朴子叶保健软糖的工艺研究

以朴子叶、琼脂、白砂糖为主要原料,通过正交实验,研制开发出具有功能性的朴子叶保健软糖,结果表明:软糖制作的最佳工艺条件为加水倍数230倍,琼脂用量1.35 g,白砂糖用量7.00 g,熬煮温度95℃。该产品外观透明、弹性好、口感独特、甜度适中,对于传统的软糖开发研究具有积极意义。     

望峰岗选煤厂煤泥可浮性研究

通过对望峰岗选煤厂煤泥性质的分析,说明入浮平均粒度较粗,各粒级煤泥灰分均在30％以上,嵌布较均匀,单体解离度低,为浮选降灰带来困难;煤泥表面接触角较小为50．06。,说明其天然可浮性较差,经捕收剂十二烷或柴油处理后,煤泥接触角增大,煤的可浮性提高;若要求精煤灰分为14％,则标准浮选精煤产率约为65％。通过单因素试验确定煤浆质量浓度为80g／L,捕收剂用量为800∥t,起泡剂用量为128g／t时,煤泥浮选效果较好,浮选完善度最高为66．94％,精煤灰分符合要求,精煤产率较高为71．67％。最后以捕收剂、起泡剂和煤浆质量浓度为正交因素设计正交试验,考察各因素对煤泥可浮性的影响,并得出最佳浮选药剂制度。结果表明：当捕收剂用量为1000g／t,起泡剂用量为42g／t,煤浆质量浓度为60g／L时,煤泥浮选效果最好,此时精煤产率为71．59％,精煤灰分为14．30％,达到高产降灰的目的。     

低水硼酸锌合成条件的选择

本文采用硼砂—硫酸锌法合成低水合硼酸锌,用正交试验确定了最佳工艺条件:硼酸用量214g、氧化锌用量5g、保温温度65℃、溶剂水用量500ml。产率可达96％,产品质量符合标准,应用效果良好。     

苯一步催化氧化法合成苯酚的研究

以Ni/Al_2O_3为催化剂,H_2O_2为氧化剂,研究了直接氧化苯合成苯酚的工艺。采用正交试验设计方法,对影响苯酚收率的因素进行了优化设计试验。对试验中的6个因素各作了5个水平的考察,得出了该合成工艺的最优方案:反应时间3.0 h,反应温度70℃,催化剂用量0.1 g,H_2O_2用量3 m L,乙酸用量20 m L,苯用量7 m L。在此条件下,苯酚收率为30.03%。     

柚子皮果胶的提取及软糖的研制

以柚子皮为原料,在超声条件下,研究了料液比、浸提pH值、水浴加热温度、超声提取时间四个因素对果胶提取率的影响。并通过正交试验确定了最佳的提取工艺参数。用提取得到的果胶制作了软糖。结果表明:四个因素对果胶提取的影响顺序为料液比水浴加热温度超声提取时间浸提pH值。最佳提取工艺参数为:料液比1∶20(g∶mL),浸提pH值为1,水浴加热温度为85℃,超声提取时间为40 min。该条件下柚子皮果胶的提取率为11. 68%。用果胶3 g,白砂糖15 g,葡萄糖20 g,柠檬酸0. 3 g,椰果粒5 g的配方制作出的软糖,口感、软硬度、弹性都较好,为柚子皮的开发利用提供了依据。     

磁性纳米固体超强酸催化合成没食子酸正丁酯

以磁性纳米固体超强酸SO42-/TiO2为催化剂,以没食子酸酯和正丁醇为原料,直接酯化合成没食子酸正丁酯,同时对醇酸物质的量比、催化剂用量、反应温度和反应时间进行了正交试验,得出最佳工艺条件为:醇酸物质的量比为15∶1、催化剂用量为1.8 g、反应温度为110℃、反应时间为3 h,酯化率可达83.1%。     

某铜矿全尾砂胶结充填料配比实验研究

某地下矿山现行充填配比下,胶结充填体力学参数无法满足工艺要求。采用正交试验方法对全尾砂胶结料浆的坍落度、充填体试件养护28d和90d的力学参数进行研究。在此基础上,借助MATLAB软件进行多元非线性回归分析,建立各力学参数预测模型。根据预测公式及矿山实际充填要求,寻优后得出水泥用量14.3%、料浆质量分数76%时,胶结充填体的单轴抗压强度、弹性模量、内聚力分别为1.518 MPa、0.246GPa、0.618 MPa,此为最优充填料配比。     

卤水-石灰法制氢氧化镁除铁工艺研究

以卤水为原料,以石灰乳为沉淀剂制备氢氧化镁.系统考察了反应温度、络合剂用量、还原剂用量、反应时间等工艺条件对氢氧化镁除铁过程的影响,通过正交试验,得到优化除铁工艺条件,即反应温度为40 ℃,络合剂用量为0.15 g,还原剂用量为0.10 g,反应时间为10 min,在此条件下,所得氢氧化镁产品铁的质量分数小于5×10-4.该工艺用于碳酸钙、轻质碳酸镁、高岭土等无机粉体材料的除铁均取得较好的效果.     

阳离子淀粉絮凝剂合成及处理煤矿井废水性能研究

针对高浊度煤矿井水的特点,以玉米淀粉(St)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,过硫酸铵和亚硫酸氢钠为引发剂,通过共聚反应合成了淀粉/丙烯酰胺接枝共聚物絮凝剂,以2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(GTA)为阳离子醚化剂,对淀粉接枝共聚物进行阳离子化。根据正交试验确定了最佳合成工艺条件:接枝共聚反应时间为4 h,St用量为5 g,AM与St质量比为4∶1,引发剂用量为1.4 g,GTA用量为2.6 g,NaOH用量为0.24 g,醚化反应时间为2.5 h,反应温度为70℃。并将阳离子淀粉絮凝剂复配PAC与现有絮凝工艺进行了对比和性能评价,分别对投加量、复配效果以及适合的温度、pH值对絮凝性能参数进行了评价,从而得出阳离子淀粉絮凝剂优化的应用条件。     

化学热磨机械浆漆酶改性工艺研究

通过对马尾松化学热磨机械浆进行漆酶改性处理的工艺条件研究,探讨了漆酶用量、体系pH、介体用量、酶处理时间、酶处理温度等因素对改性效果的影响,得出漆酶改性的较佳工艺条件为:漆酶用量2.0U/g,ABTS用量0.5%,体系pH 6,酶处理温度50℃,酶处理时间1 h.     

上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)处理冬瓜食品加工废水的试验

采用常温上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器降解冬瓜加工废水,研究了厌氧颗粒污泥处理冬瓜食品加工废水的处理效果。试验结果表明,当水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,冬瓜废水进水COD_(Cr)浓度约为10 000mg/L时,相应的容积负荷为10.0 gCOD/(L·d),COD去除率可达97%以上。当容积负荷约为6.0 gCOD/(L·d)时,出水COD_(Cr)可达100 mg/L以下,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB 8978-1996)一级排放标准的要求。     

明胶吸附法脱除宣木瓜果汁中单宁的研究

以明胶为吸附剂,脱除宣木瓜鲜果加工果汁中的单宁。结果表明,35℃下,果汁按10 mL/100 mL添加质量分数为1.5%的明胶溶液,吸附处理30 min,明胶对单宁的吸附脱除率为62.3%,可明显降低宣木瓜果汁中单宁酸的含量。     

明胶微球载药及其体外释放性能研究

以阿司匹林为药物模型分子,制备了载阿司匹林明胶微球。SEM研究表明,明胶微球在载药后,表面结构变得更为紧实。载药性能探讨表明,当阿司匹林的投药量为16mg时,明胶微球的载药性能较优（载药量为7．3％,包封率为57．5％）。对明胶微球在人工体液中的释药性能研究显示,载阿司匹林明胶微球具有良好的缓释性能。由于具有较大的酸性和胃蛋白酶的存在,微球在人工胃液中药物释放效率较高,在人工胃液和人工肠液中药物的释放率分别为40％和28％,且一级动力学模型对微球的体外药物释放情况拟合度较高。     

Preparation and characterization of composite gels and films containing gelatin and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate

Composite gels and films were prepared by the blending of hydrated gelatin as a base material and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP) at various mass ratios. A composite technology was applied to obtain improved mechanical, physicochemical, and antimicrobial properties of the gelatin used as a base material. We investigated the effects of different experimental conditions on the rheological and mechanical properties and antimicrobial activities of the composite gels, films, and solutions. The rheological values (storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity) of the composite solutions and gels increased with added HPMCP. Aerobic microorganisms, yeasts, and molds were not detected throughout the testing period in the gelatin–HPMCP composite solution. In contrast, many microorganisms were detected in the gelatin‐only samples beginning with day 3 of storage. The composite films exhibited relatively good mechanical and physical properties compared with the gelatin‐only film. The composite film containing HPMCP at a mass ratio greater than 1:4 did not dissolve in gastric juice (pH 1.2) for at least 2 h, but all other samples, including the gelatin‐only film dissolved in enteric juice (pH 6.8). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 39597.     

Simultaneous purification and immobilization of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) peroxidases on bioaffinity support

This paper demonstrates the construction of an inexpensive bioaffinity adsorbent by simply incubating Sephadex G 50 matrix with jack bean meal extract at room temperature. Sephadex G 50 adsorbed 17 mg Con A (concanavalin A) per g of the matrix. Con A‐adsorbed Sephadex was employed for the immobilization of glycoenzymes directly from ammonium sulfate‐fractionated proteins of bitter gourd. The obtained bioaffinity support was very efficient for high yield immobilization of peroxidases from bitter gourd and it bound nearly 425 enzyme units per g of the matrix. Bitter gourd peroxidase immobilized on lectin–Sephadex support showed a very high effectiveness factor, ‘η,’ of 1.25. Immobilized BGP preparation was quite stable against the denaturation induced by pH, heat, urea, Triton X 100, Tween 20, SDS, Surf Excel and water‐miscible organic solvents: dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl formamide. Low concentration of detergents like SDS, Tween 20, and Triton X 100 enhanced the activity of soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase. Peroxidase bound to the bioaffinity support exhibited very high resistance to proteolysis caused by the trypsin treatment. Con A–Sephadex‐bound bitter gourd peroxidase retained 85% of its initial activity after treatment with 2.5 mg trypsin per cm³ of incubation mixture for 1 h at 37 °C while the soluble enzyme lost nearly 40% of the initial activity under similar incubation conditions. Immobilized bitter gourd peroxidase preparation appeared to be more rigid to proteolysis mediated by trypsin compared with soluble bitter gourd peroxidase. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Screening of factors influencing the extraction of gelatin from the skin of cuttlefish using supersaturated design

Supersaturated design (SSD) was used for screening the key parameters influencing gelatin extraction yield from cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) skin. Results indicated that among a list of 17 factors only five parameters, namely, alkali (NaOH) concentration, acid reagent (acetic acid), enzyme, thermal treatment temperature and centrifugation time, were factors influencing gelatin yield. The optimal conditions for gelatin extraction were found to be: pretreatment with NaOH 0.03 M for 1 h; treatment with pepsin for 24 h at 4 °C in acetic acid 100 mM; extraction for 14 h at 40 °C. The yield of gelatin extraction was 54.6%. Cuttlefish skin gelatin (CSG) contained protein as the major compound (90.95%) and low fat (0.3%) and ash (0.05%) contents. The physico-chemical properties of the CSG were characterized and compared with those of bovine gelatin (BG). The result of textural properties showed that hardness, elasticity and cohesiveness of CSG were lower than those of BG. Further, the gel strength of CSG (192.01 g) was lower than that of BG (259.65 g), possibly due to lower imino-acid content. The functional properties, including emulsion activity index and foam stability were similar to those of BG. The CSG showed stronger ability of apple juice clarification, than BG without affecting its nutritional values.     

Juice clarification by protease and pectinase treatments indicates new roles of pectin and protein in cherry juice turbidity

Industrial juice clarification is accomplished by a combination of enzymatic depectinization, gelatin–silica sol, and/or bentonite treatment. The gelatin–silica sol treatment step is particularly slow, mischievous, and requires comprehensive downstream processing to obtain clarified juice. In this work, alternative, enzymatic clarification strategies of industrially pressed cherry juice were evaluated in a 2^4?1 factorial design set-up with addition of a pectinase, Pectinex Smash^®, a protease, Enzeco, both enzyme preparations derived from Aspergillus spp., gallic acid, and tannic acid as factors, and determination of turbidity, protein, pectin, and phenolics as responses. The effects of the alternative clarification treatments were assessed immediately after the particular clarification treatment (immediate turbidity) and during 14 days of cold storage (turbidity development). The protease treatment resulted in significant reduction of immediate turbidity, but had low clarification impact during the subsequent cold storage. In contrast, pectinase addition exerted a weak effect on immediate turbidity reduction, but effectively decreased the turbidity development during storage. The phenolic acid additions contributed to reduce turbidity when added together with the pectinase or the protease. However, when gallic acid and tannic acid were added together they induced enhanced turbidity formation. Conventionally, immediate turbidity is presumed to be caused by pectin, while turbidity development during cold storage (haze formation) is assumed to be due to protein–phenol interactions. Our results suggest that proteins play a decisive role in the formation of immediate turbidity in cherry juice, and point to that pectin may contribute to turbidity development during cold storage of cherry juice. The data may thus pave the way for development of improved, alternative procedures for cherry juice clarification.     

Combined use of waste materials—recovery of chitin from shrimp shells by lactic acid fermentation supplemented with date juice waste or glucose

BACKGROUND: Chitin, a source of chitosan, was extracted from the teguments of white shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris, by means of Lactobacillus helveticus growing on date juice waste or glucose for comparison. A fermentor containing 10% (w/v) of shrimp shells was inoculated with a suspension of L. helveticus strain milano (10% v/v). RESULTS: For an initial pH of 8.5–9.0 and a temperature of 30 °C, maximum deproteinization and demineralization were 76 and 53%, achieved for 80 and 300 g L^?1 glucose, respectively. The level of demineralization increased to 60% for an increase in in temperature from 30 to 35 °C. The use of date juice, as an alternative to the use of a primary carbon source such as glucose, led at best to 44% demineralization, for 208 g L^?1 of total sugar at 35 °C, and 91% deproteinization, for 80 g L^?1 total sugar content at 30 °C. CONCLUSION: Demineralization was not improved by the use of date juice, most likely due to its calcium content, which, during acidification, prevents the diffusion of calcium from the shells to the surrounding medium. Contrarily, the proteolytic activity of LAB appeared to be improved by the mineral content of date juice, leading to almost complete deproteinization of shrimp shells. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Auto-combustion synthesis and characterization of perovskite-type LaFeO3 nanocrystals prepared via different routes

LaFeO₃ was prepared via simple, economical and environmentally friendly auto-combustion methods using different fuels, including citrate, urea, sucrose, egg whites, gelatin and chitosan. The prepared ferrites were systematically characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and electrical measurements to study the impact of the synthetic routes on the various properties. XRD showed the formation of a single orthorhombic phase, except for the samples prepared via egg white, gelatin and urea methods, which indicated a secondary La₂O₂CO₃ phase. The FT-IR and TEM studies confirmed the formation of the phase. Differential thermal analysis-thermogravimetry techniques (DTA-TG) were used to characterize the auto-combustion process up to ferrite formation. The obtained unsaturated magnetization for all of the samples suggested the presence of anti-ferromagnetic ordering in addition to weak ferromagnetic ordering. The egg white method showed higher magnetization (1.78 emu/g), while the urea and chitosan methods indicated lower magnetization (0.13 emu/g). The coercivity measurements confirmed the presence of ferromagnetic/anti-ferromagnetic interfaces with higher values than those reported in the literature. The AC-conductivity measurements indicated semiconducting characteristics and exhibited a change in the conduction mechanism from hopping to polaron conduction by increasing the temperature. LaFeO₃ prepared via the egg white method indicated an anti-ferromagnetic/paramagnetic transition at approximately 715 K. The dielectric measurements confirmed the AC-conductivity results and exhibited values higher than those reported in the literature.     

Ethylcellulose microparticles containing chitosan and gelatin: pH-dependent release caused by complex coacervation

Ethylcellulose microparticles containing chitosan and gelatin were prepared by spray drying water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion. Water phase was chitosan:gelatin solution in distilled water, and oil phase was ethylcellulose solution in dichloromethane. FITC-dextran was included in water phase as a fluorescence dye. The maximum coacervation was observed at pH 6.0 when the ratio of chitosan to gelatin was 1:15. Microparticles containing chitosan and gelatin in the ratio showed a higher release under acidic condition (e.g. pH 4.0) and neutral condition (e.g. pH 7.0), but a lower release at pH 5.0 and pH 6.0. The complex coacervate composed of chitosan and gelatin was efficiently formed at those pHs, and the formation of coacervate would be responsible for the lower release.