遗传算法在波导裂缝阵列天线设计中的应用

本文采用遗传算法分两步优化矩形波导裂缝天线阵,首先对天线阵元激励幅值进行了初步优化,直接利用可分离型分布,大大简化了初步设计的过程,并将阵元激励幅值比值作为优化参量以利于波导结构的馈电;在随后进行的波导裂缝阵列阵元的偏置量和缝隙长度的优化上动态处理阵元的互耦并结合Elliott设计思想,采用遗传算法得出的3cm(1×4)缝阵结果验证了GA算法的有效性和准确性,并完成了72元矩形波导裂缝阵列的阵面优化,为大中型阵列优化提供了一种有效的方法.     

Off-center-frequency analysis of a complete planarslotted-waveguide array consisting of subarrays

An iterative procedure for calculating the off-center-frequency performance of a complete planar slotted-waveguide array, which consists of an arbitrary number of subarrays, is presented. The analysis includes the effects of the coupling slots from the main feed lines to the branch line guides, as well as the effects of RF manifolds, power splitters, or comparators used to distribute the power from the antenna input to the multiple subarray main lines. The procedure is applied to a large planar array for which dimensions have been obtained from an accurate metrology exercise. Good agreement between the predicted and measured performance of the array is demonstrated     

Asymmetric ridge waveguide radiating element for a scanned planararray

A novel linear array radiating element for use in a large low-sidelobe, planar slot array electronically scanned in azimuth is described. The planar array consists of many vertical resonant linear array elements; i.e. single ridge waveguides with broadwall shunt slots, closely spaced to avoid array grating lobes when the array is scanned in azimuth. Traditional linear broadwall slot arrays require alternating slot displacement from the waveguide centerline, which generates undesirable secondary beams in skewed directions during electronic scan. To eliminate the secondary beams, a design has been devised in which all slots are exactly collinear and lie on the waveguide centerline. The methods considered to achieve the required waveguide asymmetry, the design procedure used in the successful approach, and the experimental results obtained with a demonstration model are presented     

基于液晶的太赫兹反射式波束扫描天线

提出了一种基于液晶的太赫兹电控反射式移相器及其构成的波束扫描阵列天线。通过采用液晶调控的开槽结构移相器,解决了液晶调控过程中谐振层覆盖面不足造成的液晶取向不均、边缘效应和饱和电压增大等问题。设计了工作在380 GHz三开槽的移相器,对谐振频点的表面电流分布和谐振频点进行了仿真分析。数值计算结果表明当液晶相对介电常数在2.47~3.26范围内变化,377~392 GHz频率范围内移相器能够实现360°的相移。采用三开槽结构反射相移单元,设计了工作于380 GHz的电控波束扫描阵列天线,实现了30°范围内的一维波束扫描,主瓣增益大于20 dBi。     

A Novel Wideband Subarray Technique for Shaped Pattern Generation and Adaptively Interference Rejection

In this article, a simple and efficient technique for the wideband shaped beam and sector beam pattern generation with their adaptive interference rejection is proposed. A microcontroller controlled and time delay based beam forming network for simultaneously generating multiple beams, shaped beam and sector beam is conceptualized. The antenna patterns considered here is formed by linear array of isotropic elements grouped as subarray. The shaped and sector beam synthesis procedure is practically simplified by simultaneous adding the constituents beams from the subarrays, was theoretically established by Woodward and Lawson (Proc. IEE. 95(1):362–370, 1948). Apart from the shaped beam generation a technique for adaptive interference rejection in shaped patterns using combination of time delay and phase shifter is discussed. This topic promises good prospect for wideband pattern generation and interference rejection.     

The design of small slot arrays

The differences in mutual coupling for a central slot and a peripheral slot cannot be ignored in small arrays if good patterns and impedance are to be obtained. A theory has been developed whereby the length and offset of every slot in the array can be determined, in the presence of mutual coupling, for a specified aperture distribution and impedance match. The theory enlarges on Stevenson's method, and uses a modified form of Booker's relation based on Babinet's principle to treat nonresonant longitudinal shunt slots in the broad wall of a rectangular waveguide. A general relation between slot voltage and mode voltage is developed, and then formulas are derived for the active, self-, and mutual admittances among slots. These formulas result in a design procedure. Analogous treatments of inclined series slots in rectangular guide and of strip-line-fed slots are possible. Comparison between various experiments and the theory is presented. Tests of the theory include the resonant length of a zero offset slot, resonant conductance versus offset and resonant conductance versus frequency for a single slot, and self- and mutual admittances for two staggered slots. The design and performance of a two-by-four longitudinal shunt slot array is also described.     

A feasibility study of stripline-fed slots arranged as a planararray with circular grid and circular boundary

An experimental study of the self-impedance of stripline-fed slots has been undertaken, with slot length and slot offset relative to the strip as parameters. The slot is cut in one wall of a parallel plate waveguide, and locally a cylindrical cavity is created around the slot by two ρ=constant walls and two φ=constant walls. Such cavities can be used as modules to build a circular-grid planar array. Anticipating a corporate feed, it is demonstrated that sufficient dynamic range in the self-impedance to overcome the effects of mutual coupling is achievable, thereby opening up the prospect of an efficient circular-grid array for seeker antenna applications that require good sum and difference patterns     

2 X 2 etched slot array with corporate slotline feed network

Measured and simulated results for a planar 2times2 slot array corporately fed by a slotline feed network are presented. The antenna array has a coplanar-waveguide input port and the slots are etched on the finite ground plane of a single substrate. The coplanar-waveguide transmission line is transitioned into a four-way slotline feed network, which directly feeds the four half-wavelength slots from the narrow edges of the slots. An experimental array achieved an impedance bandwidth of more than 12%, stable bidirectional radiation patterns with low cross-polarisation, and a maximum gain of more than 8 dBi.     

W波段宽带SIW背腔缝隙天线

W波段（75~110 GHz）的电磁波大气吸收率低、波长短、可用频带宽,在雷达、通信等领域应用广泛.文章设计了一种W波段基片集成波导（substrate integrated waveguide,SIW）背腔缝隙天线,-10 dB的阻抗带宽达到28.6%（78.93~105.24 GHz）,覆盖了W波段75%的频带范围.天线采用双层基片结构.上层为SIW谐振腔及四条辐射缝隙构成的谐振辐射单元,谐振腔内同时存在TM₁₃₀与TM₃₁₀混合模、TM₃₂₀模以及TM₃₃₀模三种高次模,和辐射缝隙一起形成多谐特性,实现带宽拓展;底层为通过耦合缝隙馈电的集成波导,易于扩展成平面网络,构建高增益背腔缝隙天线阵列.该天线频带宽、交叉极化低、剖面低、易于与平面微波电路集成、加工成本低,具有良好的应用前景.     

Analysis of a dual circularly polarized microstrip antenna fed bycrossed slots

A dual circularly polarized, wideband microstrip antenna fed by two perpendicular crossed slots is analyzed in this work. The cross shaped aperture in the ground plane provides coupling between the microstrip patch and a single microstrip line underneath the ground plane, traversing the four arms of the cross in a serial manner, thereby generating four coupling points in phase quadratures for both senses of circular polarization. The analysis of this antenna incorporates two stages: In the first one, the individual load impedances are computed via an integral equation based on reciprocity, assuming no interactions between the ports. The second stage employs a transmission line model where the four coupling points are considered as lumped loads along the feed line. An iterative scheme employs the transmission line model for the determination of the actual impedances of each coupling point, including the mutual interactions with the other coupling points. This procedure provides control over the overall level of radiated energy; hence it can be used in the design procedure of this antenna as a serial or parallel fed array element. The computed results agree very well with measurements. The antenna attains a -3 dB gain bandwidth of 13% to 15%, a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 48%, and -15 dB return loss bandwidth of 60%     

Compared broad-wall slots for array applications

An overview of the theory, properties, and potential applications of compound slots is given. Methods for analyzing compound slots are discussed. Scattering properties of the compound slot are examined, covering resonance and the equivalent circuit model, resonant length scattering in the main waveguide, the aperture electric field, and off-resonant characteristics. Array characteristics are also considered, including external mutual coupling, internal higher order mode coupling, and some factors to consider in designing array configurations. Problems remaining to be solved are indicated     

C型及L-C型缝隙在波导纵缝阵中的应用

在借鉴前人工作的基础上,提出了一种波导缝隙平面阵末端馈点改进型的缝隙样式,即C型缝隙和L-C型组合缝隙。文中主要讨论了这两种缝隙的理论依据、在波导缝隙驻波阵中的工作原理和应用形式,并在理论分析的基础上,对这两种缝隙的单缝隙电参数性能、在波导缝隙阵末端馈电的应用等进行数值仿真。理论分析和数值仿真都证实了这两种缝隙形式在驻波阵末端馈电应用中,确实能够简化设计,并得到比已有的几种方法更好的性能。     

A circularly polarized conical beam spherical slot array antenna

This paper proposes a circularly polarized conical beam spherical slot array antenna which is suitable for a low elevation angle land mobile satellite communication subscriber. The structure of this antenna type is very simple to fabricate; i.e. a ring of perpendicular slot pairs is cut on an outer surface of a concentric conducting spherical cavity. From the assumption of weak coupling of the slots from the cavity, the conical beam pattern can be obtained. Experimental results that verify the conical beam radiation are in good agreement with the design.     

Waveguide-fed parallel plate slot array antenna

A novel planar antenna in which radiating slots are arrayed on one side of a square parallel plate waveguide and coupling slots occupy the other side is proposed. The antenna is excited via the coupling slots by a rectangular waveguide. In order to suppress unwanted reflections and to assure the purity of the transverse electromagnetic traveling-wave mode in the parallel plate waveguide, all the slots are arrayed in pairs. An X-band model antenna was fabricated, and uniform aperture illumination was demonstrated with 48% antenna efficiency. These results demonstrate the feasibility of antennas of this type     

Scanning characteristics of ferrite fed microstrip array antenna

A new ferrite fed microstrip scanning array antenna is proposed which is capable of beam scanning in the azimuthal plane as well as in the elevation plane. The antenna consists of eight microstrip arrays, each having six elements in cascade. The antenna is fed with a ferrite loaded rectangular to circular waveguide transition. The coupling between the feed system and diOEerent arrays is achieved through slots cut in the circular waveguide. Theoretical investigations of the proposed antenna exhibit a beam scanning of ±180° in the azimuthal plane with the help of dc bias and 90° in the elevation plane for ±750 MHz deviation. A scan rate of 0:06° MHz^?1 is achieved for each array antenna in the elevation plane, which makes it suitable for radar. Continuous uniform beam shift is observed during scanning.     

Low-cost broadband millimetre-wave array antenna using waveguide/microstrip feed network and slot pair

A low-cost broadband millimetre-wave planar 30/spl times/30 array antenna is presented. The antenna is fed by a microstrip feed network in the H-plane to decrease fabrication costs, and a waveguide feed network in the E-plane to reduce the feed line loss. The waveguide and microstrip feed network are coupled through the proposed slot pair. The slots are placed one quarter of a guided-wavelength distance apart, so that the reflected waves from the slots cancel each other. A conductive bar is laid above the slots to increase the coupling, which increases the antenna gain by about 1 dBi. The maximum gain is 30.5 dBi at 41.5 GHz. The measured bandwidth is as broad as 7.1%.     

Dual-band toroidal beam antenna for WLAN communications

A novel dual-band toroidal beam antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) communications is presented. The antenna mainly consists of six dual-band inverted-L radiating elements and a twosection six-way microstrip power divider. By inserting slots into the radiating elements, two resonant frequencies are achieved at WLAN bands. By using the two-section six-way power divider, the six radiating elements are excited with equal amplitude and phase at the two working frequency bands. A prototype has been constructed and tested. Good toroidal beam radiation patterns for 2.4 and 5.2 GHz bands are obtained.     

一维液晶全息编码相控阵天线设计与实现

针对小型极化相控阵雷达精确信号目标探测应用背景,为降低传统T/R相控阵天馈系统设计及调试复杂度,满足低功耗、低损耗、低成本制造、轻薄等应用需求,提出了一种液晶全息编码相控阵天线.主体采用小型化全息辐射单元、慢波结构、平行板波导馈电系统构成的一维全息电控扫描相控阵天线,利用成熟液晶面板制造工艺,通过控制全息辐射单元下方液晶分子的偏转状态调节天线谐振频点,组成全息编码相控阵天线.天线结构通过仿真优化确定,并在实物加工和测量基础上通过全息优化算法及电压灰度控制降低由耦合作用引入的副瓣性能恶化度,用梯度递减的搜索算法结合适当的目标函数优化算法实现方向图的最优控制.实测结果表明,该天线的波束扫描角度达到±49°,经过算法优化后,波束指向角准确度改善3°,旁瓣抑制电平改善1.7 dB.     

A note on utilizing far-field phase information

The far-field phase information available from an antenna pattern is discarded in most system applications. Making use of such information for an angle-of-arrival estimation application across a relatively wide region of space is discussed in this note. The far-field phase difference response from two simultaneous shaped beam receive patterns generated by a linear array antenna is shown to provide an appropriate relative phase property for making unambiguous angle determinations.     

相控阵天线的耦合激励系数及盲点研究

为了深入探讨相控阵天线单元间的相互耦合,以阵列天线单元S参数为基础,分别分析了振子形式辐射单元和缝隙形式辐射单元组成阵列的辐射单元之间的耦合关系,并利用天线单元的耦合激励系数分析计算了阵中单元的有源辐射方向图。对阵列中每个单元的耦合激励系数的幅度和相位进行了分析,发现平行排列单元和轴向排列单元的耦合激励系数的相位存在差异,平行排列时激励单元与相邻单元间的相位相差较小,这种差异是阵列产生盲点的主要因素。