流量传播时空演变的三峡梯级短期优化调度模型研究

针对三峡梯级短期优化调度中流量传播问题,基于实测三峡出库流量与葛洲坝入库流量资料,采用相关分析法进行率定,构建了三峡水电站不同出库流量下确定葛洲坝水电站相应入库流量的分段线性方程,获得了以水定电模式下考虑流量传播时空演变的短期优化调度模型,并采用基于逐步优化算法(POA)的轮库迭代法编程求解模型,为梯级间水力计算提供了一个可行方向。实例结果表明,该模型为制定梯级水电站短期发电计划与经济运营提供了理论价值。     

基于变基增量动态规划梯级水电站短期优化调度研究

为提高梯级水电站整体效益,以松江河梯级水电站为例,建立了耗水量最小和耗水能量最小梯级 水电站短期优化调度数学模型,应用变基增量动态规划法,以总耗水量最小和总耗水能量最小为最优化 准则计算分析了两个计划日的梯级水电站短期优化调度。结果表明,耗水能量最小数学模型作为梯级水 电站短期优化调度的最优化准则更为准确;变基增量动态规划法求解时间短、精度高。     

含混合式抽水蓄能电站的梯级水电站优化调度

为提高梯级水电站调度运行效益、优化水库水位变化过程、减少弃水,考虑湖北省某流域梯级水电站规划新增混合抽水蓄能电站,将抽水蓄能机组作为水电站发电备用机组或利用其抽水工况实现梯级水电站年发电量的最大化。针对不同来水频率下服从皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布的天然入库,提出逐步优化算法(POA)与水位廊道耦合方法,求解含混合抽水蓄能的梯级水电站调度模型,能有效保证在多约束条件下构建发电量最大的中长期调度规则。算例结果表明,新增混合抽水蓄能电站后不仅可增加本级水电站发电量,还可提高抽水发电转换效率、减少弃水,为梯级水电站规划新增抽水蓄能电站提供参考。     

基于负荷曲线的水电站群短期运行效益研究

以金沙江中游梯级水电站群为例,结合电网需求,建立了基于负荷曲线运行的梯级水电站群短期联合发电优化调度模型,并采用逐次逼近法与逐步优化法的耦合算法对模型进行求解,比较分析了基于该模型的短期运行发电量效益。结果表明,梯级联合运行更符合电网调度需求,且在周调节基础上进一步日调节,综合效益增幅显著。     

基于混沌优化算法的梯级水电站水库优化调度

建立一种梯级水电站中长期水库优化调度模型,利用混沌优化算法对梯级水电站中长期水库调度问题进行优化计算.实例计算结果表明,该算法可求解复杂约束条件的非线性梯级水电站水库优化调度问题,精度高、收敛速度快,为求解梯级水电站水库优化调度提供了一种有效算法.     

三峡梯级电站短期优化调度模型及算法

针对三峡梯级水电站短期优化调度是个复杂的大型非线性有时滞性的优化问题,根据电网和电厂的实际需要建立了三峡梯级短期优化调度数学模型,提出了基于负荷典型和调峰幅度的优化算法,并以此编制梯级各电站的日负荷计划,取得了满意结果.     

计及不确定因素的梯级水电站短期优化调度

以一定时期内期望发电效益最大化为目标。采用马尔可夫链对梯级水电站机组未来调度时段的预想故障及上网电价进行概率预测。构建了一种新的梯级水电站短期概率优化调度的模型。并且采用服从正态分布的负荷波动来分析时变负荷对优化调度的影响。该模型全面考虑了梯级水电站蓄水量、弃水量、水位、发电引用流量等约束条件,实现了机组运行状态概率预测与优化调度决策的密切结合。利用微分进化算法鲁棒性强、搜索效率高的特点。与蒙特卡洛方法对模型进行求解。以一梯级水电站系统为例进行计算分析,表明所提出的模型合理和有效。     

基于乘子法的梯级水电站短期优化运行研究

本文从分析电力系统中梯级水电子系统短期优化调度的最优准则出发,建立了梯级水电站短期优化调度的非线性规划模型。该模型考虑了水电站水头、效率的变化等因素影响,并通过一系列转换,使模型成为以电站下泄流量为独立变量的形式,利用乘子法求解。实例优化结果表明乘子法用于求解梯级水电站短期优化调度的有效性。     

基于自优化模拟技术的梯级水电站群系统保证出力最大化研究

为了实现梯级水电站群系统保证出力最大化,应用自优化模拟技术,基于梯级水库蓄放水判别系数与梯级水电站群总调度图相结合的优化调度方法,提出了梯级水电站群系统保证出力最大化的自优化模拟算法。雅砻江下游梯级水库群的实例证明该算法的优化过程既合理又可靠,可以较好地实现梯级水电站群系统保证出力最大化、系统发电量尽可能大的目标,具有重要的实用价值。     

基于逐步优化算法的水库防洪优化调度模型研究

建立了逐步优化算法(POA)水库防洪优化调度模型,并嵌入分段试算法以求出有效POA初始序列,对水库防洪调度进行研究,得出合理的优化调度方案,有效利用了防洪库容拦蓄洪水、削减洪峰、补偿调节、减免洪水灾害,以充分发挥水库的综合效益.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.