which pulse chirping is generated by using both a phase modulator and a linear dispersion compensating device. We also discuss the dependence of the transmission characteristics on phase modulation, pre- and postcompensating dispersion, and receiver optical and electrical filter widths. We show that, in single-channel transmission, phase modulation effectively reduces the intrachannel nonlinear interaction and improves the transmission performance. Next, we discuss the transmission characteristics of chirped RZ and chirped CS-RZ signals in dense wavelength division multiplexed (DWDM) signal transmission. In 100-GHz spaced 40-Gb/s-per-channel systems, it is shown that the phase modulation must be carefully optimized in order to minimize the linear crosstalk and waveform distortion induced by the intra- and interchannel nonlinear interaction in the transmission fiber     

Wavelength-tunable optical filters: applications and technologies

The authors review noncoherent, frequency-tunable filter (receiver) technologies. They describe three basic mechanisms of wavelength filtering: filters that are based on the wavelength dependence of interferometric phenomena, with emphasis on Fabry-Perot interferometer filters; filters that are based on the wavelength dependence of coupling between optical fields (modes) induced by external perturbations (both acoustooptic and electrooptic filters are described); and filters that are based on resonant amplification of optical signals in semiconductor laser diode devices (these devices provide gain in addition to wavelength selectivity). For each technology the authors explain briefly the principles of operation and quantify the relevant system parameters: tuning range, channel separation, number of channels, crosstalk isolation, gain and distortion, speed of wavelength tuning, and complexity. They present a unified picture of filtering mechanisms in an appendix     

基于偏振调制的新型非归零码—归零码转换器

设计了一种基于偏振调制(PolM)实现非归零码(NRZ)信号到归零码(RZ)信号转换的新型码型转换器,并采用光通信模拟软件对其进行了仿真验证。所设计的转换器,首先采用PolM,对输入的NRZ信号进行偏振调制,然后采用射频时钟信号,抑制信号的旁瓣,实现NRZ到RZ的转换。该码型转换器具有RZ信号占空比可控,经码型转换器后各信号波长相同,时间抖动小,转换效率高,成本低优点,可望在高速光通信网络中得到广泛应用。     

NRZ伪随机码序列同步时钟提取

在光纤数字通信系统中,ＮＲＺ非归零码是一种最常见的基带信号。它本身不含有位同步时钟分量。只有对其进行非线性处理,转换成ＲＺ归零码后,方可提取出同步时钟,本文通过对ＮＲＺ,ＲＺ伪随机码序列进行频谱分析,得知当ＮＲＺ码变换成码元占空比为１／２的ＲＺ码时,所提取的同步时钟功率最强。     

Channel capacity optimization of chirp-limited dense WDM/WDMAsystems using OOK/FSK modulation and optical filters

Frequency chirp in semiconductor lasers that are directly modulated through carrier injection not only induces dispersion in long-haul single-mode fiber communication systems, but also causes energy loss and signal distortion when frequency selective elements such as Fabry-Perot filters are present. This effect is significant for high-bit-rate channels in a dense wavelength-division-multiplexed system in a LAN/MAN environment which requires narrow-band filters to suppress crosstalk from adjacent channels. A simulation approach is used to determine the channel capacity in the presence of chirp and crosstalk. The results show that a minimal channel spacing of less than 37 and 10 GHz with each channel operating at 2 Gb/s using OOK and FSK, respectively, can be achieved by a dense wavelength division multiple access system. It is also shown that this system performance can be optimized through adjusting various parameters of the laser and the filter     

Sensitivity enhancement of optical receivers by impulsive coding

A theory for the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of optical direct-detection receivers employing return-to-zero (RZ) coding (and possibly optical preamplification) is developed. The results are valid for both signal-independent noise limited and signal-dependent noise limited receivers, as well as for arbitrary optical pulse shapes and receiver filter characteristics. Even if the same receiver bandwidth is used, RZ coding is seen to perform better than nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) coding. Asymptotic expressions for the SNR in case of very high and very low receiver bandwidths show that the full sensitivity enhancement potential of RZ coding is exhausted at fairly moderate duty cycles. A realistic example taking into account intersymbol interference (ISI) shows that a receiver sensitivity gain (compared to NRZ coding) of, e.g., 3.2 dB can be obtained in a signal-independent noise limited receiver with a bandwidth of 80% of the data rate, using a duty cycle of three     

Impairments due to the interplay between node crosstalk andnonlinear propagation in all optical transport networks

All optical transport networks should be designed to avoid the detrimental effect due to in-band crosstalk that may arise from nonideal components in optical nodes. In this letter, we numerically investigate the nonlinear propagation of signal with in-band crosstalk, finding much greater penalties than were previously established in the linear regime. This effect is observed in the anomalous dispersion regime, and the highest impact is obtained for a nonzero frequency detuning between the optical carriers of the signal and of the crosstalk. The phenomenon, which can be explained in terms of the modulation instability, can result in reduced tolerance to crosstalk     

基于光纤光参量放大的多通道全光非归零/归零码转换器

提出了一种基于光纤光参量放大器(FOPA)的多通道全光非归零码(NRZ)/归零码(RZ)调制格式转换的方案.该方案中,非归零码信号与同步的时钟抽运光共同注入到高非线性光纤(HNLF)中,由高非线性光纤构成的参量放大器把非归零码信号转换为归零码信号,同时不改变信号光的波长.多通道的码型转换器以两路10 Gb/s的非归零码进行了实验论证.转换后的归零码信号的信噪比(SNR)高于7.6 dB,其脉冲宽度约为30 ps,并且具有3dB的消光比(ER)提高.根据多通道码型转换器的实现原理,该码型转换器可以应用于40 Gb/s或更高比特率的多通道码型变换操作.     

Modeling of in-band crosstalk in WDM optical networks

In this paper, we analyze three different simulation models which allow the impact of in-band crosstalk on the transmission performances of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks to be evaluated: an accurate simulation (AS), a Gaussian correlated noise (GCN) model, and a Gaussian white noise (GWN) model. In the AS, an interfering channel is generated at each node and added to the signal after an optical filtering. The final result must be averaged with respect to the message transmitted on the interfering channels and to the phases of the optical carriers. In the GCN the crosstalk term is modeled as a Gaussian correlated noise, whose spectrum coincides with that of the interfering channel. This model can be further simplified if the noise is also assumed uncorrelated (GWN approximation). The results obtained by these simulation models are also compared with those produced by an analytical model allowing to evaluate the in-band crosstalk penalty     

Relationship of Q penalty to eye-closure penalty for NRZ and RZ signals with signal-dependent noise

The relationship between Q penalty (QP) and eye-closure penalty (ECP) is examined for distorted signals in the presence of signal-dependent noise. A simple model is developed to describe the behavior of return-to-zero (RZ) modulation formats and is compared with a model for nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) formats. The accuracy of the analysis is investigated with extensive simulations, and the numerical results from analysis and simulation are found to be in generally good agreement. Experimental measurements of distortion caused by uncompensated dispersion also show agreement with the simulation results and model predictions. The simplified models allow a means to budget QPs from distortion effects in a straightforward manner during network design for different modulation formats. The analysis predicts a smaller Q penalty as a function of ECP for RZ modulation formats in comparison with NRZ and smaller relative penalties for RZ formats with narrower pulsewidths.