千米级斜拉桥长索架设技术

以苏通长江公路大桥为饲介绍了千米级斜拉桥斜拉索安装方法及其施工要点.论述了斜拉索的桥面展开、塔端挂设、梁端牵引锚固以及PE保护等长索安装施丁的关键技术问题.长索桥面的展开采用立式放索,梁端牵引锚固采用卷扬机、钢绞线以及张拉杆共同组成的三级组合牵引方式,长索张拉在梁端进行.     

特大跨度斜拉桥施工几何控制原理的数值验证

以苏通长江大桥为研究对象,通过数值仿真分析验证了几何控制原理的正确性。通过对施工过程中临时荷载和环境温度对于结构线形影响的系统分析和研究结果表明,在考虑施工全过程几何非线性影响的条件下,临时荷载及环境温度等因素仅影响施工过程中的结构状态,基本不影响成桥的结构线形和内力状态,几何控制原理适用于超大斜拉桥施工控制,采用几何控制原理能够获得良好的施工控制结果。     

斜拉桥的拉索纵桥向风荷载计算方法研究

介绍了苏通大桥在设计过程中专门对斜拉索进行的测力试验情况,并与国外相关研究成果进行了对比,提出了斜拉索纵桥向风荷载阻力系数计算公式.该研究填补了我国桥梁抗风设计规范的空白,已被纳入<公路桥梁抗风设计规范>(JTG/T D60-01-2004),具有很高的实际指导意义.     

Construction techniques of super length main cable of Taizhou Bridge

Taizhou Bridge is a highway three-pylon two-span bridge with span arrangement of 1 080 m + 1 080 m and the length of the main cable is more than 3 100 m. It is the longest cable in China. As the erection of the main cable needs to cross over three towers and the cables undulate acutely, general problems like the twist, spread and swell of strands and shedding of the zinc coating are prone to arise, which make it difficult to guarantee the quantity of cable traction construction. In this paper, the hauling, shaping and saddling of strands and sag adjusting are illustrated in detail and how to execute the refined construction control to guarantee the erection quality is also covered.     

国产桥梁斜拉索用1 770 MPa镀锌钢丝制造技术的研究

重点介绍了宝钢集团公司在苏通大桥斜拉索用高强度镀锌钢丝的研制实践中,通过制造技术研究和技术创新,形成了"双张紧+限径模"工艺、"主导工艺+微调"整体优化、"三度控制"热镀锌操作等三大关键技术,生产制造出了高强度、低松弛、具有良好扭转性能的国产桥梁斜拉索用高强度(1 770 MPa级)镀锌钢丝.     

拉索风雨激振的多模态耦合及面内-面外振动

在假设拉索表面与水线之间作用着库仑阻尼力和粘滞线性阻尼力的基础上,建立了能够反映拉索面内-面外振动的带运动水线的连续弹性拉索风雨激振理论模型。通过振型分解,获得了以拉索面内-面外各阶模态表示的拉索运动微分方程。利用该理论模型对洞庭湖大桥S19拉索进行了分析,结果表明：拉索风雨激振是多模态的耦合振动,振动过程中伴随着模态的转移;面内振动和面外振动同时发生,通常情况下面内振动占据优势;拉索截面运动的轨迹是一个斜置椭圆,或是几个斜置椭圆交织在一起;风速对拉索振动偏振角有较大影响;拉索最大振幅发生的位置随参振模态的变化而改变     

大跨混凝土斜拉桥施工过程中结构的断索动力响应

为研究大跨混凝土斜拉桥施工过程中结构的断索动力响应,以湖南赤石特大桥火灾后九根拉索断裂的事故为背景,采用有限元软件建立了赤石特大桥的非线性动力实体有限元分析模型,通过对比灾后检测得到的索力、主梁和索塔位移及裂缝开展情况与有限元模型中相应的计算结果,证明了模型的有效性。基于已验证的有限元模型,对斜拉桥结构在多根拉索断裂过程中的动力响应进行了分析。结果表明:(1)拉索静态断裂只会对断索区域附近的截面内力和索力造成影响,而拉索骤断引起的冲击作用则会导致全桥结构都产生较大内力变化;(2)单侧索面部分拉索断裂导致主梁顶板及腹板受到扭矩和双向弯矩的共同作用而产生大量裂缝,裂缝在第五根拉索断裂后出现;(3)主梁扭矩、竖向弯矩和横向弯矩最不利截面在断索过程中的动力放大系数分别在1.09~1.55、1.21~2.05及1.21~1.76,最大主压应力动力放大系数在1.02~1.58;(4)预应力筋及拉索最大拉应力的动力放大系数分别在1~1.9及1.05~1.4;(5)索塔塔顶位移动力放大系数在1.23~1.65。     

基于小波多尺度的索塔锚固区变形特征提取

苏通大桥索塔锚固区高频度的监测数据显示,在造成数据失真的各种噪声中,温度对类似索塔的高耸构筑物的影响尤其明显,会使其产生“背日葵”现象,为了查清温度导致的索塔变形情况,准确评估索塔的安全性,结合实时的气象资料和工况,分时段的采用小波多尺度去噪方法逐层分离出温度产生的索塔偏离度,提取出因实际工况产生的索塔锚固区变形特征。为锚固区传力机理以及施工控制提供了可靠的计算分析依据,对高耸构筑物受力分析具有很好的工程应用前景。     

苏通大桥5800t钢吊箱整体沉放技术

苏通大桥是我国在长江河口地区建设的世界首座跨径超千米的斜拉桥,主塔基础位于深水潮汐急流河段,采用钻孔灌注桩群桩基础,是规模最大的群桩基础。对于深水急流条件下的群桩基础,为承台提供施工条件的钢吊箱的高精度施工是一个关键难题。从沉放方案选择、结构方案设计、制作和安装、整体沉放工艺、同步性控制及定位等方面阐述了苏通大桥主塔基础5 800 t钢吊箱的整体沉放技术与工艺。其中,将钻孔桩施工平台与钢吊箱底板结合的结构方案和钢吊箱整体沉放工艺、同步性控制和定位技术具有明显的创新性。     

苏通大桥主桥上部结构施工及控制技术研究

苏通大桥是目前世界上已建成的最大跨径斜拉桥,其主桥上部结构施工,主要包括边跨辅助跨以及索塔区大块梁段安装,标准梁段安装以及中跨合龙几个阶段.其中大块梁段采用浮吊整体吊装,标准梁段采用桥面双吊机系统进行吊装,中跨合龙采取顶推辅助合龙方法.同时在施工过程中采用了全过程自适应几何控制方法,通过全过程精确控制结构构件的无应力尺寸与形状,以及实现控制系统和被控制系统相适应来达到控制桥梁结构最终线形和内力的目标.为了解决长悬臂主梁风致振动条件下的测量问题,采用了包括基于GPs和基于全站仪的两种动态几何监测系统.对上部结构施工期风致振动进行了深入研究,对最大单、双悬臂状态进行了抖振响应分析,对最大单悬臂状态的主梁抗风安全性进行了分析评估,并提出了相应的抗风措施.成桥状态几何线形误差和索力误差均在设计范嗣之内.     

斜拉桥施工初始索力的确定

本文介绍了直接利用前进分析确定斜拉桥施工初始索力的方法。该方法以施工正序进行分析,能够精确计及结构的几何非线性、混凝土收缩徐变以及其他因素的影响。与以往随方法相比,该方法考虑因素全面,计算简使、精度高。用该方法获得的施工初始索力进行施工,成桥索力及线型易于保证,可以大大减少工程控制的工作量,节约大量人力、物力和财力。     

苏通大桥300米高塔的设计与施工

苏通长江公路大桥索塔为世界上建成的最高桥塔.索塔锚固区采用钢混组合结构,其构造及受力机理复杂,结构耐久性问题需高度关注;300 m塔高使得结构对风和环境因素相当敏感;高塔施工的抗风安全尤为重要.从索塔锚固区设计、索塔形态控制、抗风安全3个方面介绍苏通大桥索塔工程设计与施工的关键技术.     

Design and construction of Sutong Bridge tower

Su-tong Bridge tower with 300.4m is the highest one in the world. The tower anchor area uses the steel-concrete composite structure, its structure and the stress mechanism are complex, So It must be pay more attention to the structure durable issue. The tower with 300 meters is quite sensitive of the environmental factors such as wind and temperature. The safety of tower in construction stage against the wind is important especially. In this paper, the design of composite structure is introduced .The key technologies of tower geometry control and wind resistance in construction stage are analyzed.     

高频长缆水声换能器的匹配技术研究

高频换能器接长电缆后谐振频率会发生偏移,导致与工作频率相差甚远,工作点的导纳值与不接长电缆时偏差较大。这使得换能器与发射机和接收机之间的阻抗严重失配。文章对高频长缆水声换能器匹配技术进行研究,通过建立换能器等效电路模型,利用传输线理论,进行四端口匹配网络的设计和仿真,并制作一块匹配电路板。实验结果表明,系统匹配性测试与仿真计算相吻合,提高了系统机电转换效率,证明了该匹配方法的可行性和工程实用性。     

索穹顶结构局部断索分析

索穹顶结构是由索和杆为基本构成单元,通过预应力提供刚度的一类新型索杆空间结构体系。为考察结构中局部索(杆)破坏对整体结构的影响,以某体育馆索穹顶结构方案为背景,采用动力学方法模拟了各类杆件破断后其他杆件内力的变化和结构最终到达的平衡位置。通过观察局部索(杆)破坏是否引起其它索松弛从而造成较大节点变位来判断结构体系是否安全,通过观察局部索(杆)破坏是否引起其它索杆的强度破坏来判断结构是否连续倒塌,同时区分了不同位置杆件的安全等级。该研究对于该类结构的正常使用和维护有一定的借鉴意义。     

Developments and Prospects of Long-Span High-Speed Railway Bridge Technologies in China

With the rapid developments of the high-speed railway in China, a great number of long-span bridges have been constructed in order to cross rivers and gorges. At present, the longest main span of a constructed high-speed railway bridge is only 630 m. The main span of Hutong Yangtze River Bridge and of Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge, which are under construction, will be much longer, at 1092 m each. In order to overcome the technical issues that originate from the extremely large dead loading and the relatively small structural stiffness of long-span high-speed railway bridges, many new technologies in bridge construction, design, materials, and so forth have been developed. This paper carefully reviews progress in the construction technologies of multi-function combined bridges in China, including combined highway and railway bridges and multi-track railway bridges. Innovations and practices regarding new types of bridge and composite bridge structures, such as bridges with three cable planes and three main trusses, inclined main trusses, slab-truss composite sections, and steel-concrete composite sections, are introduced. In addition, investigations into high-performance materials and integral fabrication and erection techniques for long-span railway bridges are summarized. At the end of the paper, prospects for the future development of long-span high-speed railway bridges are provided.     

千米级斜拉桥空气动力学问题

以苏通大桥为背景,对超大跨径斜拉桥的空气动力学问题进行了研究,着重讨论了超大跨径斜拉桥的动力特性、风荷载、基于气弹模型的颇振导数识别、结构体系以及涡激振动特性等一系列问题.研究结果表明,考虑侧向风荷载作用下斜拉索的非线性效应之后,全桥结构的竖向刚度有折减现象.同时发现Fixed-Fixed体系是解决顺桥向风荷载的有效途径,还提出了基于气弹模型的颤振导数识别方法,并就斜拉桥的涡激振动和雷诺数效应进行了探讨.     

Electrical characteristics of a dc superconducting cable

A dc superconducting cable is ideal for transmitting large blocks of electrical power over a long distance. However, it must be designed to operate reliably within the constraints of the electrical system. Therefore, system analysis must be performed for each application. The conductor losses caused by the harmonics on the dc must be within the design goals; a system fault should not drive the cable normal with eventual damage to the cable and interruption of power flow; and, the dielectric system of the cable must be designed to be compatible with the expected transient voltages by proper insulation coordination. Transient overvoltages are of concern to electrical power systems; these are especially critical to cryogenic cables because of the susceptibility of the cryogenic enclosures to these transients. This paper discusses the electrical system constraints which are particularly applicable to a dc superconducting cable and shows how such a cable can be designed to be compatible with the electrical system.This paper also summarizes the work on low temperature dielectrics performed at Los Alamos. It shows the variation of break down voltage of dielectric materials, in sheet form and cable configuration, with temperature and pressure under dc and impulse voltage. The surface flashover characteristics with large creepage distance as well as electrical conductivity of dielectric materials at cryogenic temperatures are discussed. These studies are essential for the design of high voltage apparatus operating in cryogenic environments.