大规格SAE4330V-MOD合金钢金矿钻杆的热处理工艺

通过对大规格SAE4330V-MOD合金钢金矿钻杆进行不同温度的淬火和回火热处理,探讨研究了该合金钢的调质热处理工艺。结果表明:将该钢先加热到650℃保温3h,然后升温至860℃保温6h后淬入不高于70℃水中,最后在620℃回火6h后出炉空冷,该钢可获得均匀细小的回火索氏体组织,且抗拉强度、冲击功和硬度等达到最佳匹配,各项力学性能均能满足技术要求;若该钢热处理前的原始组织中存在少量的贝氏体,则会导致其热处理后的力学性能不能满足技术要求,因此热处理前应严格控制该钢的原始显微组织。     

热处理保温时间对25Mn2钢力学性能和显微组织的影响

对25Mn2钢进行了不同工艺的热处理,研究了淬火保温时间和回火保温时间对其力学性能和显微组织的影响,以探讨优化其热处理工艺的可能性。结果表明：回火保温时问对力学性能的影响是显著的,而淬火保温时间对力学性能的影响并不显著;在淬火温度为900℃,回火温度为615℃的条件下,回火保温20min是必要且足够的;经优化后工艺热处理25Mn2钢的力学性能能较好地满足API5CT标准要求。     

XCQ16-1车桥用钢调质热处理工艺的研究

为了提高整体式车桥用钢的综合力学性能,对XCQ16-1钢进行了调质热处理工艺研究.通过材料单向拉伸、冲击和硬度等试验,研究了不同回火温度、回火保温时间、淬火温度和淬火保温时间对XCQ16-1钢力学性能的影响规律,制定了试验条件下的调质热处理工艺,并分析了不同工艺参数对材料组织的影响规律.试验结果表明:回火工艺对XCQ16-1钢组织和力学性能的影响比较大,随回火温度的升高和回火保温时间的延长,材料的强度性能下降,塑性和韧性指标上升.经860℃保温30min淬火+470℃保温90min回火调质处理后,该材料可获得良好的综合性能.     

ZG15Cr2Mo1钢力学性能差异较大的原因分析

ZG15Cr2Mo1钢在力学性能检测时结果差异较大,通过室温和高温力学性能试验、化学成分分析、金相检验等方法对两组力学性能差异较大的试样进行了分析,并确定了合理的热处理工艺。结果表明:热处理工艺不稳定导致的显微组织差异是该钢力学性能差异较大的主要原因;在920～970℃保温8～12h正火和720～760℃保温8～12h回火,可使该钢组织均匀,获得较好的综合力学性能。     

热处理工艺参数对超高强度衬板用合金钢组织及冲击磨料磨损性能的影响

对于一种自行设计成分的超高强度衬板用合金钢进行了热处理试验,采用正交试验及极差分析的方法,分析了热处理参数对试验钢力学性能的影响。通过冲击磨料磨损试验,对比优化后工艺及原有工艺的耐磨性,进一步研究了热处理参数对耐磨性的影响。结果表明,各热处理参数对硬度均影响不大,回火温度对试验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度影响最大,淬火温度对试验钢的冲击韧性影响最大。试验钢的最优热处理工艺为:(950℃保温1.5h)油淬+(300℃保温2h)回火+空冷至室温。试验钢在热处理后获得了均匀的贝氏体+马氏体+残余奥氏体混合组织,抗拉强度达到1839MPa,屈服强度达到1631MPa,硬度达到50.1HRC,冲击韧性值达到11.9J/cm2,综合力学性能良好,且耐磨性在任何冲击功条件下均高于原有工艺。     

循环淬火工艺对连铸10CrNi3MoV钢组织与性能的影响

针对高温热成型及正常调质处理后结构件用连铸10CrNi3MoV钢性能恶化这一问题,采用循环淬火热处理工艺研究了力学性能、显微组织及晶粒度。结果表明,采用860℃三次循环淬火+高温回火(630℃×3 h)热处理工艺,能够有效细化连铸10CrNi3MoV钢的晶粒,改善其低温韧性,使其力学性能满足使用要求。     

热处理工艺对1Cr15Ni4Mo3N钢组织和性能的影响

通过力学性能测试和显微组织观察,研究了热处理工艺对1Cr15Ni4M03N钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：该钢经780℃×5h空冷和590℃×4h空冷二级退火处理后具有良好的切削性能,适合进行机加工;再经过1070℃×1h油淬、-70℃冷处理和200-470℃回火处理后,可获得较好的综合力学性能。     

45钢原始奥氏体晶界的显示方法

利用控温水浴锅,对经不同工艺热处理的45钢原始奥氏体晶界的显示方法进行了系统的研究。结果表明:对860℃保温1h水淬的45钢试样进行250℃回火15min后,再在70℃水浴锅中用30mL过饱和苦味酸+5mL缓蚀剂侵蚀10min,可清晰地显示出其原始奥氏体晶界。     

热处理工艺对连铸10CrNi3MoV钢性能的影响

针对高温热成型及正常调质处理后连铸10CrNi3MoV钢性能恶化这一问题,研究了循环/亚温淬火热处理工艺,进行了力学性能测试、显微组织观察及晶粒度评定.结果表明,采用亚温淬火( 835℃×2h+ 820℃×2h)+高温回火(630℃×3h)热处理工艺,可有效细化连铸10CrNi3MoV钢的晶粒,显著改善其低温韧性,使其...     

两相区淬火对7Ni钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜和热膨胀仪,研究两相区淬火温度和保温时间对7Ni钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。基于热膨胀曲线,定量地测量了7Ni钢在淬火+两相区淬火+回火(QLT)工艺各阶段的逆转奥氏体生成量及转变速率,揭示逆转奥氏体的转变过程。结果表明:逆转奥氏体在QLT工艺中的转变依次经历了淬火保温、淬火冷却、回火保温、回火冷却四个过程。适当升高两相区淬火温度和延长保温时间,有利于回火过程中逆转奥氏体的转变,并促进其均匀分布,从而使7Ni钢强度降低,塑韧性增强。两相区淬火工艺为660℃保温30min时,7Ni钢综合力学性能达到最佳,并完全满足标准ASTM A553规定的9Ni钢的力学性能要求。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...