混凝土随机参数化骨料模型及加载的数值模拟

在细观层次上研究混凝土，一般应将其视为一种由粗骨料、水泥砂浆以及二者间的粘结界面所组成的三相非均质复合材料。为此，在二维情形下，基于参数曲线的自由变形技术，将混凝土骨料及粘结界面的轮廓线用确定的、形式统一的参数方程予以表示，建立了混凝土二维随机参数化骨料数学模型。对骨料为卵石和碎石的混凝土，分别给出了级配、含量、配合比等可控制的随机混凝土数值试样。该数学模型较好地描述了骨料、砂浆与粘结界面组成的二维三相复合结构形式。最后，使用MATLAB、AutoCAD和ANSYS软件建立了有限元网格模型，并进行了数值加载试验。结果表明，该方法可较好地满足混凝土动静力学性能细观数值分析的要求。     

混凝土三维随机参数化骨料模型

在三维情形下,基于参数曲面的自由变形技术,将混凝土骨料及黏结界面,用确定的、形式统一的参数方程予以表示,建立了混凝土随机参数化骨料数学模型;以骨料为卵石的混凝土为例,给出了级配、配合比等都可控制的骨料含量超过50%的随机混凝土数值试样,提出了用参数映射法对试件进行有限元网格剖分的方法。该数学模型较好地描述了骨料、砂浆与黏结界面组成的三维三相复合结构形式,为进一步在细观层次上研究和确定混凝土的动力学性能打下了基础。     

混凝土随机参数化骨料模型及加载的数值模拟

在细观层次上,混凝土被认为是一种由粗骨料、水泥砂浆以及二者间的黏结界面所组成的三相非均质复合材料。为此,在二维情形下,基于参数曲线的自由变形技术,将混凝土骨料及黏结界面的轮廓线用确定的、形式统一的参数方程予以表示,建立了混凝土随机参数化骨料数学模型。对骨料为卵石和碎石的混凝土,分别给出了级配、含量、配合比等可控制的随机混凝土数值试样。该数学模型描述了骨料、砂浆与黏结界面组成的二维三相复合结构形式。最后,使用MATLAB、AutoCAD和ANSYS软件建立了有限元网格模型,并进行了数值加载试验。结果表明,该方法可较好地满足混凝土动静力学性能细观数值分析的要求。     

基于随机骨料模型的混凝土弹性模量预测研究

为确定混凝土的弹性模量,基于细观层次假定混凝土是由骨料、砂浆和两者之间的粘结界面组成的三相复合材料,借助蒙特卡罗方法和瓦拉文公式,在二维平面上建立了随机骨料模型。通过有限元法预测混凝土的弹性模量,并将数值计算结果与试验结果进行比较,验证了该细观有限元模型的有效性。在此基础上研究了混凝土各细观组成成分的弹性模量、骨料体积率、骨料最大粒径、骨料级配、界面厚度以及孔隙等因素对混凝土弹性模量的影响规律。结果表明:在混凝土的各细观组成成分中,砂浆弹性模量对混凝土弹性模量的影响最大;连续级配的混凝土弹性模量在相同条件下大于间断级配的混凝土;孔隙的存在以及界面层厚度的增大均会使混凝土的弹性模量减小。研究结果为混凝土配合比的设计及力学性能的优化提供参考。     

混凝土劈裂抗拉力学性能的细观数值研究

采用随机骨料模型模拟混凝土的细观结构,在细观层次上将混凝土看成是由硬化水泥砂浆体、粗骨料颗粒及二者间的黏结带构成的三相非均质复合材料。利用有限元方法数值模拟混凝土试件的细观损伤断裂和劈裂抗拉,并对其劈裂抗拉破坏进行了研究。结果表明:骨料与砂浆的界面是混凝土劈裂抗拉破坏的薄弱环节,所采用的数值模拟计算方法基本可行。     

基于粘结裂缝模型的混凝土受拉性能数值模拟

为研究混凝土细观结构对于混凝土受拉性能的影响,采用自编程序建立骨料形状为圆形、椭圆形以及随机多边形三种混凝土细观模型。并批量插入粘结单元,形成粘结裂缝模型。与已有实验对比验证数值模型的准确性。在此基础上讨论了网格尺寸、骨料形状以及数值模型细观参数对于混凝土受拉性能的影响,结果表明:混凝土细观粘结裂缝模型可以很好的模拟混凝土宏观开裂,网格尺寸对于混凝土细观粘结裂缝模型的受拉性能、裂缝扩展形态影响很小,骨料随机分布以及骨料形状对于混凝土裂缝扩展形态影响很大,对于受拉性能影响很小。界面粘结单元的粘结强度和断裂能对混凝土的宏观受拉性能有较大的影响,研究混凝土的力学性能时应优先考虑界面的影响。     

考虑材料层次尺寸效应影响的混凝土力学性能理论预测方法

大坝混凝土粗骨料粒径范围为5~150 mm,混凝土材料的宏观力学性能易随骨料级配等发生变化。本文从细观角度出发,提出了一种能够考虑材料层次尺寸效应影响的预测混凝土宏观力学性能的理论分析方法。结合混凝土材料内部细观结构形式,将其看作由粗骨料颗粒、砂浆基质以及界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料。假定骨料颗粒在混凝土受力过程中不发生破坏,采用双线性本构模型描述砂浆基质和界面过渡区的材料力学行为,基于断裂力学基本理论框架,推导得到了混凝土细观裂缝长度、宏观断裂能、单轴拉伸强度、特征长度以及脆性指数等力学参数的理论公式。基于本文提出的理论预测方法,分析了界面过渡区力学性能以及粗骨料级配、含量对混凝土宏观力学性能的影响。     

混凝土受压性能的均质细观数值模拟

将混凝土看作由骨料、砂浆及它们之间的界面组成的三相复合材料，在细观层次上建立了均质混凝土棱柱体试件的随机骨料模型，分别赋予细观单元弹脆性和弹塑性本构关系，研究了采用不同本构关系的混凝土棱柱体试件在单轴压缩荷载作用下的细观损伤演化过程，分析了宏观应力应变曲线的差异，并将计算结果与试验结果做了比较。结果表明：混凝土试件的破坏是由于细观损伤的积累导致的；界面相是混凝土材料内部最薄弱的地方；砂浆单元采用弹塑性本构关系时所得混凝土棱柱体受压的宏观应力－应变全曲线与试验结果吻合较好。     

轻骨料混凝土抗压强度的影响因素研究

在细观层次上将轻骨料混凝土看成是砂浆基体、骨料夹杂和界面层组成的三相复合材料,在此基础上,运用细观力学均质化理论,对混凝土的抗压强度进行了数值模拟,分别探讨了骨料和水泥砂浆的杨氏模量比和轻骨料的体积百分比对混凝土和骨料的抗压强度比的影响。研究发现:骨料与基体的杨氏模量比存在一个临界值,当小于临界值时,混凝土的强度由界面层的抗压强度控制;当大于临界值时,混凝土的强度由骨料的抗压强度控制。     

碾压混凝土细观结构力学性能的数值模拟

本文在细观层次上将碾压混凝土看成是由硬化水泥粉煤灰砂浆体、粗骨料颗粒及二者间的粘结带构成的两相非均质复合材料，以随机骨料模型代表碾压混凝土的细观结构，采用有限元技术模拟了劈拉试件的开裂过程，所得碾压混凝土的劈拉强度与试验结果基本吻合。为碾压混凝土破坏机理的研究、碾压混凝土力学性能的数值模拟提供了新的技术途径。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

泥石流危害与防治

泥石流介于流水与滑坡之间的一种地质现象,其具有突然爆发、阵性、能量大的特点,来势凶猛,破坏力极强,给人民生命财产造成极大的损失和破坏。掌握其发生规律和特点,进行预报和防治是非常必要的。