Weibull统计特性风速条件下的自然通风实验

采用双参数Weibull统计模型对室外逐秒风速进行了拟合,结合频谱特性分析对实测自然风的典型性进行验证,并考虑到风向对通风效果的影响定义了风向因子参数。通过实际自然风条件下模型比例为1∶10的通风实验,对尺寸因子、形状因子及风向因子等自然风特性参数对自然通风效果的影响进行了研究,并建立了相应的影响模型。研究结果表明:逐秒自然风风速统计分布服从双参数Weibull统计模型;实际自然风条件下,通风效果随Weibull分布的尺寸因子及风向因子的增加而加强,随形状因子的增加而减弱。     

Natural ventilation strategies for indoor thermal comfort in Mediterranean apartments

Natural ventilation strategies as effective low energy refurbishment solutions are identified within this research study, for an existing urban multi-storey apartment building in Athens, representative of over four-million Greek urban residential buildings. Retrofit strategies were evaluated using occupant comfort criteria and the existing ventilation strategy, for a single apartment using dynamic thermal simulations. These strategies included individual day and night ventilation, a wind-catcher and a dynamic façade. Suitable openings operation in response to environmental parameters provided sufficient day and night ventilation and occupant comfort. The inclusion of a wind-catcher yielded very little improvement to the ventilation performance. However, the combined operation of the wind-catcher and the dynamic façade delivered operative temperature reductions of up to 7 °C below the base-case strategy, and acceptable ventilation rates for up to 65% of the cooling period. The successful performance of the proposed strategies highlights their potential for reducing energy consumption and improving thermal comfort in a large number of buildings in hot climates.     

Single-sided natural ventilation driven by wind pressure and temperature difference

Even though opening a window for ventilation of a room seems very simple, the flow that occurs in this situation is rather complicated. The amount of air going through the window opening will depend on the wind speed near the building, the temperatures inside and outside the room, the wind direction, the turbulence characteristics in the wind and the pressure variations caused by e.g. wind gusts. Finally, it also depends on the size, type and location of the opening. Many of these parameters are unsteady which makes the calculation of air-change rates even more complicated. In this work, full-scale wind tunnel experiments have been made with the aim of making a new expression for calculation of the airflow rate in single-sided natural ventilation. During the wind tunnel experiments it was found that the dominating driving force differs between wind speed and temperature difference depending on the ratio between the forces and the wind direction. This change is also found in the velocity profiles measured in the opening, which might change from wind dominated to temperature dominated under the same wind direction but with increasing temperature difference.     

Natural ventilation in buildings: measurement in a wind tunnel and numerical simulation with large-eddy simulation

Natural ventilation in buildings can create a comfortable and healthy indoor environment, and can save energy compared to mechanical ventilation systems. In building design the prediction of ventilation can be difficult; cases of wind-driven single-sided ventilation, where the effects of turbulence dominate, are particularly problematic to simulate. In order to investigate the mechanism of natural ventilation driven by wind force, large-eddy simulation (LES) is used. In the meanwhile, detailed airflow fields, such as mean and fluctuating velocity and pressure distribution inside and around building-like models were measured by wind tunnel tests and compared to LES results for model validation. Three ventilation cases, single-sided ventilation with an opening in windward wall, single-sided ventilation with an opening in leeward wall, and cross ventilation, are studied. In the wind tunnel, a laser Doppler anemometry was used to provide accurate and detailed velocity data. In LES calculations, two subgrid-scale (SS) models, a Smagorinsky SS model and a filtered dynamic SS model, were used. The numerical results from LES are in good agreement with the experimental data, in particular with the predicted airflow patterns and velocities around and within, and the surface pressures over, the models. This is considered to establish confidence in the application of the LES methods to the calculation of ventilation in buildings, in particular for single-sided ventilation cases.     

Natural ventilation in an enclosure induced by a heat source distributed uniformly over a vertical wall

A simple multi-layer stratification model is suggested for displacement ventilation in a single-zone building driven by a heat source distributed uniformly over a vertical wall. Theoretical expressions are obtained for the stratification interface height and ventilation flow rate and compared with those obtained by an existing model available in the literature. Experiments were also carried out using a recently developed fine-bubble modelling technique. It was shown that the experimental results obtained using the fine-bubble technique are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.     

Cooling load reduction by using thermal mass and night ventilation

We provide a quantitative understanding of the relationship between thermal mass and cooling load, i.e. the effect of thermal mass on energy consumption of air-conditioning in office buildings. A simple office-building model with air-conditioning at daytime and free cooling at nighttime is analyzed in detail to quantify the hourly and overall variation of cooling load of air-conditioning. As an important parameter, an increase of time constant can effectively reduce the cooling load, by as much as more than 60% when the time constant is more than 400 h. However, when the time constant is larger than 1000 h, a further increase may slightly increase the cooling load, as a too large time constant may also postpone the heat release of thermal mass until the daytime. For the most effective reduction of cooling load, the interior and exterior convective heat transfer numbers need to be matched.     

Experimental studies on lateral forces induced by pedestrians

It has been observed on a couple of cable supported footbridges that the girder vibrated laterally with a frequency of about 1.0 Hz when a large number of people crossed the bridge. The girder was excited by the lateral dynamic force which was produced by the zigzag movement of pedestrians. Once the bridge started to vibrate, some of the pedestrians synchronized with the girder vibration, which further increased the girder response. Experiments were conducted to find the pedestrians’ dynamic forces on the vibrating deck. Pedestrians walked on the specially tailored deck placed on the shake table, which was vibrated with different frequencies and amplitudes. The experiments showed that the dynamic forces induced by pedestrians increased with the amplitude of the shake table. The synchronous nature of pedestrians was also measured and clarified.     

Natural ventilation potential of high-rise residential buildings in northern China using coupling thermal and airflow simulations

Natural ventilation is regarded as one of the most energy-efficient ways of ventilating a building. Suitable methods for predicting ventilation performance are essential for regulating indoor air parameters in buildings. This study establishes a method to predict the natural ventilation potential for residential buildings. The average annual ventilation rate (N) and annual cooling load saving ratio (ACSR) for the top six types of residential buildings were measured and analyzed under different conditions. The N calculation formula was summarized to calculate the natural ventilation air change rate for each of the designated buildings. In addition, the logarithmic regression curves of the ACSR (with N) were also obtained and then used to predict the natural ventilation potential for specific climatic conditions. The simulation results could be used to guide engineers in deciding when and where natural ventilation can be incorporated as an energy-efficient feature without affecting indoor comfort. Moreover, accurate strategic analysis could also be used to assist architects evaluate the potential of natural ventilation at the architectural pre-design stage.     

Natural ventilation in practice: linking facade design,thermal performance,occupant perception and control

The action of opening a window is the most intuitive and simple response to controlling overheating in a room. However, it relies on the vagaries of occupant interaction to exploit the passive design potential and achieve comfortable results. An understanding of occupant behaviour is thus of significance in the design and evaluation of naturally ventilated buildings. This paper demonstrates the link between facade design, thermal performance, occupant perception, and window use in naturally ventilated offices in summer, based on a pilot study monitoring offices in Cambridge, UK. Survey results indicate that facade design has a large impact on the occupants' perceived control over and satisfaction with their environments. The research reveals that there is a close connection between perceived control and actual control (with respect to window use), and that occupants with a high level of perceived control more frequently use their windows than others with a low level of perceived control. Positive feedback loops between occupant action and effect reinforce appropriate behaviour and the paper shows that it is possible to derive statistically significant behavioural models to predict window use for different facade conditions.

L'action d'ouvrir une fenêtre est la réponse la plus intuitive et la plus simple au problème du contrôle de la surchauffe d'une pièce. Néanmoins, elle est soumise aux caprices des interactions des occupants pour que soit exploité le potentiel de la conception passive et qu'il en résulte une température agréable. Comprendre le comportement des occupants n'est donc pas sans importance pour la conception et l'évaluation des bâtiments à ventilation naturelle. Cet article démontre le lien existant entre la conception des façades, les performances thermiques, la perception des occupants et l'utilisation des fenêtres dans les bureaux à ventilation naturelle en été, sur la base d'une étude pilote de suivi de bureaux à Cambridge, au Royaume-Uni. Les résultats de cette enquête indiquent que la conception des façades a une incidence importante sur le contrôle perçu de leur environnement par les occupants et sur leur satisfaction à l'égard de ce dernier. L'étude révèle qu'il existe un lien étroit entre contrôle perçu et contrôle réel (par rapport à l'utilisation des fenêtres) et que les occupants qui ont un niveau élevé de contrôle perçu utilisent plus fréquemment leurs fenêtres que ceux qui ont un faible niveau de contrôle perçu. Les boucles de feedback positif entre les actions des occupants et leurs effets renforcent le comportement adapté et l'article montre qu'il est possible d'en retirer des modèles comportementaux statistiquement significatifs permettant de prédire l'utilisation des fenêtres en fonction de l'état des façades.

Mots clés: comportement adaptatif, performances des bâtiments, conception des façades, ventilation naturelle, ventilation nocturne, comportement des occupants, perception des occupants, contrôle des fenêtres, Royaume-Uni     

A comparison of different methods to evaluate the wind induced forces on a high sided lorry

This paper examines the wind induced forces and moments experienced by a high sided lorry. Full-scale measurements are combined with wind tunnel and CFD simulations in order to gain an insight into the flow field around the vehicle. Differences and similarities between the three techniques are noted. It is shown that the rolling moment coefficient obtained from full-scale measurements and CFD simulations agree consistently across a wide range of yaw angles. With respect to the side force coefficient, good agreement between the wind tunnel and full-scale data are achieved. Pressure distributions over selected sections of the lorry reveal that despite good agreement with the overall forces, the localised pressure field can be significantly different.     

Experimental investigation of thermal and ventilation performances of stratum ventilation

Stratum ventilation has been proposed to cope for elevated indoor temperatures. Air speed, temperature and CO₂ concentration of a stratum ventilated office are investigated experimentally. The data obtained under well defined conditions and therefore can be used for validating numerical models. Thermal comfort conditions and ventilation efficiency are studied based on the experimental results of four experimental cases. Thermal comfort indices, i.e. PMV, PPD and PD are calculated from measured data. The values of these indices are found to satisfy the requirements of ISO 7730, CR 1752-1998 and ASHRAE 55-2010. In terms of thermal comfort, the two cases with supply air temperature of 21 °C are found to perform better compared with the two cases with supply air temperature of 19 °C. For all the cases, the ventilation effectiveness is close to 1.5. This ventilation method could therefore be expected to provide indoor air quality in an efficient way.     

Measurements of the cross wind forces on trains

The results of full-scale and wind tunnel experiments to measure the cross wind time averaged and unsteady forces and moments on trains are presented. The results demonstrate good agreement between the two sets of experiments but also illustrate the need for care in simulating local roughness effects in the wind tunnel simulation. It is also shown that quasi-steady effects need to be taken into account when calculating force and moment aerodynamic admittances.     

Characteristics of wind forces acting on tall buildings

Nine models with different rectangular cross-sections were tested in a wind tunnel to study the characteristics of wind forces on tall buildings. The data was briefly reported (Local wind forces acting on rectangular prisms. Proceedings of 14th National Symposium on Wind Engineering, 4-6 December 1996, Japan Association for Wind Engineering, Tokyo, pp. 263-268.). In the present paper, local wind forces on tall buildings are investigated in terms of mean and RMS force coefficients, power spectral density, and spanwise correlation and coherence. The effects of three parameters, elevation, aspect ratio, and side ratio, on bluff-body flow and thereby on the local wind forces are discussed. The overall loads and base moments are obtained by integration of local wind forces. Comparisons are made with results obtained from high-frequency force balances in two wind tunnels.     

A review on wind driven ventilation techniques

Natural ventilation has gained prominence in recent times as a bespoke method of ventilating buildings. The two fundamental principles of natural ventilation are stack effect and wind driven ventilation. This paper reviews miscellaneous wind driven ventilation designs with respect to traditional means such as wind towers and more modern techniques including turbine ventilators and wind catchers. A distinction is made between specific types of wind driven ventilation techniques depending on their operation and mode of engagement with the wind. For example, a static wind catcher is classified as passive; a rotating wind cowl as a directed passive technique and a rotating turbine ventilator is classified as outright active due to its constant rotation with the wind. A table summarising the review is presented at the end with corresponding references.     

On transitions in natural ventilation flow driven by changes in the wind

The interaction between wind and buoyancy in naturally ventilated buildings can lead to multiple steady states. Previous studies have shown that there may exist a stable wind-dominated regime, an unstable wind-dominated regime, and a stable buoyancy-dominated regime. Here we examine the transient evolution of the flow between these regimes as a result of changes in the wind forcing. We show that the transition from the wind-dominated regime to the buoyancy-dominated regime occurs as the wind forcing decreases below a critical value. However, the reverse transition, from the buoyancy-dominated regime to the wind-dominated regime, only occurs if there is a sufficiently large and rapid increase in the wind forcing. We calculate the instantaneous increase in wind forcing required for the system to evolve from the buoyancy-dominated regime to the wind-dominated regime, and we also determine the minimum rate of increase of the wind forcing for such a transition to occur. We discuss the implication of our results for building design.     

Natural ventilation in a double-skin facade

Double-skin facades are assuming an ever-greater importance in modern building practice. There is an increasing demand for higher quality office buildings. Occupants and developers of office buildings ask for a healthy and stimulating working environment.Double-skin facades are appropriate when buildings are subject to great external noise and wind loads. A further area of application is in rehabilitation work, when existing facades cannot be renewed, or where this is not desirable. Double-skin facades have a special aesthetic of their own, and this can be exploited architecturally to great advantage.However, there are still relatively few buildings in which double-skin facades have actually been realized, and there is still too little experience of their behavior in operation.In this matter, we choose to study the natural ventilation in multi-storey double-skin facades. Simulations where realized with TAS software on a building proposed in the frame of the subtask A of the Task 27 (performance of solar facade components) of the International Energy Agency, Solar Heating and Cooling Program.We decide to study a sunny summer day; and we analyze the double-skin facade behavior for various conditions: impact of the double-skin orientation and impact of the wind orientation and the degree of wind protection.     

地下停车库的自然通风

对长春、沈阳、北京的三个典型地下停车库的冬季运行情况进行了调查与测试,发现在未采用机械通风的条件下一氧化碳浓度并未明显超标。利用示踪气体法计算了地下停车库的自然通风量,并讨论了地下汽车库内一氧化碳允许浓度和小汽车一氧化碳排放量的确定。     

Active control of tall buildings against stochastic wind forces

This paper presents the design of active control forces for tall buildings subjected to stochastic wind forces, in order to suppress the vibrations in the building. From the available data on wind speeds, the spectral density function of the wind forces can be evaluated. A filter is designed to simulate the spectrum of the wind forces in order to design the stochastic control forces. A numerical example is given for the active control of a tall building against stochastic wind, using an active tendon mechanism. The possibility of completely suppressing the vibrations in the building using this approach is demonstrated.     

Dynamic behavior and stability of transmission line towers under wind forces

A new analytical-numerical modelling for the structural analysis of transmission line towers (TLT) under wind action is presented and proposed as a rational procedure for stability assessment in a design stage. The numerical results obtained from a 3D finite element model are discussed in relation to the dynamic behavior and the mechanism of collapse of a typical TLT. A simplified two degree-of-freedom analytical model is also presented and shown to be a useful tool for evaluating the system fundamental frequency in early design stages. In order to reduce the TLT's top horizontal along-wind displacements in the cross-line direction, non-linear pendulum-like dampers (NLPD) installed on the towers are envisaged and their efficiency is demonstrated with the aid of comparisons between numerical results obtained from the controlled and the uncontrolled systems.