AP1000乏燃料池非能动冷却系统事故后冷却能力分析

AP1000乏燃料池冷却系统采用了先进的非能动设计理念,事故后以池水升温-沸腾的方式带走衰变热,并通过持续的非能动安全补水保证乏燃料安全。对AP1000乏燃料池冷却系统的事故后冷却能力进行分析发现,在核电厂正常换料工况和应急整堆芯卸载工况下,安全水源重力注水能保证事故后72 h内乏燃料安全;在核电厂正常整堆芯换料过程中应等待约56 h,以保证非能动安全壳冷却水箱可为乏燃料池补水,确保堆芯和乏燃料池安全。长期补水可以通过预留的安全接口持续进行。补水手段事故后有效,仅需操纵员有限干预。相对传统乏燃料池冷却系统设计,AP1000能更好地应对冷却丧失的事件。     

AP1000外部灾害情形下乏燃料池缓解策略研究

日本福岛核事故后,乏燃料池（SFP）在事故中的安全性得到广泛的关注。AP1000乏燃料池冷却系统（SFS）是一非安全相关的系统,不需在事故后运行以缓解设计基准事故。但乏燃料池在超设计基准事故或外部灾害事件（包括自然灾害和人为事件）下的安全性一直是核电厂设计的重点。本工作结合美国核能研究所（NEI）给出的扩大损害的缓解导则（EDMG）提出了针对AP1000外部灾害情形下的SFP缓解策略（包括内部策略和外部策略）,并对策略进行了评估。本工作结论有助于AP1000 SFP EDMG的建立,对AP1000核电厂的设计、建造、运行管理和事故管理均有很强的参考价值。     

压水堆乏燃料单棒冷却液膜流动特性实验研究

为避免在极端事故工况下,乏燃料水池会长期失去补水和冷却,第3代核电站如AP1000和CAP1400,引入了喷淋冷却系统。在喷淋条件下,乏燃料棒上液膜流动特性是影响冷却效果的重要因素,国内外学者还未对其做过详细的研究。本文使用光学法研究了在不同雷诺数(Re)条件下,对单根乏燃料棒进行喷淋冷却所形成的液膜厚度随时间和空间的变化。利用CCD相机采集液膜图像,并经过处理得到了清晰的液膜厚度图像和与图像吻合良好的数据。实验结果表明：当Re为608～7 538时,瞬态液膜厚度最大值出现在Re=7 085的条件下,其值为2.36 mm;随着Re的增加,时均液膜厚度会随之增加,并且液膜波动的振幅也会随之增加;在沿棒方向上,随着距棒顶距离的增加,液膜厚度会逐渐减小并趋于平稳,并且随着Re的增加,平稳部分会出现在距棒顶更远的位置。对乏燃料单棒冷却液膜流动特性的研究,为确定具有有效冷却能力的最小喷淋流量奠定了基础。     

福建福清核电厂一期工程乏燃料水池概率安全分析

以福建福清核电厂一期工程乏燃料水池为研究对象,对可能威胁乏燃料水池安全的内部始发事件进行了概率安全分析。评价了乏燃料水池中燃料元件损坏的风险,并将实施应急补水及液位连续监测这两项设计改进后的定量化结果与改进前的定量化结果进行比较分析。结果表明,改进项的实施明显降低了乏燃料水池燃料元件损坏的风险。     

福岛乏燃料水池事故探讨

日本福岛核事故暴露出乏燃料水池安全的重要性和严峻性,乏燃料水池的安全监管应给予高度重视.本文描述了日本福岛第一核电厂乏燃料水池的基本情况,简要分析了4号机组乏燃料水池的事故起因和乏燃料源项,最后总结了从此次事故中汲取的经验教训.     

Application of a Chemical ion Exchange Model to Transport Cask Surface Decontamination

Abstract

Radionuclide contamination of stainless steel surfaces occurs during submersion in a spent fuel storage pool. Subsequent release or desorption of these contaminants from a nuclear fuel transportation cask surface under varying environmental conditions occasionally results in the phenomenon known as contamination ‘weeping’. Experiments have been conducted to determine the applicability of a chemical ion exchange model to characterise the problem of cask contamination and release. Surface charge characteristics of Cr₂O₃ and stainless steel (304) powders have been measured to determine the potential for ion exchange at metal oxide-aqueous interfaces. The solubility of Co and Cs electrolytes at varying pH and the adsorption characteristics of these ions on Cr₂O₃ and stainless steel powders in aqueous slurries have been studied. Experiments show that Co ions do reversibly adsorb on these powder surfaces and, more specifically, that adsorption occurs in the nominal pH range (pH=4–6) of a boric acid moderated spent fuel pool. Desorption has been demonstrated to occur at pH≤3. Cs⁺ ions also have been shown to have an affinity for these surfaces although the reversibility of Cs⁺ bonding by H⁺ ion exchange has not been fully demonstrated. These results have significant implications for effective decontamination and coating processes used on nuclear fuel transportation casks.     

田湾核电站乏燃料水池采用燃耗信任制的计算研究

以田湾核电站(TNPS)2×5排列的贮存格架构成的乏燃料水池为例,研究采用燃耗信任制技术的密集贮存和临界安全问题。采用MONK9A程序计算分析不同富集度、不同燃耗的乏燃料装载情况下系统的k_eff. 根据系统k_eff随不同初始富集度燃料的燃耗变化情况给出了水池的参考装载曲线。采用燃耗信任制技术的密集贮存方案能提高贮存能力31%。     

Experimental study on the sub-atmospheric loop heat pipe passive cooling system for spent fuel pool

As one kind of the natural circulation cooling system, loop heat pipe is promising in improving the safety of the nuclear power station since it is passive and has no electricity driven components. A novel heat pipe cooling system is designed for passively removing the residual heat released by the spent fuel stored in the spent fuel pool (SFP) under the accidental conditions such as the station blackout. This system is characterized by its large-diameter and long-length evaporator. Its working fluid is water and it's sub-atmospheric. To test such system's heat transfer performance and get to know its thermo-fluid dynamics, a test facility for a simplified heat pipe made of one evaporator tube and one condenser has been developed. The heat transfer rate of the simplified heat pipe is obtained in a wide range of conditions covering the potential working conditions in spent fuel pool. Moreover, it's found that heat pipe with such a large-diameter and long-length evaporator is vulnerable to be unstable. The periodic state mode is more likely to happen when the heat source temperature, the air velocity or the volumetric filling ratio is low. Furthermore, the effects of hot water temperature, the air velocity and the filling ratio of the water in the circulation system have been analyzed.     

核电厂严重事故后乏池自安全冷却技术研究

针对核电厂严重事故后丧失内外电源的工况,提出了通过提取乏燃料水池（简称乏池）余热进行发电以实现乏池长期自安全冷却的方案。通过基于乏池余热的热力过程分析、工质选择、关键设备热力分析、系统方案设计研究,探讨了严重事故后利用乏池余热实现乏池长期自安全冷却的可行性。研究表明,根据核电厂严重事故后的工况环境以及系统输出功率,可采用上原循环或国海循环来建设乏池余热自发电系统。对于在役堆型和新堆型,该系统均可保证实现乏池余热的持续排出,满足乏池温度低于80℃的要求,从而实现乏池的自安全冷却。      

核电站乏燃料水池冷却系统虹吸破坏管性能安全分析

国外核电站的运行经验表明,核电站乏燃料水池冷却（PTR）系统的虹吸破坏管性能存在安全隐患,在某些工况下不能有效阻断虹吸流。本文采用RELAP5软件对国内某典型核电站的虹吸破坏管性能进行安全分析。结果表明,在现有的设计条件下,虹吸破坏管无法及时、有效阻断管道断裂后产生的虹吸流动,乏燃料水池冷却水持续从断裂处泄漏,并导致冷却水管道入口露出水面,从而引起乏燃料水池冷却能力丧失,为核电站安全带来极大风险。进一步分析表明,虹吸流引起的乏燃料水池水位下降幅度受断裂点处距水面的高度差、管道流动阻力和PTR系统的管道结构3个因素的共同影响;管道流动阻力可有效缓解和降低由管道断裂引发的虹吸流动的危害性。     

乏燃料水池氢气风险分析和对策研究

福岛核事故暴露了乏燃料水池安全研究的不足,尤其是氢气风险评价方面的不足。根据IAEA及我国相关法规要求,应对核电厂乏燃料水池发生严重事故后的氢气风险进行评估,并对氢气风险的消除进行对策研究。本文采用MELCOR程序建立分析模型,计算研究了乏燃料水池严重事故下的事故进程和氢气产生与浓度分布,评价了厂内氢气风险并定量研究了氢气风险缓解措施。分析结果表明,氢气风险是存在的。对补水、喷淋、通风和氢气复合器等缓解氢气风险措施的研究表明,注水和喷淋是可完全消除氢气风险的,但通风和氢气复合器并不能完全消除氢气风险。消除乏燃料水池严重事故下氢气风险的重点应为保证补水措施有效,对此可提高补水措施的可靠性和阻止乏燃料水池的泄漏。     

Spent fuel transport using cask loaded outside pool

Abstract

During the last year, Sogin (the Italian company in charge for decommissioning of Italian nuclear power plants) had to implement an accelerated decommissioning plan of a EUREX spent fuel pool due to finding a water leakage into the environment from the pool. EUREX is no longer operating a pilot reprocessing plant, which some years ago became the responsibility of Sogin. There were 52 spent fuel assemblies from the Trino Vercellese PWR nuclear power plant, 48 irradiated pins from a Garigliano BWR fuel assembly, and 10 plates from an irradiated MTR fuel assembly stored in the EUREX pool, so the first step of the accelerated decommissioning plan consisted in the evacuation of this spent fuel. Considering the necessity to start the evacuation as soon as possible, Sogin decided to use an already existing cask (AGN-1) used in the past for the transport of Trino and Garigliano fuel assemblies. This cask was requalified in order to obtain a transport licence for the fuel assemblies stored in the EUREX pool according to ADR 2005 regulation. The transport license for the AGN-1 cask loaded with EUREX fuel assemblies was released by APAT (the Italian Safety Authority) in the spring of 2007. Owing to the limited capacity of the EUREX pool crane (27 t for nuclear loads) and limited dimensions of pool operational area, it was not possible to transfer the AGN-1 cask (50 t) into the pool for fuel assemblies charging. The solution implemented to overcome this problem was the loading of the cask outside the pool. A special shielding shuttle was developed and used to allow safe spent fuel transfer between the pool and the cask. This procedure avoided also the problem of excessive contamination of cask surfaces that could have occurred due to very high level of contamination of EUREX pool water if the cask had been immersed in the pool. Additional shielding devices were developed and used to reduce dose rate during cask loading operations. Although the evacuation of spent fuel assemblies from the EUREX pool was a very challenging activity due to the short time available, unfavourable space conditions inside the pool building and handling tool limitations; all loading and transport operations were performed successfully and without particular problems. Ten transports were carried out to evacuate all of the spent fuel stored in the EUREX pool. Spent fuel was transferred to the Avogadro Deposit pool. The first loading sequence started on 2 May 2007 and the first transport was performed on 6 May 2007. The tenth and last transport was performed on 21 July 2007. A dose less than 50 μSv (neutron + gamma) was measured for the most exposed operator during a complete cask loading sequence.     

海洋核动力平台乏燃料贮存格架设计及安全分析研究

针对海洋核动力平台乏燃料组件海上长期贮存所面临的安全保证问题,通过改进燃料组件与贮存小室之间固定形式、优化贮存小室与贮存格架本体之间连接形式以及增加贮存格架与乏燃料水池池壁之间的缓冲结构,设计了一种满足设计基准以及适应海洋环境的乏燃料贮存格架,并采用蒙特卡罗程序MCNP-5、计算流体力学软件Fluent 14.0、有限元分析软件ANSYS 17.0对该贮存格架进行临界、热工、结构仿真计算。结果表明,该贮存格架设计合理、安全性高,可为海上浮动式核电站乏燃料贮存提供解决方案。      

基于SCALE的RFA改进型燃料组件堆内贮存临界安全分析

RFA改进型燃料组件是西屋公司设计的能应用于大功率先进压水堆的改进型燃料组件。SCALE计算程序是一款在国际上得到广泛认可的综合性建模及模拟程序包,可用于核设计与核安全分析。基于SCALE计算程序,针对大功率先进压水堆的乏燃料贮存水池,建立恰当的计算模型,并选取合理的保守假设,分析乏燃料水池正常贮存及事故工况下的临界安全。计算结果表明一区正常贮存工况keff值为0.901 29,组件跌落事故工况下,有效增值因子为0.907 93。二区正常贮存工况下,计算模型keff值为0.909 98,新燃料组件误插入事故工况keff值为0.924 07。先进压水堆乏燃料贮存水池正常贮存工况及事故工况的有效增值因子均小于0.95,处于次临界状态。该设计模型可确保燃料堆内贮存区域临界状态安全可控。     

Results of a long-term wet storage demonstration test with intact and operational defective LWR fuel rods

28 spent fuel rods — 18 intact and 10 operational defective rods — were included in the storage test program. Within 7 years the spent fuel rods were inspected four times. To characterize the spent fuel rods the following methods were applied during pool inspections: visual inspection, profilometry, eddy current testing, and oxide thickness recording.Summarizing the results of the intermediate and of the final inspection it has to be concluded that — as predicted — no change exceeding the detection limit could be found either at the intact or at the operational defective fuel rods. These results must be regarded as conservative because handling of the different spent fuel rods during inspection provided additional and atypical loads — especially for the operational defective spent fuel — in comparison with the long term storage of complete fuel bundles.The results of this carefully documented demonstration test has shown agreement with the theoretical analysis and with the overall experience available from pool storage that wet spent LWR-fuel storage can be performed without any problems even for extended periods of time.     

转运通道中燃料组件沸腾传热的试验研究

在压水堆换料过程中,乏燃料组件要通过水下通道完成从反应堆厂房到乏燃料水池的运输。为获得乏燃料组件在换热条件较恶劣的承载器顶角区域的传热特性,开展了试验研究,测量得到了2 400～20 000 W/m²不同热流密度下承载器顶角区域3根燃料棒顶部的沸腾换热系数,并拟合得到沸腾传热关联式。研究结果可为今后工程应用中评估燃料组件在转运过程中的热工安全状态和表面最高温度提供参考。     

核电站乏燃料水池遭受恐怖袭击后果评价

以典型的百万千瓦级压水堆核电站为例,介绍了乏燃料水池及乏燃料组件的特征,分析了乏燃料水池遭受恐怖袭击的情景和释放源项,并在此基础上使用后果评价程序MACCS进行了计算。结果表明在所有乏燃料组件均燃烧、仅最后卸出的一炉组件燃烧和最后卸出的三炉组件间隙释放的三种情景下,有急性死亡危险的区域半径分别约为6km、3km和0km,有效剂量超过50mSv的区域半径分别约为80km、34km和9km,隐蔽的可防止剂量超过10mSv的区域半径分别约为100km、48km和11km。     

EQL3D: ERANOS based equilibrium fuel cycle procedure for fast reactors

The advanced fast reactors of the fourth generation should be capable to breed their own fuel from poorly fissile ²³⁸U and to recycle the actinides from their own spent fuel. However, this recycling or actually the closure of fuel cycle has negative impact on the safety parameters. The goal of this work is to develop a numerical tool, which can simulate and confirm the capability of these reactors to operate with closed fuel cycle, and which can evaluate their safety parameters. The tool is named equilibrium fuel cycle procedure for fast reactors (EQL3D) and is based on the ERANOS 2.1 code platform.     

Thinking outside the box: options for transport of high burnup spent fuel

Abstract

The current uncertainty surrounding the licensing and eventual opening of a long term geologic repository for the nation’s civilian and defense spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste has shifted the window for the length of time spent fuel could be stored to periods of time significantly longer than the current licensing period of 40 years for dry storage. An alternative approach may be needed to the licensing of high burnup fuel for storage and transportation based on the assumption that spent fuel cladding may not always remain intact. The approach would permit spent fuel to be retrieved on a canister basis and could lessen the need for repackaging of spent fuel. This approach is being presented as a possible engineering solution to address the uncertainties and lack of data availability for cladding properties for high burnup fuel and extended storage time frames. The proposed approach does not involve relaxing current safety standards for criticality safety, containment, or permissible external dose rates.     

压水堆核电厂乏燃料组件源项计算分析

核燃料贮存、运输以及后处理过程中的安全是构成核与辐射安全的重要内容,为保证安全性,提高运输经济性,减小后处理厂对环境的排放,须获得乏燃料组件的包络源项,因此,采用ORIGEN-ARP程序分析组件运行历史、初始富集度、燃耗深度等参数对源项的影响。运行历史在卸料初期对源项略有影响,可采用合适的保守因子予以包络,在冷却一定时间后,其影响可忽略不计;初始富集度、燃耗深度均不同的组件须经对比计算以获得包络源项。计算表明：在目前核电厂乏燃料组件中,²³⁵U初始富集度为4.45%、燃耗深度为55 GW•d/tU的AFA-3G型组件源项是包络的,可作为乏燃料水池、运输容器设计,以及后处理厂排放源项分析的初始源项。