基于逐时太阳辐射强度与动态逐时负荷分析的太阳能空调系统设计要点研究——以天津市某办公楼项目为例

建筑的地理气候特征影响太阳能在建筑中的收集与利用。以天津市某办公楼项目为例,基于日照遮挡模拟分析确定集热器布置区域,并根据逐时动态冷负荷与热负荷综合情况确定集热器面积,以动态逐时负荷与供热(冷)量匹配的方法辅助备用能源设计,降低了系统的造价,提高了太阳能的利用率和建筑供能系统的稳定性,为后续其他项目太阳能空调系统的设计提供了借鉴。     

Coupling simulation system of annual building energy and microclimate

We have developed a simulation system for a year-round assessment of environmental comfort, energy conservation, and CO₂ emissions in buildings and street blocks where active utilization of sunshine, vegetation and solar energy resources is fully considered. An analysis model has been constructed for handling interactions between highly complex street-block wide solar radiation patterns and building air-conditioning load. As a demonstration case of the present system, coupled solar radiation-thermal load analysis for an eleven-story office building has been performed. By comparing the result of a building located in a city block with a reference case of a self-standing building, the proper arrangement of buildings and spaces such as solar reflectance of building surface may be proposed.     

上海某商务区能源站空调负荷预测

区域建筑群负荷预测是能源站系统容量配置的基础,在研究区域建筑负荷预测方法的基础上,运用软件模拟与情景分析相结合的方法,预测上海某商务区能源站供能区域建筑群空调冷、热负荷,进而预测能源站的空调负荷,并对入住率进行情景分析,计算不同入住率下的系统容量,为能源站系统容量配置提供基础数据。     

A study of solar heat gain to multistorey buildings in hot and arid regions

The paper presents an empirical study of solar heat gain to multistorey buildings at the peak degree hour on the hottest day of summer in hot and arid regions of India. The effects of surface to floor area ratio of a building form, orientation, fenestration percentage and shading devices on the cooling loads have been quantified. Case studies simulating realistic situations have been subjected to empirical calculations by computer.Conclusions drawn from the results afford a guideline to practising architects and air-conditioning engineers to make suitable adjustments at the initial building design stage in order to reduce the cooling loads caused by solar radiation.Finally, a field study demonstrates the possibility of reducing solar heat gain by striking a compromise between scientifically recommended shading devices and architecturally acceptable forms of external louvres.     

建筑负荷预测中太阳辐射透过窗户引起的冷负荷

通过对建筑物玻璃窗所受太阳辐射得热的性能分析,建立了太阳辐射得热模型;根据《民用建筑热工设计规范》中划分的5个建筑热工分区,建立了典型玻璃窗的太阳辐射得热系数（SHGC）数据库,由此构建了透过玻璃窗的瞬时太阳辐射得热模型。参考DeST中的家具平板模型,建立了玻璃窗的室内蓄热平板模型,通过模型将太阳辐射得热量转化为瞬时冷负荷,并与相同条件下冷负荷系数法中的透过玻璃窗的日射得热形成冷的负荷进行对比,其相对误差不超过20％,满足城市规划阶段负荷预测的要求。从而为解决太阳辐射透过玻璃窗形成的冷负荷提供了一个新的思路,为修正用于区域能源规划中建筑负荷预测用的负荷因子模型提供了一个实用方法。     

建筑遮挡对空调负荷影响的模拟分析

建筑物的相互遮挡对空调负荷会产生一定的影响,因此空调设计时建筑物太阳辐射得热部分必须考虑这一因素的作用。本文采用建筑能耗模拟分析软件DeST-C对深圳新能源办公大楼进行了能耗模拟,并对模拟结果进行了分析研究,以期为该地区的建筑空调设计及城市建筑规划提供参考。     

Daylight availability data for San Francisco

This paper analyzes solar radiation and daylight measurements taken during a four-year period in San Francisco, California. Horizontal and vertical surface measurements were taken by nine sensors at 15-minute intervals under all sun and sky conditions. The data base from which results were derived exceeds 400 000 measurements.Equations are derived for clear sky global, direct, and diffuse illuminance and irradiance on a horizontal surface as a function of solar altitude, and for overcast sky horizontal illuminance and irradiance. We present the standard deviations for all parameters in our equations to show the scatter in our data. The average illuminance on horizontal and vertical surfaces by hour and by month are presented as isolux contour plots. These data are also displayed as probability distributions, showing the percent of time in a year that a given irradiance or illuminance value will be exceeded. Monthly average values of sunshine probability are determined and compared to long-term NOAA data.     

Glass–azimuth modification to reform direct solar heat gain

A means of reforming the solar heat gain, and hence, energy conservation in air-conditioning systems is suggested and studied. The main idea is to control the solar gain by horizontal rotation of glass windowpanes, i.e. modifying the glass–azimuth irrespective of the original orientation of the building wall. The influence of the rotation angle, magnitude and direction, on the instantaneous, daily and seasonal solar heat gain is investigated in detail. A computer program is coded to carry out the extensive computations. This program is prepared in a general and versatile form, in the sense that it can be used at any location and time, for any wall orientation and any type of glazing characterized by the extinction coefficient, index of refraction, and thickness. The study helps the designer to select an optimum glass rotation angle which increases or decreases the heat gain depending on the objective. There may be two optimum rotation angles, the first results in reducing the air-conditioning system size, while the second angle decreases the energy consumption.     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第4讲建筑热过程中的太阳辐射相关模型

太阳辐射是影响建筑热状况的重要外扰，在建筑热过程分析时，必须加以准确的考虑。太阳辐射可以被不透明建筑围护结构表面吸收，也可以直接透过建筑的半透明围护结构进入室内，这就需要解决两个问题：有多少太阳辐射量能够到达建筑的表面；到达半透明围护结构表面的太阳辐射有多少能够穿过半透明围护结构直接进入室内。详细介绍了DeST在建筑动态热过程分析中，与建筑表面吸收太阳辐射情况密切相关的建筑表面阴影计算方法和散射辐射的考虑方法，并对半透明围护结构的辐射透过模型与传热模型进行了细致分析。     

辽宁地区水平面年总太阳辐照量的多元线性回归估算研究

太阳辐照量数据在太阳能热利用中具有关键作用,为了较准确得到辽宁省内7个无据可查的城市的水平面年总太阳辐照量,本文在对影响水平面年总太阳辐照量的多种因素进行分析的基础上,结合其它相关已知信息,建立了由城市的纬度、海拔和年日照时数构成的多元线性回归模型,并利用与待求数据城市处于同一大气透明度分区的国内49个已知各项数据的城市作为回归样本,从而获得具体的回归方程.误差分析结果表明,此时最大相对误差可控制在±6.8%以内.另外,还利用太阳辐照量估算值与回归用样本数目的变化关系曲线,对省内各城市的太阳辐照情况进行了聚类分析,结果表明,此时可将估算值的参考误差缩小至±2.2%.     

“非典”问题引起的对今后空调系统方式的思考

总结了“非典”防治工作对空调系统提出的新问题 ,从而提出今后要保证建筑环境的安全 ,空调系统不仅要保证热湿环境、空气质量 ,还应尽可能减少潮湿表面 ,减少灰尘聚集 ,避免各区域空气的彼此流动。从这些要求出发 ,对目前的各种空调系统方式作了评价 ,并进一步提出未来新的空调系统形式 :由新风排除人体产生的热、湿、CO2 和气味 ;由另外独立的辐射或对流系统排除围护结构等其它热源产生的显热。还讨论了系统的具体形式及能耗品质。     

CFD assessment of the performance of lateral ventilation in Double Glazed Façades in Mediterranean climates

Implementation of Double Glazed Façades (DGF) in buildings has been an object of broad study and application in recent years, both in new and existing constructions. However, there is little experience in predicting the operating behavior of a DGF. Sometimes the results obtained are not satisfactory and an extra energetic cost is necessary to obtain suitable comfort conditions in the inner space of the building, especially in Mediterranean climates, where large solar gains are a constant condition along throughout the year, and such large semi-transparent areas can produce significant over-heating in buildings. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has proven to be a useful tool for modeling air flow and heat transfer in DGF including conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer phenomena. The aim of this work was to evaluate, by means of CFD, the influence of several lateralventilation systems including the variation of the flow inlet (e.g., uniform or swirl flow inlet) and analyzing different inlet flow configurations (e.g., uniform, inclined, upper or lowercrossed inlet flow). From these CFD simulations, a comparative efficiency study, in terms of reduction of solar load gains and energetic requirements, was performed comparing the obtained results for horizontal ventilation against vertical ventilation, which was previously studied by this research group. It was found that using horizontal ventilation schemes would reduce the required air volumetric flow rate within the DGF for obtaining similar reductions in solar load gain to those obtained with vertical ventilation, when the construction and operation parameters of the DGF are equal for both cases.     

空调冷负荷计算方法及软件比对及改进研究

针对目前不同空调冷负荷计算软件的计算结果差异较大的问题,应用程序比对验证的方法,选取了43个算例,对计算结果进行了比对分析。对于不同软件采用的模型,不同得热类型中对流与辐射得热量的分配比例和辐射在房间各表面的分配模型差异较大;不同软件的修正方法也存在差异。软件主要采用传递函数法和谐波反应法,其得热量的理论计算结果基本一致,但冷负荷计算结果存在差异。以国际上关于得热量中对流和辐射比例的最新研究成果替换软件原有数据,改进辐射在室内各表面的分配模型,提高了计算精度和准确度。计算结果表明,对计算方法规范和完善后,不同计算软件计算结果的差异可减小到10%以内。     

A model for the net total radiation flux at the surfaces of a building

A model is presented for the net total radiation flux at the surfaces of a particular building (in the shape of a U) which can be adjusted to other building shapes. The first step in deriving this model consists in the calculation of the various shape factors under which each surface sees the adjacent surfaces or the sky. Then the net solar and infra-red radiations as a function of the spatial organisation of the surfaces of the building, their physical characteristics and the radiative conditions on a free and horizontal reference surface are determined. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical results show that the assumptions introduced in the model lead to a satisfactory determination of the field of the surface temperatures and net total radiation at the surfaces of a building. The experimental study provides information about the amount of reflected solar and infra-red radiations at the proximity of vertical walls facing the sun.     

Solar heat gain through vertical cylindrical glass

Spaces with nonplanar glazed envelopes are frequently encountered in contemporary buildings. Such spaces represent a problem when calculating the solar heat gain in the course of estimating the cooling or heating load; and hence, sizing of cooling or heating systems. The calculation, using the information currently available in the literature, is tedious and⧹or approximate. In the present work, the computational procedure for evaluating the solar heat gain to a space having a vertical cylindrical glass envelope is established, and, a computer program is coded to carry out the necessary computations and yield the results in a detailed usable form. The program is versatile and allows for the arbitrary variation of all pertinent parameters.     

毛细管辐射空调系统运行的经济性分析

介绍了毛细管辐射空调系统概况。以天津地区某居住建筑为研究对象,采用BIN气象参数、部分负荷率下冷热源机组性能系数,对土壤源热泵＋风机盘管、土壤源热泵＋毛细管辐射空调系统、家用空调机＋集中供热的经济性进行了比较,土壤源热泵＋毛细管辐射空调系统的经济性最佳。     

Optimization of the form of a building on an oval base

The aim of this work is to analyze the possibility of optimizing an abstract, symmetrical with respect to the north–south axis form of a building with vertical walls and windows, and constant volume and height. The external south partitions of the building are walls with whole windowpanes. The heat losses through walls, floors, roof and the gain of solar radiation through transparent partitions with respect to their direct correlation with the shape of building form are next taken into consideration. The gain of solar energy for the north part of the building have been disregarded.     

Effect of courtyard proportions on solar heat gain and energy requirement in the temperate climate of Rome

The present study focuses mainly on the effect of solar heat gain on the energy demand of courtyard building form with different proportions. Several methods can be employed to improve the building's utilization of solar heat gain. This includes using light colours for the external surfaces to reduce the solar radiation absorption in summer, using shading devices and improving the thermal properties of the external walls and roof. However, it is of great importance before using any of these methods to have the courtyard building's architectural design adapted to have full advantage of the available solar heat gain. Therefore, the main objective of the present examination was to find out to what extent the building's solar heat gain and consequently the energy requirements are influenced by the building's configurations. A computer Tool (IES) was used to carry out the investigation taking Rome as an empirical background to temperate climate. The results showed that the proportions of the courtyard building considerably influence the need for heating and cooling.     

深圳市空调设计室外气象参数的确定

通过整理深圳市典型气象年的实测数据，依据空调设计规范提供的计算方法，得出深圳市的室外空调设计参数，与已知的香港和广州的室外空调设计参数比较：同时参考香港的气象资料给出深圳市月平均大气压力、日照百分率、太阳总辐射量和太阳辐射强度等参数，供深圳市建筑空调负荷和能耗计算参考。     

Thermal modelling of an industrial building with solar reflective coatings on external surfaces: case studies in China and Australia

Most industrial buildings rely almost entirely on air-conditioning systems to provide thermal comfort to staff and customers who use the premises. As an alternative to this active approach, passive strategy is recommended to either fulfil this task or to help reduce energy consumption of air-conditioning systems already installed. Applying solar reflective coatings on external surfaces of the building, a key passive strategy, appears to offer an effective solution to reduce solar heat, especially during the summer, penetrating through the building fabric. This article discusses a study that uses computer thermal modelling to investigate the effectiveness of this strategy and to explore its contribution to operational energy savings. Detailed mathematical modelling in accordance with thermodynamic and heat transfer theories through the building fabric is illustrated and solutions to the mathematical problems are presented. The study consists of a comparison between two scenarios (normal coating and reflective coating) in three locations in China and one in Australia. The application of solar reflective coatings on external surfaces of the building produces energy savings for all the four locations and is found to be more beneficial in hot climates where there is a considerable need to reduce summer solar gains.