Evaluation of mass transport performance in heterogeneous gaseous in-plane spiral reactors with various cross-section geometries at fixed cross-section area

Due to its compactness, high heat and mass transfer rate and ease of manufacture, coiled/spiral tube has been widely used in process industries, especially as heat exchangers and chemical reactors. This study addresses the mass-transport enhancement and reaction performance in in-plane spiral reactor with various cross sections geometries, i.e. circular, half-circular, rectangular, square, trapezoidal and triangular, at fixed cross-section area at several Reynolds numbers. The mass transfer performance is compared with those of straight channel counterpart. Laminar flow of gas with catalytic reactions is investigated using a validated three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. The results suggest that spiral ducts offer better reaction performance as compared to straight duct, especially at higher Reynolds number. However, it imposes higher pressure drop. Amongst various cross-section, the coil reactor with half-circular geometry yields the highest reaction performance. This study can provide insight for design guidelines of high performance coiled reactor.     

A Numerical Study on Fully Developed Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Spiral Finned Tube

In this paper, the standard k-εtwo-equation model is adopted to numerically simulate fully developed fluid flow and heat transfer in a spiral finned tube within a cracking furnace for ethylene manufacturing. By variable transformation, the orlglnal 3-D problem is converted into a 2-D problem in spiral coordinates. The algorithm of SIMPLEC is used to study the fully developed fluld flow and heat transfer in the spiral finned tube at constant periphery temperature and constant axial heat flux, The computed results agree pretty well with the experimental data obtained from the industry, Further studies on the fluid flows and temperature profiles at different Reynolds numbers within straight and spiral finned tubes are conducted and the mechanisms involved are explored. It is found that with the spiral finned tube, pressure drop increases to a great extent whereas heat transfer tends to be decreased.     

缠绕管式换热器的CFD优化

用ANSYS CFX软件采用基于有限元的有限体积法对简化的缠绕管式换热器的壳程流动进行模拟,考察管束导程和壳程流速等参数对缠绕管式换热器壳程流体流动特性的影响。结果表明,减小缠绕管束的导程可提高壳程流体的湍流程度,增强壳程流体的均匀程度,减少温度死区并提高换热效率,减小同一截面不同区域的压力差,进而减小因流场不均匀而对管束产生的破坏性应力。提高壳程流速可增强换热,但会增加壳程压降。     

扭带结构影响管内传热与熵产的研究进展

随着工业技术不断发展,传统换热管的传热方式已经无法满足高热流密度下的热量输运要求。扭带插入物是一种能够有效提高换热管传热效率的强化传热元件,以其结构简单、加工容易的特点受到了很多学者的关注和研究。管内流体的传热性能及熵产往往作为评价换热管性能的重要参数,因此扭带结构与流动工质对这些参数的影响成为近年来研究的重点。本文主要综述了近十年来不同结构扭带对管内传热与熵产影响的研究进展。首先,将文献中研究的扭带按照几何结构进行分类,阐述和分析了不同类型扭带对换热管的传热、熵产以及综合性能的影响,试图找出几何结构与换热管传热性能以及熵产之间的联系。其次,介绍了扭带与纳米流体复合传热技术的研究进展。最后,归纳了研究人员为达到传热性能最大化以及熵产最小化而建立的传热和熵产模型,并对模型的优缺点进行了评价。     

Application of different CFD multiphase models to investigate effects of baffles and nanoparticles on heat transfer enhancement

In this work, the effect of baffles in a pipe on heat transfer enhancement was studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the presence of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles which are dispersed into water. Fluid flow through the horizontal tube with uniform heat flux was simulated numerically and three dimensional governing partial differential equations were solved. To find an accurate model for CFD simulations, the results obtained by the single phase were compared with those obtained by three different multiphase models including Eulerian, mixture and volume of fluid (VOF) at Reynolds numbers in range of 600 to 3000, and two different nanoparticle concentrations (1% and 1.6%). It was found that multiphase models could better predict the heat transfer in nanofluids. The effect of baffles on heat transfer of nanofluid flow was also investigated through a baffled geometry. The numerical results show that at Reynolds numbers in the range of 600 to 2100, the heat transfer of nanofluid flowing in the geometry without baffle is greater than that of water flowing through a tube with baffle, whereas the difference between these effects (nanofluid and baffle) decreases with increasing the Reynolds number. At higher Reynolds numbers (2100–3000) the baffle has a greater effect on heat transfer enhancement than the nanofluid.     

Thermal performance and entropy generation for nanofluid jet injection on a ribbed microchannel with oscillating heat flux: Investigation of the first and second laws of thermodynamics

In current numerical study, forced flow and heat transfer of water/NDG (Nitrogen-doped graphene) nanofluid in nanoparticles mass fractions (φ) of 0, 2% and 4% at Reynolds numbers (Re) of 10, 50, 100 and 150 are simulated in steady states. Studied geometry is a two-dimensional microchannel under the influence of nanofluid jet injection. Temperature of inlet fluid equals with T_c=293 K and hot source of microchannel is under the influence of oscillating heat flux. Also, in this research, the effect of the variations of attack angle of triangular rib (15°, 30°, 45° and 60°) on laminar nanofluid flow behavior inside the studied rectangular geometry with the ratio of L/H=28 and nanofluid jet injection is investigated. Obtained results indicate that the increase of Reynolds number, nanoparticles mass fraction and attack angle of rib leads to the increase of pressure drop. By increasing fluid viscosity, momentum depreciation of fluid in collusion with microchannel surfaces enhances. Also, the increase of attack angle of rib at higher Reynolds numbers has a great effect on this coefficient. At low Reynolds numbers, due to slow motion of fluid, variations of attack angle of rib, especially in angles of 30°, 45° and 60° are almost similar. By increasing fluid velocity, the effect of the variations of attack angle on pressure drop becomes significant and pressure drop figures act differently. In general, by using heat transfer enhancement methods in studied geometry, heat transfer increases almost 25%.     

Development and evaluation of vipertex enhanced heat transfer tubes for use in fouling conditions

Heat transfer enhancement is important in the development of high performance thermal systems. Some enhanced tubes that are currently on the market are vulnerable to fouling. Economic and technical problems associated with fouling in process systems have been previously discussed in literature; however, they still require additional examination. Parameters that influence fouling include: surface geometry, surface temperature, surface material/finish, fluid dynamics, flow velocity and fluid properties. Vipertex? enhanced surfaces are optimized process surfaces that increase heat transfer through a combination of factors that include: increasing fluid turbulence, secondary flow development, disruption of the thermal boundary layer and increasing the heat transfer surface area. Vipertubes? that have been exposed to a fouling environment produce more heat transfer than smooth tubes exposed to the same fouling conditions; additionally there was less total fouling over a given time period. The reduction in the rate of fouling is the result of secondary flow patterns that form as a result of the patented Vipertex surface design. These secondary flows circulate near the tube surface and clean it; slowing down the buildup of materials. Vipertex EHT series tubes enhance heat transfer (even under fouling conditions), minimize operating costs and recover more energy than smooth tubes under the same conditions. These surfaces provide an opportunity to advance the design of various heat transfer products.     

方形微通道内超临界CO2流动换热特性研究

采用SST k-ω湍流模型对加热条件下超临界CO₂在方形微通道内的流动换热特性进行了数值模拟。通过对比三种壁面平均传热系数、浮升力参数和二次流强度的沿程变化研究了管型、热通量、质量流量和倾斜角度对微通道内流动换热性能的影响。结果表明：水平方形微通道的整体换热性能优于相同水力直径的半圆形微通道。流体域典型截面的温度分布、速度分布和湍动能分布等信息可以很好地解释水平方向流动时上、下壁面传热差异的现象。减小热通量、增大质量流量或减小流体流动方向与重力方向之间的夹角,可提高方形微通道的整体换热水平。该模拟结果对以超临界CO₂为工质的微通道换热器的设计和优化具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Investigating the efficacy of nanofluids as coolants in plate heat exchangers (PHE)

The efficacy of nanofluids as coolants is investigated in the present study. For the nanofluids tested, systematic measurements confirmed that the thermophysical properties of the base fluid are considerably affected by the nanoparticle addition. A typical nanofluid, namely a 4% CuO suspension in water, is selected next and its performance in a commercial herringbone-type PHE is experimentally studied. The new experimental data confirmed that besides the physical properties, the type of flow inside the heat exchanging equipment also affects the efficacy of a nanofluid as coolant. The fluid viscosity seems also to be a crucial factor for the heat exchanger performance. It is concluded that in industrial heat exchangers, where large volumes of nanofluids are necessary and turbulent flow is usually developed, the substitution of conventional fluids by nanofluids seems inauspicious.     

Boiling local heat transfer enhancement in minichannels using nanofluids

This paper reports an experimental study on nanofluid convective boiling heat transfer in parallel rectangular minichannels of 800 μm hydraulic diameter. Experiments are conducted with pure water and silver nanoparticles suspended in water base fluid. Two small volume fractions of silver nanoparticles suspended in water are tested: 0.000237% and 0.000475%. The experimental results show that the local heat transfer coefficient, local heat flux, and local wall temperature are affected by silver nanoparticle concentration in water base fluid. In addition, different correlations established for boiling flow heat transfer in minichannels or macrochannels are evaluated. It is found that the correlation of Kandlikar and Balasubramanian is the closest to the water boiling heat transfer results. The boiling local heat transfer enhancement by adding silver nanoparticles in base fluid is not uniform along the channel flow. Better performances and highest effect of nanoparticle concentration on the heat transfer are obtained at the minichannels entrance.     

螺旋扭扁管强化传热与阻力性能的模拟分析

运用数值模拟的方法对螺旋扭扁管的传热与阻力性能进行了分析与研究,并与普通椭圆直管相比较,研究了管内流体的Re、Pr以及管子几何尺寸对其管内传热与流动性能的影响。结果表明,螺旋扭扁管是一种较好的强化传热元件,尤其对具有高Pr数的大粘度流体在低Re数的层流或过渡流时具有较好的强化传热效果。根据数值模拟的结果,利用多元线性回归的方法给出了努塞尔数Nu和阻力系数f的准则公式。     

管内螺旋液固两相流的流动行为及传热

利用Fluent-EDEM耦合方法对管内插螺旋线的液固两相流动与传热进行数值模拟,分析了螺旋线对固相颗粒的诱导碰撞作用和液固两相流传热性能的影响. 通过实验验证,模拟值与实验值的偏差为6.3%~13.8%. 模拟结果表明,与管内未插螺旋线对比,管内插螺旋线对液固两相流体具有诱导作用,使流体呈螺旋流状态;在流体离心力和螺旋线共同作用下,贴近管内壁运动的固体颗粒体积分数由0.44%提高到3.27%;相同雷诺数Re条件下,内插螺旋线液固两相流传热方法的努赛尔数Nu最大. 在Re≤60000范围内,内插螺旋线液固两相流的综合评价指标值均高于内插螺旋线和液固两相流单独作用方式. 因此,该技术适用于低Re下管内防垢除垢及强化传热的工况.     

3种管内强化管沸腾换热性能对比

对3种不同螺纹结构的强化管的管内沸腾换热性能进行对比实验研究, 采用R22为实验工质。3种强化管的内径和外径相同, 分别为6.9 mm和7.92 mm;管外均为光滑表面, 管内的强化结构参数则不同:螺纹的螺旋角变化范围为14°~18°, 螺纹高为0.15~0.22 mm, 螺纹槽宽度为0.1~0.2 mm。在给定进口和出口制冷剂的状态下, 通过改变管内工质的质量流速, 测试3根强化管的换热特性与质量流速的关系, 并进行性能对比。实验结果表明:3种螺纹管管内沸腾传热系数分别比光管高出60%~80%, 80%~120%和80%。分析认为, 当流动处于层状流或者层状流与环状流的过渡区时, 较大的螺旋角有利于换热;当流体处于环状流时, 较多的螺纹头数有利于换热。     

降膜蒸发管内插往复螺旋强化传热实验研究

为有效解决降膜蒸发器加热管中传热效率与结垢问题,提出了一种降膜蒸发管内插往复螺旋强化传热技术,强化管内插螺旋运动与管壁碰撞过程。实验研究内插螺旋的结构参数、螺旋往复行程,以及热通量、蒸发压力以及溶液喷淋密度等工艺参数对降膜蒸发过程传热性能影响。实验结果表明,此技术的除垢防垢性能及传热性能优于空管及单纯的内插螺旋性能,在螺旋外径d=30 mm、螺距f=45 mm、丝径e=1.8 mm、往复行程H=100 mm时,其传热系数分别是空管和单纯的内插螺旋的2.08和1.26倍。通过对管内蒸发侧传热系数进行分析,总结得到与热通量、蒸发压力以及溶液喷淋密度相关的降膜蒸发传热系数关联式。     

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of alumina-water nanofluid in a square cavity

A lattice Boltzmann model is developed by coupling the density (D2Q9) and the temperature distribution functions with 9-speed to simulate the convection heat transfer utilizing Al₂O₃-water nanofluids in a square cavity. This model is validated by comparing numerical simulation and experimental results over a wide range of Rayleigh numbers. Numerical results show a satisfactory agreement between them. The effects of Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction on natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid are investigated in this study. Numerical results indicate that the flow and heat transfer characteristics of Al₂O₃-water nanofluid in the square cavity are more sensitive to viscosity than to thermal conductivity.     

Particle Shape and Aspect Ratio Effect of Al2O3–Water Nanofluid on Natural Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement in Differentially Heated Square Enclosures

The present numerical investigation, based on the finite volume method, deals with the characterization of flow and thermal fields inside differentially heated square enclosures filled with Al₂O₃–water nanofluid. The study focuses on the effect of shapes and aspect ratios of nanoparticles (NPs), depicted by Rayleigh number (Ra), solid volume fraction (?), and enclosure on both flow and heat transfer enhancement. Streamlines, isotherms contours, and velocity profiles as well as the average Nusselt number are considered. Results found show that the heat transfer rate increases with Rayleigh number as well as with nanofluid volume fraction. For the six different examined cases of NPs’ aspect ratios, nanofluid with oblate spheroids NPs (d_p = 0.13) was found to engender a significant enhancement in the overall heat transfer. In addition, heat transfer rate was more pronounced at great values of aspect ratios of NPs for prolate spheroids. Results also showed that heat transfer enhancement decreases as the Rayleigh number increases independently of the considered enclosure, shapes, and aspect ratios of NPs.     

结构参数对螺旋槽管传热与阻力性能影响的研究

利用计算流体动力学方法,研究了不同雷诺数下,几何尺寸对螺旋槽管传热及阻力性能的影响,结果表明,螺旋槽管在凸肋部前后产生了二次涡流,由螺旋形槽道形成的旋流都对边界层形成了扰动,传热性能得到了提高,同时也增加了阻力.在雷诺数相同时,槽越深,换热性能越好.同时流动阻力也有所增大;螺距、槽半径越大,换热效果降低,流动阻力也随之...     

Numerical simulation of natural convection in a square enclosure filled with nanofluid using the two-phase Lattice Boltzmann method

Considering interaction forces (gravity and buoyancy force, drag force, interaction potential force, and Brownian force) between nanoparticles and a base fluid, a two-phase Lattice Boltzmann model for natural convection of nanofluid is developed in this work. It is applied to investigate the natural convection in a square enclosure (the left wall is kept at a high constant temperature (T_H), and the top wall is kept at a low constant temperature (T_C)) filled with Al₂O₃/H₂O nanofluid. This model is validated by comparing numerical results with published results, and a satisfactory agreement is shown between them. The effects of different nanoparticle fractions and Rayleigh numbers on natural convection heat transfer of nanofluid are investigated. It is found that the average Nusselt number of the enclosure increases with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction and increases more rapidly at a high Rayleigh number. Also, the effects of forces on nanoparticle volume fraction distribution in the square enclosure are studied in this paper. It is found that the driving force of the temperature difference has the biggest effect on nanoparticle volume fraction distribution. In addition, the effects of interaction forces on flow and heat transfer are investigated. It is found that Brownian force, interaction potential force, and gravity-buoyancy force have positive effects on the enhancement of natural convective heat transfer, while drag force has a negative effect.     

螺旋套管换热器壳程流体湍流换热热力性能数值研究

利用计算流体力学软件对内管为螺纹管的螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的湍流流动和换热性能进行了数值模拟。通过与内管为光管的研究结果对比,揭示了内管为螺纹管时壳程流体的速度场和温度场分布,研究了雷诺数、槽高对壳程流体湍流流动及换热性能的影响,并利用场协同原理初步揭示了螺纹复合螺旋流动强化流体换热的机理。结果表明,螺纹内管的螺纹凸起对螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的扰流和导流作用明显,在研究范围内(Re=10000～24000),内管为螺纹管的螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的传热效率较内管为光管的模型最大提高了22.1%;结构参数相同时,随着Re增大,螺旋套管换热器壳程流体的Nu逐渐增大,阻力系数f逐渐减小,综合评价因子Ψ逐渐减小,在研究范围内,Nu最大增加了85.6,f最大减少了0.008,Ψ从1.35减小至1.18。当Re一定时,当量高度h’增大,f逐渐增大,Nu先增大后减小。由场协同原理分析得出,h’=0.220时,在螺纹凸起扰流和导流的作用下壳程流体的温度场与速度场协同性能较好,综合评价因子Ψ最大,螺纹的优化当量高度h’宜取约0.220。     

水-铜纳米流体强化小型毛细泵回路换热特性

在稳定的低压条件下,对以水-Cu纳米流体为工质的小型平板式毛细泵回路（CPL）的换热特性进行了实验研究。实验中纳米颗粒的平均粒径为20 nm,纳米流体质量分数为0.2%～2.0%。工作压力为5.62、9.58、15.74 kPa。研究了纳米颗粒质量分数和运行压力对CPL换热性能、最大热通量和热阻的影响。实验结果表明,水-Cu纳米流体替代纯水能够显著提高CPL的换热性能,蒸发器的传热系数最大可提高40％,最大热通量提高18%。存在着一个对应于最大强化换热能力的最佳质量分数,在实验压力范围内最佳纳米颗粒质量分数为1.0%。水-Cu纳米流体是一种适合在CPL中使用的强化传热工质。运行压力对CPL换热特性也有明显影响,压力越高,CPL换热的强化效果越显著。