某挖掘机高强螺栓断裂原因分析

某挖掘机连接下车架与回转支承的36支高强螺栓在使用过程中全部发生断裂。采用宏观检验、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验等方法,结合螺栓装配、挖机工况等因素,对该批螺栓断裂的原因进行了调查分析。结果表明:螺栓断裂的性质为疲劳断裂;断裂的原因是螺栓装配不良,导致螺栓在使用中轻微松动,在挖掘机工作过程中的剪切力作用下,螺栓松动处产生疲劳裂纹,最终导致螺栓断裂。     

螺栓断裂分析

采用多种分析手段对螺栓断口及基体进行分析,并从螺栓的使用环境、受力情况及工作状况分析和探讨了断裂的原因。结果表明,螺栓的断裂是由于缝隙腐蚀引起,在应力腐蚀及腐蚀疲劳的作用下最终导致螺栓断裂,是由多种因素综合所致。     

高强度钛合金螺栓断裂失效分析

规格为M4×30 mm高强度钛合金螺栓在正常预紧装配后自行断裂。采用金相检验、扫描电镜断口分析、二次离子质谱分析和螺栓的受力分析等方法对螺栓断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明,螺栓断裂的性质为低应力脆性断裂,断裂机理为氢致延迟断裂,导致螺栓氢致延迟断裂的原因主要与该批棒材原始氢含量过高有关。     

洗衣机螺栓断裂失效分析

某洗衣机螺栓在安装过程中发生断裂失效,为查明螺栓断裂的原因,对断裂螺栓进行了化学成分分析、宏观分析、金相检验和断口微观形貌分析。结果表明：螺栓断裂是由于其制造时产生了严重的带状组织,降低了螺栓的许可扭转力矩,导致螺栓在安装过程中发生扭转断裂。     

蜗轮连接螺栓断裂失效分析

装卸料机上的蜗轮连接螺栓材料为35钢,强度等级为10.9级,在设备运行大约10a后发生断裂。对断裂螺栓进行宏观、化学成分、硬度、金相、能谱和断口分析后得出,该螺栓的断裂性质为双向弯曲疲劳断裂,螺栓表面的脱碳和螺纹颈部的应力集中降低了该部位的疲劳性能。通过综合分析和螺栓受力估算后得出,螺栓断裂的主要原因是螺栓和内齿轮螺栓孔之间存在较大的间隙,使螺栓的受力状态和受力大小过早地发生了变化,造成连接螺栓疲劳断裂。     

吊车转盘连接螺栓断裂分析

吊车转盘后部的连接螺栓发生断裂,通过化学成分分析、宏观和微观检验等方法对断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明：螺栓为疲劳断裂,螺纹根部的细小裂纹是导致螺栓发生疲劳断裂的主要原因;螺栓松动后受到弯曲载荷是引起螺栓发生疲劳断裂的诱因。     

某铁路桥梁用20MnTiB钢高强螺栓断裂原因

某铁路主桥钢桁梁杆间20MnTiB钢高强螺栓发生断裂。采用复检试验、化学成分分析、金相检验、硬度测试、力学性能测试和断口分析等方法,分析了螺栓断裂的原因。结果表明：螺栓的断裂形式为氢致断裂,断裂原因是螺栓中锰元素含量偏高,导致耐腐蚀性下降,长期在潮湿环境下服役,致使螺栓发生氢致断裂。     

柴油机用高强度螺栓断裂失效分析

某柴油机用30CrMoSi钢高强度螺栓在使用过程中发生断裂。通过化学成分分析、金相检验、断口分析、硬度测试等方法对螺栓断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:螺栓断裂为早期疲劳断裂,螺栓螺纹根部存在加工缺陷以及螺栓材料中存在较多的非金属夹杂物是导致其疲劳断裂的主要原因。最后针对螺栓断裂原因提出了预防措施。     

发动机凸轮轴正时带轮紧固螺栓断裂原因分析

某汽车发动机凸轮轴正时带轮紧固螺栓在台架耐久试验中发生断裂。通过宏观检验、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验以及断口分析等方法对螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:该紧固螺栓的断裂模式为疲劳断裂;螺栓未紧固到设计要求的预紧力,导致其在使用过程中发生松动,在交变应力作用下螺栓螺纹旋合部位萌生裂纹,最终导致螺栓发生疲劳断裂。     

直升机主桨毂顶盖连接螺栓断裂原因

某直升机主桨毂顶盖连接螺栓在定检时发现一根已断裂。采用宏观观察、微观分析、金相检验、能谱分析、硬度测试及受力分析等方法对连接螺栓的断裂原因进行了分析。结果表明:主桨毂顶盖连接螺栓的断裂性质为疲劳断裂。主桨毂顶盖连接螺栓侧面存在磨损,断裂螺栓的偏斜角度增大从而受到较大的附加弯矩,附加弯矩产生较大的剪切应力,叠加使用过程中的循环应力,使得连接螺栓沿根部发生疲劳断裂。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...