加碘盐生产过程中碘含量不稳定的探讨

从生产环节控制的角度,对加碘盐中碘含量不稳定现象产生的原因进行了分析,提出了在生产过程中消除碘含量不稳定现象的方法和措施。     

Adding an oxidant increases the stability of iodine in iodized salt

It has been shown that moisture plays a critical role in the stability of iodine and that reducing agents in iodized salt reduce the stability of iodine. We question whether this is valid in all cases, and have found that the reducing agent may play a more important role than moisture in decreasing the stability of iodine. We reviewed current methods to enhance iodine retention in iodized salt, and propose methods to produce stable iodized salt and to analyze its stability. Our experiments showed that when reducing impurities are removed, iodine remains stable in iodized salt, even when the salt is "wet." We suggest that the stability of iodine in iodized salt can be improved by oxidizing iodized salt with sodium hypochloride, and that the iodine content of iodized salt, after heating at 120 degrees C for one hour, can be used to reflect the quality of iodized salt. We have demonstrated that reducing agents play a critical role in the stability of iodine in iodized salt. We have shown a method of purifying salt by removing reducing materials, which can be used to produce iodized salt with sufficient stability at lower cost. We also propose an analytical method to determine the stability of iodine in iodized salt. These methods could be further developed to achieve better accuracy, precision, and reliability and be applied to a greater variety of iodized salts.     

Stability of iodine in salt fortified with iodine and iron

BACKGROUND: Determining the stability of iodine in fortified salt can be difficult under certain conditions. Current methods are sometimes unreliable in the presence of iron. OBJECTIVE: To test the new method to more accurately estimate iodine content in double-fortified salt (DFS) fortified with iodine and iron by using orthophosphoric acid instead of sulfuric acid in the titration procedure. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out on DFS and iodized salt produced by the dry-mixing method. DFS and iodized salt were packed and sealed in color-coded, 0.5-kg, low-density polyethylene pouches, and 25 of these pouches were further packed and sealed in color-coded, double-lined, high-density polyethylene bags and transported by road in closed, light-protected containers to the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), Delhi; the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad; and the Orissa Unit of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), Bhubaneswar. The iodine content of DFS and iodized salt stored under normal room conditions in these places was measured by the modified method every month on the same prescribed dates during the first 6 months and also after 15 months. The iodine content of DFS and iodized salt stored under simulated household conditions was also measured in the first 3 months. RESULTS: After the color code was broken at the end of the study, it was found that the DFS and iodized salt stored at Bhubaneswar, Delhi, and Hyderabad retained more or less the same initial iodine content (30-40 ppm) during the first 6 months, and the stability was not affected after 15 months. The proportion of salt samples having more than 30 ppm iodine was 100% in DFS and iodized salt throughout the study period. Daily opening and closing of salt pouches under simulated household conditions did not result in any iodine loss. CONCLUSIONS: The DFS and iodized salt prepared by the dry-mixing method and stored at normal room conditions had excellent iodine stability for more than 1 year.     

Iodine nutrition: iodine content of iodized salt in the United States

Adequacy of iodine nutrition in the United States has lately been of concern. A major source of dietary iodine for the U.S. population is iodized salt. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) recommends 60-100 mg Kl/kg salt, equivalent to 46-76 mg l/kg salt. All U.S. iodized salt contains 45 mg l/kg according to labels. We collected samples of table salt from freshly opened containers from U.S. volunteers. A sample was sent to us when the can was first purchased. Subsets of volunteers sent further samples when the salt container became half-empty through normal use and a further final sample when the container was nearly finished. We also looked at iodine distribution homogeneity within individual containers, loss of iodine from salt upon exposure to humidity and sunlight, and upon short-term heating (dry and in solution) as may be encountered in cooking. Measurements were made in 0.01% w/v salt solutions by induction coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with 72Ge as an internal standard. The median and mean (+/-sd) I content in freshly opened top-of-the-can salt samples was 44.1 and 47.5 +/- 18.5 mg/kg (n=88, range 12.7-129 mg l/kg) and geometric mean and standard deviation of 44.70 and 1.41. Forty-seven of 88 samples fell below the USFDA recommended I content while 6 exceeded it. The homogeneity in a single can of salt varied greatly: in 5 samples taken from the same container from different depths, the iodine content varied by as little as 1.2x (8.3% coefficient of variance (CV)) to as much as 3.3x (49.3% CV) from one container/brand to another. Iodine is significantly lost upon high humidity storage but light or dry heat has little effect. There is much recent literature on iodine sufficiency and uptake inhibitors; there is also much misinformation and disinformation. We review the relevant literature and discuss our results with reference to the United States.     

烹饪调味过程对加碘盐补碘效率的影响

本文在常规烹饪盐咸味的调味过程中,分别用斯柯维法、P*S蓝光度法测定食物盐咸味的调味效果及加碘盐的碘损失情况,分析烹饪调味过程对加碘盐补碘效率的影响。     

Investigation of iodine bioavailability from chicken eggs versus iodized kitchen salt with in vitro method

The goal of the presented studies was to investigate speciation and bioavailability of iodine from chicken eggs versus iodized kitchen salt with an in vitro method. Determination of iodine total content in chicken eggs and iodized kitchen salt was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP MS). The majority of iodine was accumulated in the yolk—the concentration was even 37 times higher than in white. Chicken eggs were treated with buffer (Tris HCl pH = 7.5) and enzymatic extraction media and analyzed by size exclusion chromatography hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SEC ICP MS). The enzymatic extraction being an in vitro bioavailability assessment method was based on two-stage digestion model simulating gastric (pepsin digestion) and intestinal (pancreatin digestion) juices. Speciation analyses along with bioavailability studies presented iodide as the major form in chicken eggs. The bioavailability was established as 33% from white and 10% from yolk and decreased with longer time of boiling. It allows to suggest that the majority of iodine remains in forms bound to non-digestible coagulated and water-insoluble proteins.     

Protective effect of whey cheese matrix on probiotic strains exposed to simulated gastrointestinal conditions

A probiotic whey cheese added with Lactobacillus casei LAFTI®L26, Lactobacillus acidophilus LAFTI®L10 or Bifidobacterium animalis Bo was subject in vitro to sequential conditions that parallel the four major steps of digestion: mouth (artificial saliva), oesophagus-stomach (artificial gastric juice), duodenum (artificial intestinal juice) and ileum; its manufacture followed the traditional cheesemaking protocol of Portuguese Requeijão. MRS broth was inoculated in parallel as reference medium, to ascertain the protective effect of the whey cheese matrix itself upon those strains in every digestion step. Mouth conditions had an almost negligible effect upon all three strains, whereas oesophagus-stomach, duodenum and ileum conditions decreased the viable numbers of L. casei and L. acidophilus; in both systems, B. animalis suffered only slight decreases in viable numbers; and L. casei and L. acidophilus behaved likewise in MRS exposed to duodenum and ileum conditions. Whey cheese matrices thus appeared to protect the aforementioned three strains during transit throughout the simulated gastrointestinal system, so they are promising carriers of those probiotic bacteria.     

食用加碘绿标盐结块原因分析与措施

食用加碘绿标盐2012年投放市场以来,因产品存在着不同程度的结块,影响产品的分装和市场销售,制盐生产企业为此进行不懈的调试,但收效甚微。井神盐化公司二分公司是国家食盐生产定点企业,满足人民生活需要是生产第一要务,通过一系列的生产和过程控制调试,绿标盐结块现象明显好转,既满足市场需要,又提高企业经济效益。     

碘盐直销模式的实践与思考

随着盐业体制改革的逐渐明朗化,各盐业公司如何应对成为研究方向。本文以盐城地区为例,介绍了碘盐直销模式,从管理到考核,提出了整合资源、抓大放小、打造品牌、区域代理等经营管理方法。     

Determination of iodine concentration in salt dual fortified with iron and iodine

The applicability of the iodide catalyzed reaction (Sandell-Kolthoff) between Ce⁴⁺ and As³⁺ for the determination of iodine in salt samples fortified with iron and iodine has been studied. A method verification program is presented; the catalytic method was compared with isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), for which the long-lived iodine nuclide ¹²⁹I was used. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that both methods yielded consistent iodine results across salt samples from Morocco and the Ivory Coast that were either free of iron or fortified with different iron species. Although some bias was present, no influence of iron on the catalytic reaction was detected.     

微分脉冲伏安法测定加碘盐中碘酸根离子

报道了运用微分脉冲伏安法测定食盐中碘酸根含量的方法。在1.0mol/LNaCl,pH=12的介质中,当脉冲振幅为70mV,脉冲周期为0.2s时,碘酸根离子在微分脉冲伏安图上出现一个灵敏的微分脉冲伏安峰,峰电位为-1.30V(vs.Ag/AgCl),峰电流与碘酸根离子浓度在2.0×10-7～1.0×10-5mol/L范围内成良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9995,方法检出限为1.0×10-7mol/L。方法已用于加碘食盐中碘酸根含量的测定,平均回收率为100.7%。循环伏安(CV)测试表明,碘酸根在汞膜电极上电化学反应是不可逆过程。     

理论加碘量对碘盐批质量的影响

通过计算，探讨了理论加碘量对碘盐批质量的影响，提出生产厂家在控制理论加碘量时应注意的一些问题。     

Difference in goiter rates between regular and occasional users of iodized salt in Mongolia

In Mongolia many households use iodized salt only occasionally. We investigated whether the occasional use of iodized salt had an impact on the reduction of goiter size. We examined 685 children (8-11 years old) in five groups of households that (1) used iodized salt regularly, (2) used more than 10 kg of iodized salt annually, (3) used 6 to 10 kg annually, (4) used less than 6 kg annually, (5) and regularly used noniodized salt. The prevalence of goiter as determined by ultrasound in these five groups was 31.1%, 30.3%, 40.6%, 52.1%, 56.6%, respectively. There was no difference between goiter rates among the first three groups, but these groups had significantly lower rates than the last two groups. We concluded that annual use of more than 6 kg of iodized salt, preferably more than 10 kg, by a household had a beneficial effect on the rate of goiter. In addition, the possibility was suggested that households that consumed only iodized salt consumed less salt than other households.     

连云港市生产批发环节碘盐监测结果分析

通过对连云港市2002～2005年生产批发环节碘盐监测结果的分析，找出盐碘含量的均数分布和标准差分布特征及变化情况，为提高碘盐质量提供科学的参考依据。     

亚甲基蓝褪色光度法测定食盐中微量碘

在硫酸介质中和溴化钾存在下,碘酸根能使亚甲基蓝氧化而褪色,且褪色的程度与碘酸根存在量成正比,从而建立了光度法测定碘的新方法.方法的最大吸收波长为545 nm.碘酸根含量在1～20μg /10 mL范围内符合比尔定律.表观摩尔吸光系数为1.0×104L·mol-1·cm-1.将该方法用于测定加碘食盐中的碘,结果满意.     

结晶紫褪色分光光度法测定食盐中微量碘

在硫酸介质中和溴化钾存在下,碘酸根能使结晶紫氧化而褪色,且褪色的程度与碘酸根存在量成正比,从而建立了光度法测定碘的新方法.方法的最大吸收波长为630 nm.碘酸根含量在5～42μg/10 mL范围内符合比尔定律.表观摩尔吸光系数为1.1×104 L·mol-1·cm-1.将该方法用于测定加碘食盐中的微量碘,结果满意.     

Performance of a photochromic time–temperature indicator under simulated fresh fish supply chain conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a photochromic time–temperature indicator (TTI) under dynamic temperature conditions simulating real fresh fish distribution chain scenarios. The work aimed at testing the possibility of extending the application of the TTI kinetic model, developed for specific temperature range of isothermal conditions, at low temperatures. The results showed that the TTI presented reproducible responses after being charged and during the discolouration process under different conditions, which revealed the reliability of the indicator. The TTI reflected well the temperature conditions of the studied scenarios, which indicates its potential application to continuously monitor the temperature history of the fresh fish supply chain. The kinetic model gave good fits in non‐abused scenarios at temperatures below 2 °C, presenting the potential for application of the model in determining the right charging level to suit a product’s shelf life at low temperatures.     

Iodine stability in salt double-fortified with iron and iodine

Deficiencies in small quantities of micronutrients, especially iodine and iron, severely affect more than a third of the world's population, resulting in serious public health consequences, especially for women and young children. Salt is an ideal carrier of micronutrients. The double fortification of salt with both iodine and iron is an attractive approach to the reduction of both anemia and iodine-deficiency disorders. Because iodine is unstable under the storage conditions found during the manufacturing, distribution, and sale of salt in most developing countries, the effects of packaging materials and environmental conditions on the stability of salt double-fortified with iron and iodine were investigated. Salt was double-fortified with potassium iodide or potassium iodate and with ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate. The effects of stabilizers on the stability of iodine and iron were followed by storing the salt under three conditions that represent the extremes of normal distribution and sale for salt in developing countries: room temperature (25 degrees C) with 50%-70% relative humidity, 40 degrees C with 60% relative humidity, and 40 degrees C with 100% relative humidity. The effects of stabilizers, such as sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, and dextrose were investigated. None of the combinations of iron and iodine compounds was stable at elevated temperatures. Essentially all of the iodine was lost over a period of six months. SHMP effectively slowed down the iodine loss, whereas magnesium chloride, a typical hygroscopic impurity, greatly accelerated this process. Calcium carbonate did not have a sparing effect on iodine, despite contrary indications in the literature. Ferrous sulfate-fortified salts generally turned yellow and developed an unpleasant rusty flavor. Salt fortified with ferrous fumarate and potassium, iodide was reasonably stable and maintained its organoleptic properties, making it more likely to be acceptable to consumers. We confirmed that application of the iodine compounds as solutions resulted in a more even distribution of the iodine throughout the sample. The effect of the packaging materials was overshadowed by the other variables. None of the packaging materials was clearly better than any other. This may have been due to the fact that the polymer bags were not heat sealed, and thus some moisture penetration was possible. The results indicate that with careful control of processing, packaging, and storage conditions, a double-fortified salt could be stabilized for the six-month period required for distribution and consumption. Unfortunately, the processing and storage required are difficult to attain under typical conditions in developing countries.