水平轴失速型风力机主动非线性控制

讨论了大型主动失速型风力机在额定工况以上时的主动非线性控制问题。直接利用所推导的仿射性非线性模型．采用微分几何精确线性化理论,实现恒速风力机全局精确线性化控制,给出了反馈控制算法,并对闭环系统进行了数字仿真。     

基于输入输出反馈精确线性化的三相APF控制

将输入输出反馈精确线性化控制方法应用于三相有源电力滤波器非线性控制中。首先建立三相有源电力滤波器的仿射非线性系统模型,推导出了其输入输出反馈精确线性化非线性反馈控制律,实现三相并联型有源电力滤波器有功补偿电流和无功补偿电流的解耦控制器设计。最后使用Matlab进行仿真验证,仿真试验结果表明,该控制策略能较好地实现APF的解耦控制,具有较好的补偿特性,经该控制算法补偿,谐波畸变率限制在2%以下。     

计及多能设备变工况运行特性的综合能源系统日前优化调度北大核心CSCD

针对传统恒定效率设备模型存在的仿真误差大、适用范围窄等问题,文章将更加精确的设备变工况特性模型应用于系统优化调度中,建立了计及多能设备变工况运行特性的综合能源系统日前优化调度模型。在模型求解过程中,文章应用增量线性化策略,对目标函数和约束条件中的非线性项进行线性化处理,将原始的非线性优化调度模型转化为一个混合整数线性规划,通过调用成熟的商用求解器进行快速求解。在设备变工况运行特性约束的线性化处理过程中,文章提出了一种基于误差控制的分段点选取方法,通过构造偏差函数并控制其极值的上界,可以将最优解的误差水平限制在事先给定的范围内。算例结果表明,文章所提线性化处理方法与分段点选取策略,能够有效求得原始非线性规划问题的近似最优解,并且可将近似最优解的误差水平限制在5%以内。     

用有限元素法解燃烧室零件弹塑性热应力问题

柴油机起动和停机时产生的热应力有时会使一些零件进入塑性区。为了研究这个问题,作者编制了一个热弹塑性轴对称计算程序。此程序的特点是,中心轴线上的积分用精确积分公式计算,非线性处理用增量变刚度法分段线性化,其偏差采用修正办法修正。文中较详细地介绍了有限元算法,并给出了活塞计算实例。     

重型燃气轮机分段线性化状态空间模型的建立

基于西门子V64.3重型燃气轮机非线性动态模型,建立了该重型燃机的分段线性化状态空间模型。介绍了重型燃机模型的线性化方法,对燃机不同功率稳态工作点进行线性化,得到该工况下的燃机状态空间模型,选取燃机功率为参数建立燃机分段线性化状态空间模型。通过对重型燃机稳态工作点小扰动和加载过程的线性化模型和非线性模型仿真结果对比,表明了本文所建立的分段线性化状态空间模型的准确性。     

基于逆系统内模算法的交流励磁发电机

在建立交流励磁发电机空间状态方程的基础上,运用逆系统方法将交流励磁发电机精确线性化成有功功率和无功功率两个一阶线性子系统,并运用内模控制算法对其进行优化以提高系统的稳定性。提出了交流励磁发电机的基于逆系统内模控制策略,并进行了仿真实验。仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现对发电输出功率的解耦控制,并具有更高的控制精确度和稳定性。     

永磁同步风电机组神经网络滑模多目标优化控制

将永磁同步风力发电机组中的变流器和电网用等效负载代替并对控制回路进行简化,得到非线性仿射形式的机组模型,利用反馈线性化方法对系统进行精确线性化。固定参数离散指数趋近律滑模控制算法主要缺陷是如两个参数匹配不当,可能会使求得的控制量过大,同时系统在滑模面附近剧烈的高频抖振会导致机组所要承受的机械应力增加,动态性能变差,利用神经网络的自适应学习能力对这两个控制参数进行实时优化,根据机组控制目标定义一个综合性能指标,通过优化该指标得到网络权值修正算法。仿真结果表明,该方法可以使系统快速到达滑模面,实现了机组对最优转速的快速跟踪;同时有效抑制了系统的抖振,减小了额外的疲劳载荷,实现了多目标优化控制。     

水平轴失速型风力发电机组非线性鲁棒控制

基于分散鲁棒控制理论,结合高增益观测器,针对大型风力发电机组变桨距控制提出了一种新的非线性鲁棒控制方案(0NRC).该方法不依赖于对象的精确模型,通过积分环节对系统的非线性部分、不可测部分和扰动(即扩张状态)进行估测,能够提高风力发电机组变桨距控制系统的性能鲁棒性,改善系统在恒功率输出运行区域内的动态性能,而且设计简单易于实现,参数整定容易.同时,在阵风、阶跃风及随机风的作用下,对ONRC、精确反馈线性化(EFL)、PID进行数字仿真实验,结果表明,ONRC具有较好的动态性能和性能鲁棒性.     

基于增广状态反馈的三相逆变器非线性最优控制

三相逆变器数学模型的非线性特性加大了控制器设计的难度,为解决状态反馈精确线性化控制理论对三相逆变器非线性控制稳态性能较差的问题,设计了一种增广反馈的非线性控制策略,并利用LQR方法对控制参数进行了最优求解。仿真和试验结果表明,逆变器的电压瞬态变压范围应小于±5%,恢复时间小于0.04s;总谐波畸变率小于2%,单次谐波畸变率小于1%,该控制策略具有良好的动态、稳态性能。     

基于间隙度量的燃气轮机分段线性化建模方法

针对燃气轮机分段线性化模型建立过程中模型选择缺乏依据的问题,通过引入间隙度量表征线性化模型之间的相似程度,根据选定的间隙度量阈值实现燃气轮机分段线性化模型完备且非冗余选择。应用该方法建立某型分轴燃气轮机的分段线性化模型,并与等间隔选取方法进行对比研究。结果表明:该方法不仅为分段线性化模型选择提供理论依据,而且能够在保证模型精度的同时降低线性化模型数量,避免模型冗余。     

A new multibody modelling methodology for wind turbine structures using a cardanic joint beam element

This paper presents a new multibody modelling methodology for wind turbine structures. The methodology is based on the hybrid multibody system being composed of rigid, flexible bodies, force elements and joints. With a cardanic joint beam element based on the Timoshenko beam theory, the flexible bodies, e.g. rotor blades and tower, shafts, are modelled by a set of rigid bodies connected by cardanic joints geometrically and constrained by spring forces elastically, thus a whole wind turbine structure can be represented by a discrete system of rigid bodies, springs, and dampers. Using some concepts of the differential geometry, the Lagrange's motion equations of the multibody system are represented in explicit form. With this model, the global natural vibrations of a wind turbine structure of 600 kW are analysed.     

风电机组电动变桨距伺服系统的研究

基于非线性PI理论,针对风力发电机组电动变桨距伺服系统中执行电机的非线性特性,提出了一种新的非线性控制方法。该方法基于对象的非线性模型,通过简单的非线性变换,把串励直流电机控制器的设计简化为线性系统问题。通过对变桨距电机负载所受驱动力进行了详细分析,进一步设计了控制器,在Matlab/Simulink环境下进行的数字仿真表明,此伺服系统具有良好的动态性能。     

The concept of a smart wind turbine system

A smart wind turbine concept with variable length blades and an innovative hybrid mechanical-electrical power conversion system was analyzed. The variable length blade concept uses the idea of extending the turbine blades when wind speeds fall below rated level, hence increasing the swept area, and thus maintaining a relatively high power output. It is shown for a typical site, that the annual energy output of such a wind turbine that could double its blade length, could be twice that of a corresponding turbine with fixed length blades. From a cost analysis, it is shown that the concept would be feasible if the cost of the rotor could be kept less than 4.3 times the cost of a standard rotor with fixed length blades. Given the variable length blade turbine system exhibits a more-or-less linear maximum power curve, as opposed to a non-linear curve for the standard turbine, an innovative hybrid mechanical-electrical power conversion system was proposed and tested proving the feasibility of the concept.     

A rigorous,engineer‐friendly approach for modelling realistic,composite rotor blades

A rigorous approach is presented for the modelling of composite beam structures of the type encountered in wind turbine blades, helicopter rotor blades and the like. The analysis methodology is based on a dimensional reduction of the geometrically nonlinear, three‐dimensional, anisotropic theory of elasticity. Small parameters stemming from the beam‐like geometry of slender structures such as wind turbine blades lead to a splitting of the problem into a (usually) linear, two‐dimensional cross‐sectional analysis and a geometrically exact nonlinear, one‐dimensional beam analysis. The incorporation of such beam analyses into flexible multibody codes presents a unified and powerful approach to the modelling of wind turbines with composite rotor blades. The generality and power of the methodology are illustrated in several examples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.     

Multivariable control strategy for variable speed, variable pitch wind turbines

Reliable and powerful control strategies are needed for wind energy conversion systems to achieve maximum performance. A new control strategy for a variable speed, variable pitch wind turbine is proposed in this paper for the above-rated power operating condition. This multivariable control strategy is realized by combining a nonlinear dynamic state feedback torque control strategy with a linear control strategy for blade pitch angle. A comparison with existing strategies, PID and LQG controllers, is performed. The proposed approach results in better power regulation. The new control strategy has been validated using an aeroelastic wind turbine simulator developed by NREL for a high turbulence wind condition.     

风力机气动弹性稳定性的研究

建立了风力机转子叶片的非线性运动方程。采用模态法求解挥舞、摆振、扭转微分方程，并应用数值结果对风力机气动弹性稳定性进行了分析。     

风能转换系统的动态矩阵控制

在实际的变速变桨风力机系统中,模型的强非线性、满负载工况下不稳定的风速及系数参数测量误差的存在,使传统的控制方法难以取得满意的控制效果,因此针对满负载工况下的风能转换系统提出了一种基于多变量动态矩阵控制的控制策略,先构建风能转化系统模型,将时变非线性模型在平衡点处线性化,得到其输入输出偏移量的线性化模型;再利用动态矩阵算法,间接控制发电机转速与功率在额定值处稳定;最后在风轮与电机转动惯量测量误差为40%的情况下进行仿真。结果表明,所得动态矩阵控制器具有较小的波动与较好的鲁棒性,能有效减小系统参数误差的影响,可在安全的工作范围内提供期望的性能,有助于提高电力系统的效率和电能质量。     

电力系统仿真水轮机模型研究

目前电力系统仿真计算中水轮机模型均采用简化模型,难以准确反映水电机组的实际特性。通过分析水轮机调节系统数学模型,提出了一种递推水轮机线性模型,给出了其计算框图,并利用MATLAB/Simulink进行递推水轮机线性模型、非线性水轮机模型、IEEE推荐水轮机模型的仿真试验和对比分析。结果表明,递推水轮机线性模型可较好地描述水轮机的非线性与动态特性,计算结果与非线性模型及现场试验结果具有高度一致性。递推水轮机线性模型计算速度快、计算精度高,可作为电力系统动态仿真用模型。     

Service reliability of offshore wind turbines

A probabilistic formulation is proposed to assess the performance of the support structure of offshore wind turbines based on their probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds. To this end, novel probabilistic models are developed to predict the mean and standard deviation of the drift ratio response of wind turbine support structures operating under day-to-day loads as a function of the wind turbine geometry and material properties, and loading conditions. The proposed models are assessed using a database of virtual experiments generated using detailed three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear finite element (FE) models of a set of representative wind turbine configurations. The developed models are then used in a random vibration formulation to estimate the probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds. As an example, the probability and expected time of exceeding specified drift thresholds are estimated for a typical offshore wind turbine at different wind speeds. A comparison is made between the results obtained based on the proposed models, those obtained using simulators commonly used in practice and detailed 3D nonlinear FE analyses.