Simulation of coal pyrolysis by solid heat carrier in a moving-bed pyrolyzer

A one-dimensional, steady state, numerical model for coal pyrolysis by solid heat carrier in moving-bed has been developed. The multiple-reaction model of coal pyrolysis and the gas–solid–solid three phases heat transfer theory in packed bed have been applied to account for the pyrolysis process. The results show that the axial temperature distribution of the coal particles increase with a heating rate more than 600 K/min. Coal particle size has significant influence on the heating rate, while blending ratio is the determinant factor of pyrolysis temperature. Given the main operating parameters, product distributions (H₂, CO, CH₄, tar, etc) are calculated by the model. The modeling results are found to agree the experimental data using a moving-bed pyrolyzer with processing capacity 10 kg h^?1 of coal.     

内构件移动床固体热载体油页岩热解技术

从化学反应工程角度分析了小颗粒油页岩热解技术存在的共性问题和初级热解与二次反应的关系,提出了定向调控热解产物流动及其与挥发分反应匹配的方法。针对小颗粒油页岩热解制备高收率和高品质页岩油的技术需求,创新性地提出了内构件移动床固体热载体油页岩热解技术,通过内构件调控热解挥发分在反应器内的流动,实现热解油气原位过滤除尘和选择性裂解提质,以解决现有固体热载体热解技术长期面临的所产页岩油中含尘量高、重质组分高和油收率低等问题。建立了10 kg·h^-1内构件移动床固体热载体油页岩热解模式装置,验证了新工艺的可行性和先进性,展示出良好的技术应用前景。     

球型固体热载体煤粉热解过程传热计算及分析

为了优化球型固体热载体煤粉热解反应器和操作条件,建立了热载体球煤粉热解过程的传热模型。计算了不同热载体与煤质量比、热载体初始温度及煤粒径下的煤颗粒温度分布。结果表明:增加质量比、提高热载体的初始温度能够提高煤热解平衡温度,缩短达到平衡温度所需时间;减少煤粒径同样可以缩短达到热解平衡温度所需时间。在热载体初始温度973.15 K,煤初始温度373.15 K,热载体与煤质量比大于4时,煤热解温度才能高于732 K。     

流化床粉煤气体热载体快速热解反应器的计算

在冷态模拟实验和煤热解动力学计算的基础上,对粉煤气体热载体快速热解提升管反应器的高度进行了计算。利用高速摄像粒子测速法结合互相关算法研究了不同气体流量和不同颗粒粒径时固体颗粒在热解提升管中的运动速度,通过求解神府煤热解动力学方程,得到了不同粒径神府煤颗粒热解挥发分析出的时间,从而确定了快速热解提升管反应器的高度。研究结果表明:当气体流量在850 m3/h,粉煤的粒径主要集中在0.7—3.0 mm时,提升管的高度应选择在10.0 m。     

基于循环灰热载体煤热解的固-固颗粒冷态混合特性

以开发循环流化床（CFB）燃烧/煤热解分级转化工艺为应用背景,为在移动床混合段内利用有限高度空间达到理想的灰/煤混合效果,建立了内置锥面形挡板结构的固-固冷态混合实验装置,并对颗粒的混合特性进行了研究。分别以石英砂和硅胶模拟CFB循环灰和煤,采用挡板重力混合的方法,探究了挡板角度、层数、放置方式（对向和旋转放置）以及物料混合比等因素对混合效果的影响,并与机械混合实验进行了对比。结果表明,在混合过程中颗粒的混合和分散是并存的,旋转放置30°的挡板层数越多,硅胶和石英砂颗粒混合越均匀,混合物料中石英砂比例越高,混合效果越好。通过优化挡板结构及设置方式强化对流混合和剪切混合可明显改善固-固混合效果。虽然与机械混合相比,挡板混合效果略差,但在一定操作范围内仍可满足灰/煤混合热解工艺的要求。     

气体热载体法煤热解动力学研究

采用热重分析和气体热载体实验考察了准东煤和神木煤的热解动力学特性,并根据热解动力学模型确定动力学参数。随热解温度的升高,反应停留时间对半焦收率及半焦挥发分的影响逐渐减小;煤热解活化能与反应停留时间、煤粒径大小均相关。研究结果对于煤热解工艺工业化具有参考意义。     

固体热载体法褐煤热解过程中的传质传热特性

为揭示在固定床反应器中固体热载体法快速热解褐煤工艺过程中的热、质传递机理,建立了固体热载体法褐煤热解过程中的传质传热模型。模型包括球型颗粒的一维非稳态导热方程和基于分布活化能模型的动力学模块,分别采用有限容积法与Matlab软件中遗传算法工具箱对二者进行数值计算。通过呼伦贝尔褐煤热重实验数据与温度测定实验数据分别验证了预测的动力学参数及颗粒传热模型结果。研究发现,热、质变化在固体热载体法褐煤热解工艺中呈现复杂的耦合特性。此外,考察了在不同初始温度、热载体进料比与煤颗粒半径条件下,褐煤在热解过程中颗粒内部温度场在径向上随时间的变化规律,并分析了产物释放速率与温度场的关联性,结果表明热历程改变是工艺条件对热解产物分布造成影响的根本原因。     

低阶煤无热载体快速热解炉工艺试验研究

为实现煤炭热解分质梯级利用,提出了低阶煤无热载体粉煤快速热解炉工艺,以印尼褐煤为研究对象,对无热载体粉煤快速热解工艺所产焦油、热解气、半焦等进行分析,验证低阶煤无热载体热解炉工艺的技术可行性。结果表明,试验煤种经低阶煤无热载体粉煤快速热解炉工艺处理后热解焦油产率达11.84%、热解气产率14.08%,半焦产率64.97%,其中焦油产率比格金干馏试验提高了1.49%,半焦发热量较原煤提高了2.63 MJ/kg,热解气有效气体含量达80%以上。表明该低阶煤无热载体粉煤快速热解炉工艺具有热解温度可区域精确控制、热解速度快、焦油产率高、产品品质好等优点。     

Influence of carrier gas flow and heating rates in fixed bed hydropyrolysis of coal

Fixed bed hydropyrolysis experiments on a UK bituminous coal (82% dmmf C) at 580–650 °C and pressures up to 300 bar have indicated that tar yields depend strongly on the velocity of the hydrogen carrier gas relative to the static coal particles. Tar yields increase with increasing pressure provided that the superficial gas velocity is not reduced. Otherwise, tar yields can actually decrease because the beneficial hydrocracking reactions that occur are no longer sufficient to counter the increased char formation resulting from the slower rates of intra-particle diffusion and devolatilization of tar molecules. While raising the heating rate from 1 to 20 °C s⁻¹ had little effect on overall conversions, hydrocarbon gas yields increased significantly at the expense of tar. Moreover, the higher heating rate gave more aromatic tars, and the available evidence strongly suggests that the primary volatiles are hydrocracked before escaping from the coal particles as well as in the vapour phase.     

Effect of rank,temperatures and inherent minerals on nitrogen emissions during coal pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor

Pyrolysis of 11 coals with carbon contents of 77–93 wt.% (daf) and corresponding demineralized samples has been studied in a fixed bed quartz reactor with a heating rate of 20 K/min to examine rank, demineralization, temperature and inherent mineral species dependences of nitrogen distribution. Nitrogen mass balances fall within 92.5–104.6%. The results indicate that the chars derived from the coals with higher rank show larger nitrogen retention. Demineralization suppresses volatile nitrogen emission during coal pyrolysis, especially for low rank coals. Coal-N conversion to tar-N reaches the asymptotic values at 600 °C. HCN yields are lower than NH₃ yields during coal pyrolysis. The trends in HCN and NH₃ emissions are very similar and the yields reach the asymptotic value at about 1200 °C. N₂ starts emitting at 600 °C, and as the temperature increases the conversion increases linearly with a corresponding reverse change of char-N. With the catalysts added, N₂ formation is prompted with the sequence of Fe>Ca>K>Ti≫Na≫Si≈Al, meanwhile, char-N decreases correspondingly. Fe, Ca, K, Na, Si and Al increase coal-N conversion to NH₃ with the sequence of Fe>Ca>K≈Na≫Si≈Al in the pyrolysis. Na addition prompts HCN formation; however, the presence of Ti and Ca decrease the HCN yields with small value. The other catalysts have no notable influence on HCN emission in the pyrolysis. Demineralization and Ti addition increase coal-N conversion to tar-N slightly whereas K, Ca, Mg, Na, Si and Al additions decrease tar-N yield weakly, other catalysts hardly influence tar nitrogen emission. N₂ emits mainly from char-N with slight contribution of volatile nitrogen. The mechanism of different N-containing species formation and catalysts influence in the pyrolysis is also discussed in the paper.     

Unidimensional heat transfer analysis of elephant grass and sugar cane bagasse slow pyrolysis in a fixed bed reactor

Elephant grass (Pennicetum purpureum) and sugar cane bagasse slow pyrolysis experiments was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. A 20-cm internal diameter and 12-cm-long reactor was used. Particulate biomass filled up the reactor volume. Biomass was loaded into the reactor and heated in the axial direction using an electrical resistance located at the reactor's bottom. In order to control the temperature variation during the biomass pyrolysis process, four thermocouples were installed inside of the reactor.The remain residual mass was constant approximately after 73 min of heating; the running was stopped and remain carbonised; material was manually removed from the reactor. The residue formed three layer of biomass visually different described in detail here. Proximate analysis and higher heating value (HHV) tests were carried out to the material in each layer. Mass loss against time was recorded during experiments.The results indicated that the carbonisation ratio decreases in time because the carbon layer has low thermal conductivity and it does not permit proper heat transfer to the upper layer of biomass. It means that technology that avoids high-temperature gradients during the pyrolysis of bulk-dispersed biomass could avoid the problems described before.     

热解温度和反应气氛对输送床煤快速热解的影响

在连续进料量为1.2 kg·h^-1的输送床反应器中考察了热解温度和反应气氛对不连沟次烟煤快速热解的影响。N₂气氛下,随着煤热解温度升高,焦油产率先增加后减小,600℃时达到最大值10.3%;对应的半焦产率下降,气体产率以及气油比增加。高温促进了煤挥发分的释放以及挥发分在气相中的二次反应,部分产物从固相和液相产品转化为气相产品,氢气、甲烷和乙烯等气体组分的产率明显增加。700℃下,H₂气氛能够抑制挥发分二次反应的发生,起到稳定自由基和加氢的作用,显著提高焦油产率和油品品质,同时有利于甲烷的生成。CO气氛在一定程度上同时提高了轻质和重质焦油产率。CO₂和水蒸气能够促进焦油的二次反应,特别是重质焦油的裂解,具有一定的提质作用,但会导致焦油产率下降。CH₄气氛促进了重质焦油组分的生成,使得热解焦油产率提高。     

水平管循环流化床换热器防垢试验研究

以硫酸钙为工质,在水平管循环流化床换热器装置内进行条件试验,研究水平流化床的防垢效果和传热性能.实验结果表明,水平管循环流化床换热器具有良好的防垢效果和传热性能.     

Temperature transients in fixed bed heat regenerators

A numerical solution of the nonlinear distributed parameter dynamics of both parallel-flow and counter-flow fixed bed heat regenerators is presented. The effects of various operating conditions on the fluid and solids temperature transients and on the thermal efficiency of the system are investigated. The character of the response at various levels is found to depend to a large extent on the direction of the initial axial temperature gradient along the solids.     

Production of bio-oil from fixed bed pyrolysis of bagasse

The objective of this work was to produce renewable liquid fuel (bio-oil) from locally produced bagasse by pyrolysis in a batch feeding and fixed bed reactor. The experiments were performed at different temperatures ranging from 300 to 600 °C. The bio-oil was collected from two condensers of different temperatures and defined as oil-1 and oil-2. The maximum total yield of bio-oil was found to be 66.0 wt% based on bagasse. The carbon based non-condensable gases were CO, CO₂, methane, ethane, ethene, propane and propene. The density and viscosity of oil-1 were found to be 1130 kg/m³ and 19.32 centipoise and that were 1050 kg/m³ and 4.25 centipoise for oil-2, respectively. The higher heating values (HHV) of them were 17.25 and 19.91 MJ/kg, respectively. The pH of the bio-oils was found to be around 3.5 and 4.5 for oil-1 and oil-2, respectively. The water, solid and ash contents of oil-1 and oil-2 were determined and found to be around 15, 0.02 and 0.03 wt% and 11, 0.01 and 0.02 wt%, respectively based on bagasse.     

The pyrolysis of individual plastics and a plastic mixture in a fixed bed reactor

Six thermoplastics, which represent more than two-thirds of all polymer production in western Europe, were pyrolysed in a static batch reactor in a nitrogen atmosphere. These were high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The heating rate used was 25°C min⁻¹ to a final temperature of 700°C. These six plastics were then mixed together to simulate the plastic fraction of municipal solid waste found in Europe. The effect of mixing on the product yield and composition was examined. The results showed that the polymers studied did not react independently, but some interaction between samples was observed. The product yield for the mixture of plastics at 700°C was 9·63% gas, 75·11% oil, 2·87% char and 2·31% HCl. The gases identified were H₂, CH₄, C₂H₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₆, C₃H₈, C₄H₈, C₄H₁₀, CO₂ and CO. The composition of oils were determined using Fourier Transform infra-red spectrometry and size exclusion chromatography. Analysis showed the presence mainly of aliphatic compounds with small amounts of aromatic compounds. ©1997 SCI     

Experimental studies and modeling of a fixed bed reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using biosyngas

The aim of this work was to study the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis of a model biosyngas (33% H₂, 17% CO and 50% N₂) in a single tube fixed-bed FT reactor. The FT reactor consisted of a shell and tube with high-pressure boiling water circulating throughout the shell. A spherical unpromoted cobalt catalyst was used with the following reaction conditions: a wall temperature of 473 K, a pressure of 20 bars and a gas hour space velocity (GHSV) of 37 to 180 NmL.g_cat^− 1.h^− 1. The performance of the FT reactor was also validated by developing a 2D pseudo-homogeneous model that includes transport equations and reaction rate equations. Good agreement between the model predictions and experimental results were obtained. This developed model was extended to predict and quantify the influence of the FT kinetics as well as determine the influence of the tube diameter and the wall temperature. The predicted behaviors for CO and H₂ conversion, productivity of hydrocarbons (mainly CH₄ and C₅₊) and fluid temperature along the axis of the reactor have been analyzed.     

Effect of coal moisture on particulate emission in a fixed bed combustion appliance

Effect of moisture on particulate emissions of a young peaty (Ağaçlı́) coal from Turkey is investigated in a 93 kW, half cyclindirical hot water boiler. The boiler was operated under primary and secondary loading conditions. Sampling was realised using an EPA-approved Andersen Universal Sampling system. Experiments were carried out for 15.33%, 21.40% and 38.70% moisture coals of Ağaçlı́ and 19.90% moisture Ağaçlı́–South African mixture coals. From the experimental results it is found that the medium moisture resulted in highest particulate emissions.     

杏仁壳流化床气化实验研究

在流化床生物质气化炉内,采用空气作为气化剂,对杏仁壳进行了气化实验研究。实验表明：产生的燃气热值在4741～5418kJ／Nm^3之间,主要燃气成分含量为CO：15．4％～18．7％,H2：9．9％～14．7％,CH4：2％～2．5％,气化炉最佳气化温度为700℃,产气率为0．41m^3／Kg。     

循环流化床煤燃烧/热解双反应器系统稳定性分析

为了考察循环流化床煤燃烧/热解双反应器系统的稳定性,在冷态实验装置上以电厂锅炉灰为实验物料,其中提升管的内径为100 mm,高为6.7 m,与热解室相连立管的内径为44 mm,高3 m,热解室的截面积为200 mm×200 mm,高770 mm。分别考察了影响系统稳定运行的主要因素,并对系统中存在的几对平衡关系进行了分析。结果表明,旋风料腿内的固体料位高度、热解室内的料位高度以及热解室内的压力等是影响系统稳定运行的关键因素,尤其是热解室内压力的增加有可能使立管内料封破坏,最终导致系统瘫痪。而提升管与热解室立管之间压力的平衡以及提升管与旋风分离器料腿之间压力的平衡等在操作过程中必须保持稳定,否则也会发生窜气、架料、旋风分离器效率下降等现象,影响系统稳定运行。