Tensile Properties and Structure of Several Superalloys after Long- Term Exposure to LiF and Vacuum at 1173 K

The use of the solid- to- liquid phase transformation of LiF to store thermal energy is under consideration for a space- based solar dynamic system. Although advantageous in terms of its energy density, the melting point of this salt (1121K) is beyond the commonly accepted upper- use temperature of 1100 K for chromium- bearing superalloys in vacuum. However, one commercially available nickel- base superalloy (Hastelloy B- 2) is chromium free; unfortunately, because of its high molybdenum content, this alloy can form phases that cause high- temperature embrittlement. To test the suitability of Hastelloy B- 2, it has been exposed to molten LiF, its vapor and vacuum at 1173 K for 2500, 5000, and 10 h. For control, the chromium- containing cobalt- base Haynes alloy 188 and nickel- base Haynes alloy 230 were also exposed to LiF and vacuum at 1173 K for 5000 h. Neither LiF nor vacuum exposures had any significant effect on Hastelloy B- 2 in terms of microstructural surface damage or weight change. Measurement of the post exposure tensile properties of Hastelloy B- 2, nevertheless, revealed low tensile ductility at 1050 K. Such embrittlement and low strength at elevated temperatures appear to preclude the use of Hastelloy B- 2 as a containment material for LiF. Little evidence of significant attack by LiF was seen in either of the chromium- containing superalloys; however, considerable weight loss and near- surface microstructural damage occurred in both alloys exposed to vacuum. Although measurement of the post exposure room-temperature tensile properties of Haynes alloys 188 and 230 revealed no significant loss of strength or ductility, the severe degree of microstructural damage found in unshielded alloys exposed to vacuum indicates that chromium-bearing superalloys might also be unsuitable for prolonged containment of LiF in space above 1100 K. Keywords     

Effect of High Density Current Pulses on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Wrought Superalloy

In this study,high density electric current pulse (ECP) treatment was introduced instead of the conventional solution treat-ment,and the γ'phase was completely dissolved under the ECP treatment within only several milliseconds at 1148 ℃.Due to the extremely short treatment time and high cooling rate,the growth of γ-phase matrix grain and γ'phase precipitate was effectively retarded.By comparing with the conventional heat process,the grain size of ECP treated sample was controlled to about 15 μm,the size of the re-precipitated γ'phase reduced from 65 to 35 nm,and the number density of γ'precipitate increased from 1.46 × 108 to 3.03 × 108/mm2.The Vickers hardness,ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the ECP treated sample were significantly improved.According to the theoretical derivation of kinetics,the ECP treatment introduces an extra electrical free energy which promoted the dissolution of γ'phase.The ECP treatment may provide a new method for solution treatment of the Ni-based superalloy.     

Mechanical properties of haynes alloy 188 after 22,500 hours of exposure to LiF-22CaF2 and vacuum at 1093 K

As a continuation of a study of a space-based thermal energy storage system centered on a LiF-CaF2 eutectic salt contained by Haynes alloy 188, this Co-base superalloy was subjected to molten salt, its vapor, and vacuum for 22,500 h at 1093 K. Samples from all three exposure conditions were tensile tested between 77 to 1200 K; in addition, vacuum and molten-salt exposed specimens were vacuum creep rupture tested at 1050 K. Comparison of these mechanical properties with those measured for the as-received alloy reveals no evidence for degradation beyond that ascribed to simple thermal aging of Haynes alloy 188. This behavior is identical to the 10,000 h results (Ref 3); hence, Haynes alloy 188 is a suitable containment material for an eutectic LiF-CaF₂ thermal energy storage salt.     

Surface Chemistry of Oxide Scale on IN-738LC Superalloy: Effect of Long-Term Exposure in Air at 1173 K

The oxidation kinetics of IN-738LC at 1173 K in dry air up to 1500 hr followed parabolic law. Surface morphology and the oxide phases present in the scale were characterized by SEM, XRD, EDS, FIB, and XPS. FIB investigation exhibited a compact and adherent oxide layer. XRD analysis revealed the presence of NiO, NiAl₂O₄, NiCr₂O₄ spinel, and Al₂O₃ on the top scale surface formed at 1173 K in dry air. Extensive XPS analyses revealed the presence of Cr₂O₃, CrO₂, and CrO₃ on the top scale surface formed on IN-738LC after 10 hr of exposure. The presence of TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, NiO, and NiAl₂O₄ and NiCr₂O₄ spinels along with the oxides of Ta at the top surface of the scale was observed after 100 hr of oxidation. The TiO₂ content was high on the surface and the entire scale cross section was composed mostly of Cr₂O₃, NiO, TiO₂, and Al₂O₃ after 100 hr of exposure to dry air at 1173 K. The concentration of Al₂O₃ on the surface of the oxide scale was found to increase after 100 hr of exposure and remained constant thereafter. After 300 and 1500 hr of exposure, the surface oxide was mainly Al₂O₃ along with oxides of Ni, Ti, and Cr. The oxide scale cross section consisted mostly of Al₂O₃ along with other oxides such as Cr₂O₃, NiO, and TiO₂. The oxide-scale composition was found to vary significantly with the duration of exposure to dry air at 1173 K.     

Tensile properties of haynes alloy 230 and inconel 617 after long exposures to LiF-22CaF2 and vacuum at 1093 K

As a part of a study of a space-based thermal energy storage system utilizing the latent heat of fusion of the eutectic salt LiF-20CaF₂ (mole%), the two wrought Ni-base superalloys Haynes alloy 230 and Inconel 617 were subjected to molten salt, its vapor, and vacuum for periods as long as 10,000 h at 1093 K. Following exposure, the microstructures were characterized, and samples from each superalloy were tensile tested between 77 and 1200 K. Neither the structure nor mechanical properties revealed evidence for additional degradation due to exposures to the salt. Although some loss in tensile properties was noted, particularly at 77 K, this reduction could be ascribed to the influence of simple aging at 1093 K.     

Chromia layer growth on a Ni-based superalloy: Sub-parabolic kinetics and the role of titanium

Oxidation of the Ni-based superalloy RR1000 has been undertaken in air over the temperature range 600–900 °C for times up to 5000 h. The surface oxide consisted of a protective Ti-doped chromia layer but with rutile forming on its outer surface. Sub-surface oxidation of Al and Ti also occurred. The thickening kinetics of the chromia layer were sub-parabolic with initial rates around two orders of magnitude higher than expected for Ti-free chromia. This enhancement and the sub-parabolic kinetics are accounted for by Ti-doping of the chromia layer. Over time the enhancement reduced because of Ti-depletion in the alloy.     

Effect of Long-Term Thermal Exposures on Tensile Behaviors of K416B Nickel-Based Superalloy

The effect of long-term thermal exposure on the tensile behavior of a high W content nickel-based superalloy K416B was investigated. The microstructure and the deformation characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and the phase transformation of the alloy during long-term thermal exposure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction patterns and differential thermal analysis. Results showed that after thermal exposure at 1000 °C, the MC carbides in the K416B alloy decomposed into M₆C. During tensile deformation, dislocations slipping in γ matrix crossed over the M₆C by Orowan bowing mechanism. With the increase of thermal exposure time, the secondary M₆C reduced greatly the yield strength of the alloy at room temperature. Meanwhile, the continuous distribution of the secondary M₆C with great brittleness in the grain boundary could become the main source of crack, which might change the fracture characteristic of the alloy from trans-granular to intergranular.     

真空热处理对陶瓷涂层性能的影响

研究了真空热处理对陶瓷涂层性能的影响以及起主要作用的工艺参数。提高热处理温度可提高涂层强度；经过真空热处理后，改善了涂层表面质量；在1000℃以下时，热处理升温速度不可以过快。     

Effect of 950 oC Thermal Exposure on Microstructures and Properties of Ni-Based K403 Alloys

针对镍基铸造高温合金K403,在950℃高温下分别进行了5、50和100h的热暴露试验,研究热暴露对K403合金显微组织和室温力学性能的影响。结果表明:K403合金经高温热暴露后,晶内和晶界析出M6C碳化物,γ’相聚集长大且边角发生钝化,随热暴露时间的延长,出现γ’相边角钝化变成圆形或近圆形,部分γ’相发生定向相互连接粗化的现象和趋势;合金的名义屈服强度和抗拉强度随热暴露时间的延长而下降,而塑性则明显提高,导致合金强度下降塑性提高的主要原因之一则是γ’强化相的聚集粗化;热暴露前后,室温拉伸断口均为枝晶组织断裂,热暴露后的试样拉伸断面出现少量沿晶断裂特征和浅而小的韧窝,且存在韧窝的数量随热暴露时间的延长而增多。     

真空处理在ZL101精铸件生产中的应用

阐述了利用真空感应熔炼炉对ZL101合金液进行真空处理的工艺过程,结果说明真空处理是消除铝合金铸件针(气)孔的有效措施.     

77 to 1200 K tensile properties of several wrought superalloys after long-term 1093 K heat treatment in air and vacuum

The 77 to 1200 K tensile properties of approximately 1.3 mm thick wrought sheet Co-base Haynes alloy 188 and Ni-base Haynes alloy 230 and Inconel 617 have been measured after heat treatment in air and vacuum for periods up to 22,500 h at 1093 K. Significant changes in structure were produced by prior exposures, including precipitation of second phases and, in the case of heat treatment in air, oxide scale and surface-connected grain boundary pits/oxides, as deep as 50 to 70 μm, in all three superalloys. Due to the geometry of the experiment, the vacuum-exposed samples were protected from loss of volatile elements by evaporation; hence, such specimens were simply given 1093 K anneals in an innocuous environment, which produced very little surface attack. Compared to the properties of as-received alloys, prior exposure tended to reduce both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength, with the greatest reductions at 77 and 298 K. The most dramatic effect of heat treatment was found in the low-temperature residual tensile elongation, where decreases from 40 to 5% at 77 K were found. Ductility is the only property that was found to have a consistent dependency on environment, with air exposure always yielding less tensile elongation than vacuum exposure.     

熔体温度处理对Al-19%Si合金组织和性能的影响

研究了熔体温度处理和热处理对Al-19%Si合金组织和性能的影响.实验结果发现,熔体温度处理可大大细化Al-19%Si合金的组织,明显提高其力学性能.熔体温度处理后,Al-19%Si合金的初生硅尺寸从80～100 μm被细化到20 μm以下,合金的抗拉强度从177 MPa提高到235 MPa.热处理能明显改善熔体温度处理后Al-19%Si合金的组织,大大提高其力学性能.热处理后,Al-19%Si合金组织中的初生硅棱角明显钝化,共晶硅明显球化,化合物相数量减少、尺寸减小.熔体温度处理与热处理相结合,可使Al-19%Si合金抗拉强度达到333 MPa.     

多元微合金化和热处理对稀土中锰白口铸铁组织和性能的影响

本文研究了多元微合金化和热处理对稀土中锰白口铸铁组织、机械性能和抗磨性的影响。结果表明,稀土中锰白口铸铁加入多元微合金后,组织细化,硬度略有提高,动态断裂韧性提高46.7%,抗磨性提高83.1%。采用新的热处理工艺可使其抗磨性得到进一步改善。     

Effect of Aging Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Creep Properties of the Cast Ni-Based Superalloy at Low Temperature

Effect of aging heat treatment on the grain boundary microstructure and creep properties of a cast Ni-based superalloy was investigated. With increasing aging temperature from 750 to 1000 ℃, M_(23)C_6 carbides along the grain boundaries evolve from fine distributed block, continuous film into the coarse discrete block. Moreover, the M_(23)C_6 carbides are mainly enveloped within γ’ layers along grain boundaries during 1000 ℃ aging. Creep rupture lifetime and elongation at 760 ℃ and 645 MPa are improved with increasing the aging temperature. In particular, the creep rupture lifetime of the specimens aging at 1000 ℃ is one order of magnitude higher than that of the specimens aging at 750 ℃. The enhancement of ductility induced by the γ’ envelopes plays a significant role in the improvement of creep rupture lifetime.     

Influence of heat exposure time on isothermal degradation of plasma sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings

In this work, the thermal degradation behavior of selected CoNiCrAlY coatings has been studied. Emphasis was placed upon the change of oxygen content, porosity, surface roughness, and oxidation behavior. The results show that the isothermal degradation of coatings was considerably influenced by the heat exposure time and powder particle distribution. The values of oxygen content, surface roughness, and TGO scales converge sharply into the stable extremes at the initial stage of heat exposure. The particle size has an effect on the oxygen content in as-sprayed coatings. After heat exposure, the difference of the oxygen content on coating deposited using between the smaller and larger particle was decreased. The cross-sectional porosity decreased at Stage I_P, increased at Stage II_P, and then decreased again. These could be due to the sintering effect at Stage I_P. The surface roughness decreased up to Stage I_R, but over Stage I_R, surface roughness was kept in relatively fixed value or increased slightly. The TGO thickness growth rate and parabolic oxidation rate constant are influenced by the surface roughness of coatings.     

智能控制真空差压铸造铝合金铸件组织和性能的研究

通过对智能控制真空差压铸造和重力铸造铝合金铸件组织和性能的比较,研究了新型的反重力铸造法-智能控制的真空差压铸造铝合金铸件的组织和性能。结果表明,智能控制的真空差压铸造工艺结晶形核和凝固补缩条件良好,铸件的晶粒细小,组织均匀致密,力学性能得到很大提高。     

真空结晶机搅拌装置结构优化设计

针对硝铵结晶反应釜扩容后工作负荷增加,反应釜搅拌装置振动和噪声随之上升,导致搅拌装置轴承、填料磨损加剧,反应釜密封不严等问题,提出此类设备改造的基本原则;结合试验对搅拌机架、搅拌轴密封和填料、减振装置进行了重新设计,解决了反应釜搅拌装置的振动和噪声问题,延长了搅拌装置轴承、填料寿命,提高了生产效率和产品质量。     

真空热处理对95W-3.5Ni-1.5Fe高密度合金组织和性能的影响

研究了真空热处理对95W－3．5Ni－1．5Fe高密度钨合金性能的影响。经真空热处理后，不但消除了氢脆的影响，还减少了磷的晶界偏析程度，使合金强韧性得到了改善。     

The effects of Cr and Al concentrations on the oxidation behavior of oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic alloys

The oxidation of six oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloys was investigated at 1050 °C in air up to 200 h. Al plays the dominant role in improving the oxidation resistance of the ODS alloys. Cr and Y are of importance in forming the stable Al₂O₃ scale. To produce the dense alumina layer with enhanced adherence to the metal substrate, the concentrations of Al and Cr should be larger than 2 and 14 wt.%, respectively.     

真空离子碳氮共渗工艺在采煤机双联齿轮上的应用

采煤机双联齿轮采用真空离子碳氮共渗处理 ,能避免齿面氧化脱碳 ,减少变形 ,完全满足双联齿轮技术要求。