巴尔喀什湖生态水位演变分析及调控对策

针对巴尔喀什湖百余年来的湖水位变化与伊犁河三角洲生态环境退化问题,选取卡依尔干、卡上171km、卡普恰盖、乌斯热尔玛等4处水文站的长系列资料,对伊犁河干流径流沿程变化情况进行分析,比较了卡普恰盖水库建成蓄水前后其对水库下游河道径流变化的影响.研究结果认为,巴尔喀什湖的水位变化主要受流域水文情势周期性变化规律的影响.就近...     

伊犁河流域陆表水域面积时空变化及驱动力分析

为探究伊犁河流域陆表水域面积时空变化及其驱动因素，为跨境水资源确权与分配提供依据，利用全球地表水数据集研究2001～2020年伊犁河流域陆表水域面积时空变化，并结合降水、温度和土地利用数据进行驱动力分析。结果表明：(1) 2001～2020年伊犁河流域陆表水域面积增加661 km²,主要增加在中国境外巴尔喀什湖南部和境内流域。(2) 20 a间大于1 km²的陆表水域增加41个，大于5 km²的陆表水域增加14个，巴尔喀什湖水体面积呈先增加后稳定的趋势，卡普恰盖水库水体面积呈下降趋势。(3)中国境内陆表水域面积受气候因素影响较小，土地利用类型变化是境内陆表水域面积变化主导因素；耕地面积变化是影响境外陆表水域面积变化的主导因素。研究成果可为伊犁河流域土地利用规划及流域水资源合理分配提供科学支撑。     

简述乌伦古湖入湖水量及湖水位情势分析

由于乌伦古河河川径流具有连续枯水年且枯水时段长的特点,且乌伦古河在连续枯水年份出现断流是一种不可抗拒的自然因素,需要在流域综合规划指导下,具体研究吉力湖和布伦托海入湖水量及水位变化情势,尽可能恢复乌伦古河流域原有生态,保障洄游性鱼类所需要的流量要求,显著减少布伦托海湖水向吉力湖倒灌发生的时间和倒灌水量,使乌伦古湖和周边生态系统有所好转。     

长江鄱阳湖问题的原因及湖口建闸的影响

根据实际资料分析了近年鄱阳湖环境面貌剧烈变化的原因和湖口建闸的影响,结果表明:当前鄱阳湖汛后提前干枯主要是长江上游水库群改变了河川径流节律,减少汛后水量,使河湖提前入枯和河道大幅冲刷,全线汛后水位平均降低2～4 m(湖口2.76 m),径流减少是主要原因;鄱阳湖大量采砂已经破坏了入江水道的自然水力顶托机制,使枯季(2—3月)湖区(都昌)平均水位降低2 m,这是鄱阳湖连续出现极低水位的原因;鄱阳湖流域水库拦截和长江汛期洪水减少、湖水位降低和持水量减少等,也使近年8—10月湖口入湖和出湖流量大幅度减少,加剧了湖区汛后水位降低,特别是鄱阳湖七河尾闾干旱。上述变化已经对湖区生态环境和周边生产生活影响很大,但鄱阳湖基本自然特征没有改变。湖口建闸是可控制湖区汛后水位消落和抬高枯水位,但是建闸隔断江湖,对洄游鱼类生存、鸟类生境和湖区环境影响很大;长江受三峡大坝隔断后,再在湖口建闸将严重肢解流域自然生态系统,使长江生境多样性彻底丧失;而且建闸还将进一步加剧长江下游水位降低,改变河湖面貌,降低环境容量和河口抵御咸潮能力。解决鄱阳湖问题应该在长江流域层面统筹寻找对策,建议严格坚持三峡工程规划确定的主要防大洪水原则,适当调整流域总体规划,提高湖区流域水利工程调节能力和增加汛后补水,修复鄱阳湖入江水道,加强鄱阳湖及周边适应能力建设等。     

黄河上游梯级水库运行的生态影响研究

为科学揭示梯级水库群运行对河流生态的影响,基于黄河上游实测水沙序列,采用IHA(Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration)指标体系,对比分析了不同工程运行时期黄河上游水文情势变化,运用多系列贡献率分割法,量化了不同影响因子对水文情势变化的贡献率。通过输沙率法结合断面淤积形态分析揭示了黄河上游河道冲淤演变。结果表明,黄河上游水库运行对河流径流及河道形态产生了深刻影响,进而影响了河流生态。水库运行后非汛期月均流量上升、汛期月均流量下降、高流量事件发生频率与流量减少,径流趋于平缓,且宁蒙河段泥沙淤积、断面形态趋于宽浅。分析表明水库运行是造成黄河上游兰州水文情势变化的主要原因,以及石嘴山、头道拐水文情势变化的重要原因,高流量事件的减少加剧了河道淤积,使河流生态朝不利方向演化,为维护黄河上游生态健康有必要实施生态调度,提高涨水期和洪水期下泄流量并制造高流量事件。研究为评估梯级水库运行的生态影响、指导梯级水库生态调度提供方向性参考。     

前坪水库工程对下游河道水文水资源影响分析

前坪水库工程是北汝河上游一座大型枢纽控制工程。为研究工程建成后对下游水文水资源的影响,从河道水文情势进行分析,并对水库建成后下游河道洪水流量变化情况进行研究,认为前坪水库建成后,改善了流域水资源时程的分配,使洪水资源化,增加了枯水期北汝河河道下泄水量,解决了下游河段断流的问题,对下游河道安全度汛、水资源利用等将产生积极影响。     

青龙山水库坝下生态环境需水量分析

水利水电工程的筑坝引水、调度运行等活动对坝下河段水量的时空分布可能造成一定影响,河道水文情势的变化对水生生态、生产和生活用水、河道景观等也可能产生一系列不利影响.为维护河流的基本生态需求,保护水生生物多样性,保障生活、生产及景观用水需求,水利水电工程必须下泄一定的生态流量.文中以黑龙江省鸡西市拟建工程青龙山水库为例,结合穆棱河鸡西河段的环境现状,对水库坝下生态环境需水量及需水过程进行了分析探讨.     

水库调度对大坝下游河道生态径流的影响

采用逐月频率计算法,分别计算水库修建前后河道生态径流,并对其变化情况进行比较,确定水库调度是否符合河道生态径流的要求。根据襄阳站水文资料对丹江口水库的调度进行分析,结果表明:丹江口水库目前的调度方式对汉江流域生态系统的影响比较大,提出了减小丹江口水库调度对汉江生态系统影响的措施:为减少这种影响,应以建坝前的最大、最小和适宜生态径流过程为准,对现有的调度规程进行适当修改,使以后运行的最小生态径流不小于建坝前的最小生态径流,最大生态径流不大于建坝前的最大生态径流过程,减小水库对生态系统的影响。     

梯级水库调度影响下沅江入洞庭湖径流量演变特征分析

为精准识别各入洞庭湖水系水量变化对洞庭湖径流特征的影响,选取沅江作为研究对象,以桃源水文站1966～2018年的流量序列为基础,采用水文变异诊断系统,对梯级水库联合调度下沅江入洞庭湖径流量的演变特征进行分析.结果表明:在梯级水库联合调度影响下,加之流域河道外用水的不断增加等因素,在年际演变特征上,1～5月径流整体呈现中...     

五河控制性水库对鄱阳湖枯水期水文情势的影响

近年来,鄱阳湖区枯水期水位降低、枯水出现时间提前、枯水持续时间延长,对湖区经济社会发展、生态系统及生物多样性带来了严重影响。为明晰鄱阳湖水系水库蓄放水调度运用对湖区枯水期水文情势的影响,选择鄱阳湖水系赣江、抚河、信江、饶河、修水等五河上7座调节性能较好的控制性水库,运用长系列径流调节计算方法,定量分析了各水库现状调度方式对下游河道及鄱阳湖区的流量、水位影响。结果表明:9月至次年2月为鄱阳湖五河控制性水库供水期,各水库对鄱阳湖区均处于补水状态,现状调度方式下月均增加入湖流量62～289 m~3/s。修水柘林水库枯水期补水对下游虬津站水位抬升作用较大,鄱阳湖赣江、抚河和昌江上水库对下游控制站水位抬升作用较小。鄱阳湖五河控制性水库不同程度抬高湖区水位0.04～0.48 m,对鄱阳湖区目前出现的枯水期水位降低、枯水时间提前等现象无不利影响。     

Simple model for monitoring Balkhash Lake water levels and Ili River discharges: Application of remote sensing

Balkhash Lake and its environs are a very fragile ecosystem, whose dynamics exhibits large oscillations in magnitude caused by climatic factors and human impacts. The most recent oscillation was accompanied by construction of a water storage reservoir on the Ili River, the main inflow to the lake, leading to an additional decrease in the Balkhash Lake water level, and to dehydration of wetland landscapes in the Ili River delta. The main purpose of this study was to model the link between wetland biomass conditions in the Ili River delta and changes in the Balkhash Lake water level. A monthly, coarse‐resolution Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset was used as an indicator of vegetation activity and biomass dynamics in the Ili River delta wetland for the period between 1982 and 2003. The NDVI displays significant intra‐annual and interannual variability strongly correlated with Ili River discharge and Balkhash Lake water level. This study also developed a simple model between NDVI and the two hydrological variables used in monitoring the hydrological regime of Balkhash Lake and its catchment basin.     

Patterns of Lake Balkhash water level changes and their climatic correlates during 1992–2010 period

The variation in Lake Balkhash water levels during the period from 1992 to 2010 and their relationship with climate dynamics were investigated in this study, using satellite altimetry data and meteorological records from climate stations located in the lake catchment basin. The altimetry‐derived water level demonstrated a general water level increase, reaching a mean value of 8.1 cm year^?1 in July 2005, with a maximum value of 342.52 m. The increased Lake Balkhash water level was accompanied by an overall upward trend in precipitation and temperature in the catchment basin during the study period. A strong increase in the winter and spring temperature was the main contributor to the general upward temperature trend, whereas a significant change of summer and autumn precipitation was the major contributor to the annual precipitation trend. Neither precipitation nor temperature increased uniformly across the entire lake drainage basin. The study results identified the most pronounced climate change occurring in the mountainous part (>2000 m above sea level) of the basin, in the upper reaches of the Ili river, which is the main water inflow to the lake. Statistical analysis indicated the Lake Balkhash water level is strongly correlated with both precipitation and temperature. The correlations were investigated for three altitudinal strata (<1000 m, 1000–2000 m, >2000 m) corresponding to the lower, middle and upper reaches of the Ili river. The best correlations were obtained for the upper reaches of the Ili river, indicating a changing snow cover and glacier equilibrium are the main factors controlling the water level trends in Lake Balkhash.     

Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan): Recent human impact and natural variability in the last 2900 years

Lake Balkhash is a large and relatively shallow closed-basin lake in the arid part of Central Asia. The lake experienced an ecological crisis in the 1970s and 1980s when the filling of the Kapchagay Reservoir in the middle reaches of its main tributary caused a significant lake-level decline and salinity rise, and resulting biodiversity loss. A sediment core representing 2900 years of lake history was obtained to assess man-made alterations of the lake in the last decades in comparison to the natural status of Lake Balkhash. Analyses of sediments and of ostracod (micro-crustacean) species assemblages and shell chemistry revealed that the lake was probably relatively shallow and more brackish ca. 2900–2200 calibrated years before present (cal a BP) in comparison to the period when the Kapchagay Reservoir was filled. A relatively high lake level and lower salinity prevail since ca. 2200 cal a BP.The uppermost sediments of the obtained core and nearby surface-sediment samples provide evidence for the establishment of hypoxic conditions in Lake Balkhash since the middle of the 1970s. The lake-level decline during the filling of the Kapchagay Reservoir probably caused the redistribution of organic-matter rich littoral sediments to greater depth in the lake where dissolved oxygen became consumed due to the decomposition of organic remains. The spatial and temporal distribution of hypoxia in Lake Balkhash is not known, and systematic studies are required to assess the status of the benthic life and potential impacts of future lake-level, nutrient influx and temperature changes.     

Impacts of water level changes in the fauna,flora and physical properties over the Balkhash Lake watershed

The water level variations of the Lake Balkhash, the Kapshagay Reservoir and the Ili River and the linkage with salinity and biological conditions are investigated in this work using different techniques: satellite radar altimetry, in situ gauges, historical archives of fish population counting and field works. We show that it is possible now to monitor, over decades, in near real time, with high precision, the water level changes in the Lake Balkhash from satellite altimetry, over the reservoir and also along the Ili River. The vulnerability of the lake fauna and flora populations is enhanced by the morphometry of the lake: shallow and separation of the eastern basin from the western basin through the narrow Uzun‐Aral strait. Water policy of the Ili River also plays a fundamental role in the evolution of the Balkhash Lake. The Ili River that provides 80% of the surface water of the lake is a transboundary river. Development of intense irrigated agriculture in the upstream part of this river, located in the Chinese territory, could lead in the future to high hydrological stress in the downstream regions with potentially high damage in the delta and for fishery production. We show here the recent evolution of the Lake Balkhash basin from satellite data. Some interannual oscillation of 6–8 years over the last decade has been highlighted, with a water level of the lake still at a high value, but prediction on increasing irrigation is also highlighting the vulnerability of this lake. Linkage between water level change along the river and the downstream waters is also investigated. It shows that the role of the reservoir is not fundamental in the understanding of the Lake Balkhash water level changes which is in contrast highly correlated to upstream river level changes.     

龙滩水库蓄水对梧州站径流影响的初步分析

龙滩水库在下闸蓄水开始阶段,坝下断流,对下游供水有一定的影响。但其影响程度和时间是否威胁珠江三角洲地区压咸补淡的控制性用水要求,有关部门的意见不完全统一。为此,对近5年来红水河龙滩坝址以上流域和西江流域梧州水文站枯水径流资料进行分析,并结合2006年龙滩坝址枯水期径流预报成果,分析了龙滩水库下闸蓄水初期阶段对梧州水文站径流的影响,认为龙滩水库在2006年10月下旬以前下闸,不影响11月份以后的梧州水文站径流,即不影响珠江三角洲压咸补淡的控制性用水要求。     

松花湖富营养化评价及防治措施

采用修正的卡森状态指数法进行松花湖水体富营养化评价,评价结果表明红石水库水质最好,白山水库次之,松花湖水质综合评价最差。由于辉发河带入的污染物较多,造成松花湖水质上游次于下游,越到下游水质越好,丰满水库的水质最优。全流域的富营养化指数为45.64,根据本研究选择的湖泊富营养状态分级标准,松花湖流域的富营养化总体处于中营养阶段,辉发河河口富营养程度最高,已达到轻度富营养化程度。     

牛栏江上游水沙变异点分析及影响因素探讨

牛栏江上的德泽水库是引水改善滇池水环境的水源工程,因此,分析牛栏江的径流和泥沙含量变化对滇池水环境改善效果的影响,具有重要现实意义。以牛栏江上游的四营和七星桥水文站作为代表站,依据1956～2009年实测水文资料,分析了河流水沙的变化特性。分析结果表明：从1982年开始,牛栏江上游的径流量变化趋势与降雨量变化相反,即降雨增大,径流反而减小;1992年以来,流域产沙量明显减少。对引起水沙变异的主要因素进行了分析,发现人类的活动是牛栏江上游水沙变化的主要原因。     

近60年来长江对鄱阳湖倒灌水量的变化特征

鄱阳湖是长江中下游典型的通江湖泊,其出流特征及水位涨落同时受五河及长江来水的双重影响,进而形成较为复杂的江湖水文情势关系。为研究长江对鄱阳湖作用的变化规律,依据鄱阳湖五河以及出湖控制水文站1956—2016年水文数据,探讨长江对鄱阳湖倒灌水量的变化规律。研究结果表明:鄱阳湖五河七口控制站2003—2016年年平均径流量相比1956—2002年有所降低。鄱阳湖倒灌水量、倒灌天数均与汉口站来水和鄱阳湖入湖水量之差呈较好的正相关关系。2003年后,三峡水库的蓄水或放水在一定程度上影响了江湖作用的季节变化和鄱阳湖流域的旱涝机遇,一定程度上减少了长江对鄱阳湖的倒灌频次。通过对倒灌水量和倒灌天数的分析可知,在1960年代、1980年代和21世纪初,长江上中游来水对鄱阳湖的作用相对强烈;而在1970年代、1990年代和2010年以后,长江上中游来水对鄱阳湖作用较弱。研究成果对于认识变化条件下长江与鄱阳湖江湖关系变化规律具有重要意义。     

三峡等上游水库水量调度对荆江三口分流的影响

受人类活动、地形自然演变等因素影响,荆江三口分流持续减少,给洞庭湖区水资源利用、水生态环境保护等带来不利影响。三峡等上游水库投入运行后,改变了长江中下游的径流过程,通过数学模型计算,分析丰、平、枯典型来水条件下三峡等上游水库水量调度对荆江三口分流的影响,揭示荆江三口分流与上游水库调度之间的相关关系,可为洞庭湖区治理提供技术支持。     

三峡库区及上游水土保持监测站网建设思路探讨

水土保持监测站网建设是监测工作的基础。三峡库区及其上游的金沙江下游、嘉陵江流域、沱江流域、乌江上游是长江流域水土流失集中区,严重的水土流失制约了生态文明建设进程,影响经济社会的健康发展。立足于长期为三峡工程生态环境建设与保护管理、三峡库区生态文明建设提供技术支撑和信息服务这一根本出发点,提出了由1个流域监测中心站、5个省级监测总站和38个监测点组成的三峡库区及上游水土保持监测站网建设思路,以及以协同站网区域监测、典型监测和人为水土流失监测为方法体系的不同尺度、不同对象的水土保持监测信息服务模式,旨在全面掌握三峡库区及上游水土流失状况及变化趋势。