Local Measurement of Gas-Liquid Bubbly Flow with a Double-Sensor Probe

A double-sensor probe was used to measure local interfacial parameters of a gas-liquid bubbly flow in a horizontal tube. The parameters included void fraction, interfacial concentration, bubble size distribution, bubble frequency and bubble interface velocity. The authors paid special attention to the probe design and construction for minimizing measurement errors. Measures were also taken in the design of sensor ends for preventing corrosions in the flow. This is an effort to improve the current double-sensor probe technique to meet the ever-increasing needs to local varameter measurements in gas-liquid two-phase flows.     

泡罩塔板上气液两相局部统计特性实验测定

以空气、水为工质,用双头电导探针研究了泡罩塔板上局部气液接触情况,得到了泡罩塔内距离塔板高度49mm截面上气液两相局部参数——气含率、气泡速度、比表面积及气泡尺寸的统计规律。结果表明,在泡罩塔板上,同一位置的局部气含率随气量的增加而增大,受液量的影响较小;气泡速度主要分布为0．4～o．6m／s;气液比表面积的值85％在50～200m^-1,但在截面上分布不均匀;气泡Sauter直径为0～40mm,55％分布在5～25mm。     

Two‐Phase Bubbly Flow Structure in Large‐Diameter Vertical Pipes

The two‐phase flow structure of an air‐water, bubbly, upward flow in a 20 cm diameter pipe is presented with particular emphasis on the local interfacial area concentration. The radial distribution of void fraction, bubble velocity, bubble size, bubble frequency, and interfacial area concentration were measured using a local dual‐optical probe. The experimental results showed that the saddle‐type distribution of void fraction and interfacial area concentration, which are common for bubbly flow in small diameter pipes, only appeared in the present experiments under conditions of very low area‐averaged void fraction (<?> < 0.04). The values for the interfacial area concentration were higher in large diameter pipes when compared with data obtained under the same flow conditions in small pipes. The area‐averaged void fraction data were correlated using the drift‐flux model.     

多壁碳纳米管-水纳米流体导热机理及重力热管实验研究

在考虑了纳米层的情况下对原有的Xue导热模型进行改进,研究多壁碳纳米管-水纳米流体的热传导性能,推导出纳米流体导热公式并将纳米流体运用到碳钢重力热管中,在不同质量分数下对单管传热进行实验研究。结果表明纳米层的存在提高了有效热导率;在相同条件下质量分数2%的多壁碳纳米管-水纳米流体重力热管传热性能最好,传热系数比普通水重力热管最大提高了40%。     

加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学（CFD）程序CFX4.4对加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾工况下气水两相流动局部两相流参数（空泡份额和汽泡尺寸）进行了数值模拟。对数值差分方法、相关模型（界面力和气泡诱导的紊流）和汽泡尺寸进行了敏感性分析。空泡份额分布计算结果与实验结果比较表明,在低空泡份额工况下,两者符合较好,在高空泡份额工况下两者存在一定偏差,并且气相速度和汽泡尺寸的计算结果不理想。计算结果与实验结果之间的差异说明程序模型对于加热上升管内过冷流动沸腾模拟并不完善,建立更为合理的汽泡尺寸模型,考虑汽泡的合并和撕裂是必要的。     

四传感器光纤探针测量气泡速度矢量模型

光纤传感器作为纤维光学领域中的新技术,在两相流动局部参数测量中得到了越来越广泛的应用。在假设气泡对称面垂直于气泡运动方向的基础上,对四传感器探针测量局部瞬时气泡速度的数学原理进行了详细推导,给出了新的计算气泡速度矢量的方法和模型,并运用自制的四传感器光纤探针,对气液两相流动中的气泡运动速度和方向进行了测量。实验中通过探针方法测得气相流速相对于流量计测量值的平均偏差为9%,表明新的探针测量方法精度较高,能够用于两相流中气泡速度矢量测量。进一步的实验研究表明,不同流动条件下,局部空泡份额及界面面积浓度(IAC)沿通道径向呈“壁峰型”或“核峰型”的分布规律。     

垂直圆管内液氮流动沸腾的理论模型及数值模拟

分析了液氮流动沸腾过程中气液两相间动量、能量以及质量的传输规律,建立了相应的理论模型,新模型重点修正了界面面积浓度和气泡挣脱直径的计算式;采用新建立的理论模型作为封闭方程对CFX-4.3中内建的双流体模型进行了修正,并采用修正后的双流体模型模拟了液氮在垂直圆管内的流动沸腾过程.数值模拟的结果与文献中的实验数据吻合较好,证明了本文所建模型的合理性.通过数值模拟发现,两相流参数分布的不均匀性对液氮流动沸腾过程中的热质传输特性有重要影响.     

Double-sensor conductivity probe applied in a flotation system

This study proposed a new approach for measuring bubble size distribution, bubble mean diameter, Sauter mean bubble diameter, and gas holdup using a double-sensor conductivity probe in an air/water two-phase system bubble column. The results for the two-phase system were compared and calibrated using analyses from bubble images taken by a digital camera from the side of the column wall. Good agreement was observed between the two techniques. The same double-sensor conductivity was used in an air/water/solids three-phase system. The conductivity probe captured the change in bubble dynamic behaviour inside the pulp phase; however, the presence of the solids made it more challenging to measure. As a result, the VisioFroth commercial package, using images taken from the top of the froth layer, could be used in conjunction with the double-sensor conductivity probe to show the dynamic evolution of mineralized bubbles from the pulp zone to the froth zone in a flotation process.     

Effect of alumina nanoparticles in the fluid on heat transfer in double-pipe heat exchanger system

This study was performed to investigate the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids made of several alumina nanoparticles and transformer oil which flow through a double pipe heat exchanger system in the laminar flow regime. The nanofluids exhibited a considerable increase of heat transfer coefficients. Although the thermal conductivity of alumina is not high, it is much higher than that of the base fluids. The nanofluids tested displayed good thermal properties. One of the possible reasons for the enhancement on heat transfer of nanofluids can be explained by the high concentration of nanoparticles in the thermal boundary layer at the wall side through the migration of nanoparticles. To understand the enhancement of heat transfer of nanofluid, an experimental correlation was proposed for an alumina-transformer oil nanofluid system.     

二氧化铈/水基纳米流体核沸腾传热特性

对CeO₂纳米流体进行了池沸腾传热特性研究,考察了CeO₂/水基纳米流体的热导率,静态接触角以及沸腾后表面沉积情况对沸腾传热的影响。结果表明,CeO₂纳米流体可提高沸腾传热系数,且纳米流体最佳质量分数为0.05％,其沸腾传热系数较去离子水提高36%。热导率以及接触角随纳米流体质量分数的增加而增加,在本实验范围内,热导率最大增加1%;而纳米流体接触角从50.5°增加到92.9°;表面沉积随纳米流体的质量分数增加越来越明显,去离子水在沉积表面的接触角发生较大变化（51.4°~134.4°）。纳米流体的热导率影响可忽略不计;而接触角和沸腾表面颗粒沉积对纳米流体的强化传热作用影响较大。     

氧化铝有机纳米流体的流动传热基础特性

以氧化铝为纳米粒子、丙二醇和水为基础液体制备了氧化铝有机纳米流体,分别测量了它的沸点、热导率、比热容和黏度。以1％～5％（体积分数）的氧化铝纳米流体作为冷介质,测试了在车用机油冷却器中的传热系数和流动阻力。试验结果表明,纳米粒子能够显著强化基础液体在机油冷却器中的换热能力,粒子体积分数和流体温度是影响纳米流体热物性的重要因素。氧化铝纳米流体的沸点高于120℃,比热容随体积分数增加而降低,热导率、黏度和在机油冷却器中的传热系数均随粒子体积分数的增加而提高。在试验Ⅱ中,5％（体积分数）纳米流体的平均传热系数比基础液体提高了124.56％,而流动阻力增幅较小。     

Population balance modelling for bubbly flows with heat and mass transfer

Population balance equations combined with a three-dimensional two-fluid model are employed to predict bubbly flows with the presence of heat and mass transfer processes. Subcooled boiling flow belongs to this specific category of bubbly flows is considered. The MUSIG (MUltiple-SIze-Group) model implemented in CFX4.4 is further developed to account for the wall nucleation and condensation in the subcooled boiling regime. Comparison of model predictions against local measurements near the test channel exit is made for the radial distribution of the bubble Sauter diameter, void fraction, interfacial area concentration and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcooling temperatures. Additional comparison was also performed against existing boiling model in CFX4.4 and the modified model developed in our previous work (Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 45 (2002) 1197). Good agreement is better achieved with the local radial bubble Sauter diameter, void fraction, interfacial area concentration and liquid velocity profiles against measurements using the newly formulated MUSIG boiling model over the simpler boiling models. However, significant weakness of the model is still evidenced in the prediction of the vapour velocity. Work is in progress to circumvent the deficiency of the model by the consideration of additional momentum equations or an algebraic slip model to account for bubble separation.     

CuO/H2O纳米流体的池沸腾传热及预测

通过络合-沉淀法合成氧化铜纳米颗粒,制备铜颗粒的直径在40～100 nm,晶型为正六面体。利用“两步法”制备水基氧化铜纳米流体。考察了不同质量分数纳米流体的热导率、接触角变化和加热表面颗粒沉积对核沸腾传热性能的影响,并利用可视化记录沸腾过程气泡行为。结果表明：在测试质量分数范围内,传热系数随热通量增加而增大,当质量分数达到0.1%时,强化率最大为146.1%。经过分析可知纳米流体的接触角度、热导率、颗粒沉积以及颗粒扰动对水基氧化铜纳米流体强化传热作用均有影响。通过高速摄像采集质量分数0.07%纳米流体沸腾过程验证结论的可靠性。并对纳米流体核沸腾传热过程建立气泡动力学经验模型,模型计算结果与实测值相对偏差在±10%以内。     

Boundary layer flow past a stretching/shrinking surface beneath an external uniform shear flow with a convective surface boundary condition in a nanofluid

The problem of a steady boundary layer shear flow over a stretching/shrinking sheet in a nanofluid is studied numerically. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations using a similarity transformation, before being solved numerically by a Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method with shooting technique. Two types of nanofluids, namely, Cu-water and Ag-water are used. The effects of nanoparticle volume fraction, the type of nanoparticles, the convective parameter, and the thermal conductivity on the heat transfer characteristics are discussed. It is found that the heat transfer rate at the surface increases with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction while it decreases with the convective parameter. Moreover, the heat transfer rate at the surface of Cu-water nanofluid is higher than that at the surface of Ag-water nanofluid even though the thermal conductivity of Ag is higher than that of Cu.     

ZrO_2-水纳米流体管内层流的传热特性

制备了粒径为50 nm的ZrO2-水纳米流体,并通过添加分散剂NH4PAA改善纳米流体的稳定性。测量了4种不同质量分数(0.2%,0.4%,0.8%,1.2%)的ZrO2-水纳米流体在层流状态下的对流换热系数。实验结果表明:在相同雷诺数下,纳米流体的换热系数要比纯水的有所提高,并随着ZrO2纳米颗粒质量分数的增加而增大。当纳米流体的质量分数为0.2%,0.4%,0.8%,1.2%时,其平均换热系数比纯水分别提高了1.9%,2.4%,5.2%和8.8%。实验管道内的不同位置也影响纳米流体换热系数的提高,入口段的换热系数要比充分发展段提高得更明显,其主要原因是纳米颗粒对流体边界层的干扰。     

Numerical investigation of Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>/water nanofluid laminar convective heat transfer through triangular ducts

In this article, laminar flow-forced convective heat transfer of Al₂O₃/water nanofluid in a triangular duct under constant wall temperature condition is investigated numerically. In this investigation, the effects of parameters, such as nanoparticles diameter, concentration, and Reynolds number on the enhancement of nanofluids heat transfer is studied. Besides, the comparison between nanofluid and pure fluid heat transfer is achieved in this article. Sometimes, because of pressure drop limitations, the need for non-circular ducts arises in many heat transfer applications. The low heat transfer rate of non-circular ducts is one the limitations of these systems, and utilization of nanofluid instead of pure fluid because of its potential to increase heat transfer of system can compensate this problem. In this article, for considering the presence of nanoparticl: es, the dispersion model is used. Numerical results represent an enhancement of heat transfer of fluid associated with changing to the suspension of nanometer-sized particles in the triangular duct. The results of the present model indicate that the nanofluid Nusselt number increases with increasing concentration of nanoparticles and decreasing diameter. Also, the enhancement of the fluid heat transfer becomes better at high Re in laminar flow with the addition of nanoparticles.     

新型洗涤冷却室内气液两相的分布特性

采用双头电导探针法对新型洗涤冷却室环隙鼓泡床内气液两相的局部气含率、气泡直径等分布规律进行了实验研究,并用Fluent商业软件对床层内气含率分布进行了模拟计算,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。研究结果表明：新型洗涤冷却室内部构件对环隙鼓泡床内气液两相的分布特性影响显著,气相分布更加均匀,液面波动更趋平稳,有效地减少了气体带水问题,相比国外技术具有更好的操作弹性。     

低压条件下纳米流体的沸腾换热特性

在不同低压压力和不同纳米流体浓度下对光滑传热面上的水基纳米流体的池内沸腾特性进行了试验研究.纳米流体由平均直径50 nm的氧化铜粒子加入去离子水中组成,没有加入任何添加剂.研究主要针对7.2 kPa到100kPa的压力区间和0.1%到2%的质量浓度区间内压力和颗粒浓度对光滑表面沸腾换热特性的影响,研究结果表明:压力对纳米流体的沸腾换热特性有强烈影响,沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度(CHF)强化率随着压力的降低而大幅度增加.纳米流体浓度对沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度(CHF)有重要影响,并且在质量浓度约1%附近存在一个最佳颗粒浓度.研究结果显示由与去离子水相比,质量分数为1%,压力为7.2 kPa的纳米流体在光滑表面上的沸腾换热系数和临界热流密度都得到了显著提高.     

CuO-水纳米流体多孔球层池沸腾传热特性

对CuO-水纳米流体在6mm多孔球层内进行池沸腾实验研究。实验使用了40nm的CuO纳米颗粒,加以不同浓度的十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）作为表面活性剂,配成多种不同配比关系的纳米流体。实验结果表明,当表面活性剂浓度与纳米颗粒浓度在0.01%~0.03%（质量分数,下同）之间变化时,两者浓度相近的纳米流体稳定性较好,沸腾传热效果高。其中表面活性剂浓度略高于CuO浓度时,传热效果较好,在SDBS浓度为0.03%、CuO浓度为0.02%时达到最大,为41670W/(m²·K);而纳米颗粒浓度增大时,根据其对纳米流体的稳定性和沉降效应的影响,在不同程度上可增强或削弱沸腾传热。同时对纳米流体的池沸腾进行可视化研究,利用气泡脱离特性对实验结果作了诠释。所得结果可为纳米流体在多孔球层的池沸腾传热特性研究提供有益的研究数据。     

Numerical evaluation of laminar heat transfer enhancement in nanofluid flow in coiled square tubes

Convective heat transfer can be enhanced by changing flow geometry and/or by enhancing thermal conductivity of the fluid. This study proposes simultaneous passive heat transfer enhancement by combining the geometry effect utilizing nanofluids inflow in coils. The two nanofluid suspensions examined in this study are: water-Al2O3 and water-CuO. The flow behavior and heat transfer performance of these nanofluid suspensions in various configurations of coiled square tubes, e.g., conical spiral, in-plane spiral, and helical spiral, are investigated and compared with those for water flowing in a straight tube. Laminar flow of a Newtonian nanofluid in coils made of square cross section tubes is simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)approach, where the nanofluid properties are treated as functions of particle volumetric concentration and temperature. The results indicate that addition of small amounts of nanoparticles up to 1% improves significantly the heat transfer performance; however, further addition tends to deteriorate heat transfer performance.