共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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分析含能材料的五种典型冲击波引发的判据和有关数据,认为目前的判据局限于没有考虑装药微结构的影响。据此,提出了用局部化因子修正原判据的新思想。 相似文献
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Amir Weitz Gady Korogodsky Alex Tsoglin Dan Grinstein Levi Gottlieb 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2015,40(5):706-711
The hypothesis that gels, which have a variety of dissipation mechanisms in response to external forces can provide efficient energy deflection media protecting sensitive energetic materials from accidental initiation is explored. Entrapment of explosives, with an emphasis on peroxide materials, in gels is demonstrated as a general method to substantially lower explosives sensitivity diverting stimuli from the sensitive materials to the gel. Friction is a more difficult stimulus to dissipate in comparison to impact. The desensitization method developed, is with minimal material manipulations. Practical considerations as mode of application, solubility, and controlling speed of gelation determine that the method of choice is a sol‐gel process using a mixture of three alkylalkoxysilanes, RnSi(OR′)4–n, producing a hybrid organic‐inorganic gel enabling complete triacetone triperoxide (TATP) desensitization at 20–25 % v/v concentrations. 相似文献
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Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz Farhad Seif Hossein Soury 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2014,39(2):284-288
The brisance parameter can be used to show the shattering power of an energetic compound and the speed to reach its peak pressure. It determines the effectiveness with which an explosive can fragment a shell. Nowadays, the sand test or sand crushing test is the preferred method for brisance measurements but there is no reliable method for the prediction of the brisance parameter. In this paper, a method for the prediction of the brisance through sand test for pure and mixed energetic materials as well as aluminized explosives is reported. It is based on the molecular structure of the desired compound and once the conclusion is established any experimental data is redundant. The calculated brisance relative to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (=100) shows good agreement with the measured values. 相似文献
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国外含能材料发展动态李上文赵凤起(西安近代化学研究所西安710065)NewDevelopmentsofEnergeticMaterialsAbroadLiShangwenZhaoFengqi(Xi'anModernChemistryResearch... 相似文献
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Frank Roeske Jerry Benterou Ronald Lee Edward Roos 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2003,28(2):53-57
A femtosecond (fs) laser has been used as a tool for solving many problems involving access, machining, disassembly, inspection and avoidance of undesirable hazardous waste streams in systems containing energetic materials. Because of the unique properties of the interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with matter, the femtosecond laser can be used to safely cut these energetic materials in a precise manner without creating an unacceptable waste stream. Many types of secondary high explosives (HE) and propellants have been cut with the laser for a variety of applications ranging from disassembly of aging conventional weapons (demilitarization), inspection of energetic components of aging systems to creating unique shapes of HE for purposes of initiation and detonation physics studies. Hundreds of samples of energetic materials have been cut with the fs laser without ignition and, in most cases, without changing the surface morphology of the cut surfaces. The laser has also been useful in cutting nonenergetic components in close proximity to energetic materials. 相似文献
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Weiqiang Pang Xuezhong Fan Yunna Xue Huixiang Xu Wei Zhang Xiaohong Zhang Yonghong Li Yang Li Xiaobing Shi 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2013,38(2):278-285
The compatibility of tetraethylammonium decahydrodecaborate (BHN) with some energetic components and inert materials of solid propellants was studied by DSC method, where glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine (HMX), lead 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐onate (NTO‐Pb), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20), 3,4‐dinitrofurzanfuroxan (DNTF), N‐guanylurea‐dinitramide (GUDN), aluminum powder (Al, particle size=12.18 μm) and magnesium powder (Mg, particle size: 44–74 μm) were used as energetic components and polyoxytetramethylene‐co‐oxyethylene (PET), polyethylene glycol (PEG), addition product of hexamethylene diisocyanate and water (N‐100), hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), cupric adipate (AD‐Cu), cupric 2,4‐dihydroxy‐benzoate (β‐Cu), lead phthalate (ϕ‐Pb), carbon black (C. B.), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 1,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐diphenyl urea (C2), di‐2‐ethylhexyl sebacate (DOS) and potassium perchlorate (KP), were used as inert materials. It was concluded that the binary systems of BHN with NTO‐Pb, CL‐20, aluminum powder, magnesium powder, PET, PEG, N‐100, AD‐Cu, β‐Cu, ϕ‐Pb, C. B., Al2O3, C2, DOS, and KP are compatible, and systems of BHN with GAP and HMX are slightly sensitive, and with RDX, DNTF, and GUDN are incompatible. The impact and friction sensitivity data of BHN and BHN in combination with the energetic materials under present study were obtained, and there was no consequential affiliation between sensitivity and compatibility. 相似文献
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Dennis Fischer Thomas M. Klaptke Jrg Stierstorfer 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2012,37(2):156-166
Tetrazolone (5‐oxotetrazole, 1 ) is formed by diazotization of 5‐aminotetrazole in the presence of CuSO4. Nitrogen‐rich salts such as guanidinium ( 2 ), 1‐aminoguanidinium ( 3 ), 1,3‐diamino‐guanidinium ( 4 ), 1,3,5‐triamino‐guanidinium ( 5 ), ammonium ( 6 ), hydrazinium ( 7 ) and the hydroxylammonium ( 8 ) salts of tetrazolone were prepared by facile deprotonation or metathesis reactions. All compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, vibrational spectroscopy (IR and Raman), multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and DSC measurements. The heats of formation of 2–8 were calculated using the atomization method based on CBS‐4M enthalpies. With these values and the experimental (X‐ray) densities several detonation parameters such as the detonation pressure, velocity, energy and temperature were computed using the EXPLO5 code (V.5.04). In addition, the sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrical discharge were tested using the BAM drop hammer and friction tester as well as a small scale electrical discharge device. 相似文献
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Thomas L. Jackson Daniel E. Hooks John Buckmaster 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2011,36(3):252-258
In this article, we present a strategy for packing realistic crystals, critical for mesoscale simulations, and predictions. The current packing code uses a dynamic algorithm, with crystal shapes represented by level sets, to create appropriate packs of the microstructure for an energetic material. Crystal shapes include the nitramines HMX, RDX, PETN, and CL20. Two series of packs are considered: a bidisperse pack with size ratio 1 : 0.3 and a polydisperse pack. We also construct equivalent packs of spheres for comparison purposes. Higher‐order statistics are computed and compared. We show that the second‐order statistics are essentially independent of particle shape when the packing fraction is held constant. The second‐order statistics do, however, depend on the polydispersity. 相似文献
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Nowadays, the ballistic mortar is the preferred test for the explosive power measurements but there is no reliable method for its prediction. For an energetic compound, the formation of low molecular mass gaseous products and a high positive heat of formation per unit weight of the energetic compound are important parameters to have a high value of power. A novel method was developed to predict the power by the ballistic mortar test for pure and mixture of energetic materials. It can be used for some important classes of energetic compounds including nitroaromatics, acyclic and cyclic nitramines, nitrate esters, and nitroaliphatics. The presented method is based on the molecular structure of the desired compound and there is no need to use experimental data such as the condensed phase heat of formation. For 84 pure and 24 mixtures of energetic compounds, the calculated power relative to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (= 100) show good agreement with respect to the measured values. 相似文献
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Mohammad H. Keshavarz 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2013,38(6):754-760
This paper describes an improved simple model for prediction of impact sensitivity of different classes of energetic compounds containing nitropyridines, nitroimidazoles, nitropyrazoles, nitrofurazanes, nitrotriazoles, nitropyrimidines, polynitroarenes, benzofuroxans, polynitroarenes with α‐CH, nitramines, nitroaliphatics, nitroaliphatic containing other functional groups, and nitrate energetic compounds. The model is based on some molecular structural parameters. It is applied for 90 explosives, which have different molecular structures. The predicted results are compared with outputs of complex neural network approach as one of the best available methods. Root mean squares (rms) of deviations of different energetic compounds are 24 and 49 cm, corresponding to 5.88 and 12.01 J with 2.5 kg dropping mass, for new and neural network methods, respectively. The novel model also predicts good results for eight new synthesized and miscellaneous explosives with respect to experimental data. 相似文献
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AntoineE.D.M. vanderHeijden YvesL.M. Creyghton Emanuela Marino RichardH.B. Bouma GertJ.H.G. Scholtes Willem Duvalois MarcC.P.M. Roelands 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2008,33(1):25-32
The product quality of energetic materials is predominantly determined by the crystallization process applied to produce these materials. It has been demonstrated in the past that the higher the product quality of the solid energetic ingredients, the less sensitive a plastic bonded explosive containing these energetic materials becomes. The application of submicron or nanometric energetic materials is generally considered to further decrease the sensitiveness of explosives. In order to assess the product quality of energetic materials, a range of analytical techniques is available. Recent attempts within the Reduced‐sensitivity RDX Round Robin (R4) have provided the EM community a better insight into these analytical techniques and in some cases a correlation between product quality and shock initiation of plastic bonded explosives containing (RS‐)RDX was identified, which would provide a possibility to discriminate between conventional and reduced sensitivity grades. 相似文献
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从Al基纳米复合含能材料的能量方面着手分析比较了各种制备方法的优劣,凸显出了自组装法制备Al基纳米复合含能材料的优势。自组装制备方法能够有效控制Al基纳米复合含能材料中粒子的排布,增加粒子各自的分散性和组分粒子之间的接触,缩短了粒子之间的传质和传热距离,提高了Al基纳米复合含能材料的燃烧速率、反应活性和能量利用率。将目前报道的Al基纳米复合含能材料的自组装制备方法分为两类(直接组装法和间接组装法)进行论述总结,最后提出了自组装法在含能材料制备中的发展方向。附参考文献41篇。 相似文献
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Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz Jamshid Azarniamehraban Hamidreza Hafizi Atabak Mohammad Ferdowsi 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2016,41(5):942-948
The explosive power or strength of an energetic material shows its capacity for doing useful work. This work reviews recent developments for prediction of power of energetic compounds. A new user‐friendly computer code is also introduced to predict the relative power of a desired energetic compound as compared to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). It is based on the best available methods, which can be used for different types of energetic compounds including nitroaromatics, nitroaliphatics, nitramines, and nitrate esters. The computed relative powers are consistent with the measured data for some new materials containing complex molecular structures. 相似文献
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Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz Hadi Motamedoshariati Reza Moghayadnia Majid Ghanbarzadeh Jamshid Azarniamehraban 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2014,39(1):95-101
Impact, electrostatic, and shock sensitivities of energetic compounds are three important parameters for the assessment of hazardous energetic materials. A novel easy to handle and user‐friendly computer code, written in Visual Basic, is introduced to predict these parameters, by solely using the molecular structure of an energetic molecule. It is able to predict impact sensitivity for different types of energetic compounds including nitropyridines, nitroimidazoles, nitropyrazoles, nitrofurazanes, nitrotriazoles, nitropyrimidines, polynitro arenes, benzofuroxans, polynitro arenes with α‐CH, nitramines, nitroaliphatics, nitroaliphatic containing other functional groups, and nitrate energetic compounds. It can also provide reliable results for electrostatic and shock sensitivities of some classes of high explosives including nitroaromatic and nitramine compounds. The prediction of this code give good values for some newly reported energetic compounds, where experimental data are available. 相似文献
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Mohammad H. Keshavarz 《Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics》2012,37(1):93-99
A simple method to predict heats of detonation of important classes of energetic compounds including nitroaromatics, nitramines, nitroaliphatics, and nitrate esters is introduced. It is based on the ratios of oxygen to carbon and hydrogen to oxygen as well as the contribution of some specific functional groups or structural parameters. Predicted heats of detonation of pure explosives and explosive formulations with water as product in the liquid state for 77 energetic compounds provide more reliable results than those obtained using two empirical and quantum mechanical methods. This new method improves an earlier effort of previous models through its application for different categories of energetic compounds, which contain the energetic bonds Ar NO2, N NO2, C NO2, and C O NO2. In addition, the novel model provided good results for some miscellaneous explosives and several new synthesized explosives, where experimental data were available. 相似文献
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Key methods developed and used in the USSR and in the Russian Federation to determine the impact and friction sensitivity of energetic materials and explosives have been discussed.Experimental methodologies and instruments that underlie the assessment of their production and handling safety have been described.Studies of a large number of compounds have revealed relationships between their sensitivity parameters and structure of individual compounds and compositions.The range of change of physical and chemical characteristics for the compounds we examined covers the entire region of their existence.Theoretical methodology and equations have been formulated to estimate the impact and friction sensitivity parameters of energetic materials and to evaluate the technological safety in use.The developed methodology is characterized by high-accuracy calculations and prediction of sensitivity parameters. 相似文献