基于CFD技术的气流温度传感器数值校准虚拟风洞初探

在气流温度传感器风洞校准试验中,由于试验成本高、校准试验环境与实际使用环境差距大等原因,有必要构建气流温度传感器数值校准虚拟风洞,实现极限非常规校准工况的气流温度传感器误差修正及虚拟校准,并通过气流温度传感器的虚拟校准数值风洞获取仿真结果,尽可能地减少实物校准的工况数量,同时也从理论层面为气流温度传感器的设计与校准提供...     

核电站穹顶内热环境的数值模拟

以CPR1000核电站R55区穹顶为研究对象,基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术,应用P-1辐射模型对穹顶内部温度场进行了3D稳态数值模拟与实验验证。结果表明:6月26日6个时刻,空穹顶内Z=11m处的温度模拟值与实测值吻合良好,最大相对误差为3.23%,平均相对误差为1.05%;9:00穹顶内垂直方向温度分布梯度明显,最大温差达到6℃。P-1辐射模型模拟太阳辐射对核电站穹顶内热环境的影响是可行的。     

Copper disk pyrheliometer of high accuracy

A copper disk pyrheliometer has been designed and constructed that utilizes a new methodology to measure solar radiation. By operating the shutter of the instrument and measuring the heating and cooling rates of the sensor at the very moment when the sensor is at the same temperature, the solar radiation can be accurately determined with these rates. The method is highly accurate and is shown to be totally independent of the loss coefficient in the measurement. The pyrheliometer has been tested using a standard irradiance lamp in the laboratory. The uncertainty of the instrument is identified to be +/-0.61%. Field testing was also conducted by comparing data with that of a calibrated (Eppley) Normal Incidence Pyrheliometer. This paper spells out details of the construction and testing of the instrument; the analysis underlying the methodology was also covered in detail. Because of the high accuracy, the instrument is considered to be well suited for a bench standard for measurement of solar radiation.     

固定式太阳能光伏板最佳倾角设计方法研究

 为实现太阳能光伏板最佳倾角的设计及优化,通过Matlab建立倾斜放置的光伏板表面接收太阳辐射能模型,计算得到光伏板上的辐射能,推导出光伏板的年最佳倾角和季节最佳倾角.为使光伏板最大限度地接收太阳辐射能,在对传统季节区段重新划分的基础上,优化了季节最佳倾角.结合杭州本地情况,实测光伏板接收的太阳能日辐射量,对不同倾角下的日辐射能进行计算和分析.研究表明,根据季节调整倾角的光伏板接收的年辐射能,与水平和年最佳倾角放置的光伏板相比,分别提高了11.5%和4.1%,水平光伏板辐射能的理论值与实验值误差在5%以内,完全能满足一般太阳能工程研究的需要.     

常低温辐射温度测量的理论研究

从理论上论述了常低温温度辐射测量方法的原理及其应用，并针对测量过程中所必须解决的被测物的发射率校正，校正误差计算以及利用特性方程进行温度定标等难题作了较为详细的分析。     

Multiaccess interference in a non-line-of-sight ultraviolet optical wireless sensor network

The concept of exploiting both the scattering properties and the absence of solar radiation in the "solar blind ultraviolet" spectral range for achieving a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication link for wireless sensor networks has been discussed in scientific literature. We address the issue of the multiaccess interference (MAI) that would be encountered in a simple and low-cost sensor network operating on the above NLOS principle, for different sensor node densities and traffic levels, and use a Poisson model for the sensor node distribution. A metric for evaluation and comparison of sensor node distribution scenarios is derived and used to discuss the performance limitations of NLOS wireless sensor networks operating in the solar blind ultraviolet spectrum. Guidelines for NLOS wireless sensor network design are outlined taking into consideration the cumulative effect of interference from distant sensor nodes, the expected number of hops, and the trade-off between node redundancy and node isolation. The significant contribution of network traffic control to system operability is demonstrated.     

Organic photoconductors: Dark and photoconduction studies in two p-dimethylamino styryl dyes derived from pyridine-2 and pyridine-4

Results of our experiments on the dark and photoconduction studies in two p-dimethylamino styryl dyes derived from pyridine-2 (PDMS-P2) and pyridine-4 (PDMS-P4) in their pure form without any dopant or additive are reported. Measurements on surface-type (raster pattern) cells show that the dark and photocurrents are dependent on the applied potential, temperature, and the photocurrent on the intensity of the incident radiation and the wavelength. Action spectra of the samples could not be recorded as the intensity of the monochromatic radiation from the monochromator reaching the sample was too low to induce any noticeable photocurrent. The compounds show a low dark conductivity. The dark and photocurrents show a perfect ohmic behaviour in the temperature range studied (288–328 K). Since photoconduction could only be observed in a vacuum, this clearly indicates that the compounds are n-type semiconductors. The observed rise and decay kinetics of the photocurrents indicate the presence of traps in the forbidden zone. The dyes show an enhanced photoconduction on illumination with visible radiation only. The marked open circuit voltage and the short-circuit current observed in these compounds indicate a possible application in solar photovoltaics.     

上海65 m射电望远镜太阳辐射作用分析

利用 ANSYS 热分析模块分别对天线主副反射面板结构和天线的杆系结构建立有限元模型, 计算夏季7月15 日晴天无云这一最不利气候之一的天气各时刻的空气对流换热、太阳辐射、环境长波辐射换热以及阴影遮挡等各种边界条件, 研究分析了主面板、副面板在日照作用下的温度场分布, 特别是由于主面板反射太阳辐射热量并聚焦于副面板从而使副面板温度剧增的“太阳灶”现象;同时为获取天线结构在日照下指向误差变化规律, 还对天线杆系结构进行了日照非均匀热变形分析, 给出日照下主反射面型面精度随时间的变化规律。结果表明:主副面板之间存在的“太阳灶”效应使的副面板最高温度达135℃, 由于日照非均匀温度场的作用, 杆系结构中最大温差达到10.8℃。太阳照射引起的阴阳面造成主反射面不均匀热变形, 在俯仰角90°工况下导致RMS(反射面表面各点误差平方和均方根)最大增加0.35mm。这些数据为下一步结构的施工、传感器的布设以及局部温度控制措施提供了参考信息。     

一种压阻式压力传感器全温区温度补偿方法

针对压阻式压力传感器因热零点漂移、热灵敏度改变以及热迟滞效应引起的误差,提出一种压阻式压力传感器全温区温度补偿方法.该方法是在温升和温降全温区样本采集的数据基础上,采用最小二乘法曲面拟合原理对压阻式压力传感器进行数字补偿.通过对传感器进行实验标定和误差分析,并与常用的单一温升样本采集并进行数字补偿的方法进行对比,结果表...     

基于CFD技术的薄膜热电偶热阻修正模型研究

针对薄膜热电偶表面温度测量问题,以选定的薄膜热电偶模型为研究对象,开展不同表面温度下胶层厚度引入的测量误差的CFD数值仿真和试验研究,得到表面温度、胶层厚度与热阻修正之间的对应关系,在此基础上建立热阻修正模型,并设计试验进行验证,结果表明:在相同胶层厚度下,测温偏差大小随着表面温度与环境温度差值增大而增大,与试验结果一致;在相同表面温度下,胶层厚度越薄,测温偏差越小,与实际情况相符。     

日光模拟器对试验室内传热影响的数值分析

应用CFD技术对沙漠环境模拟试验室内的传热过程进行了模拟,分别比较了日光模拟器的高度和开启组数对室内温度场和地面辐射分布的影响。研究发现随着日光模拟器高度升高热气流越难被带走,地面太阳辐射值明显减小。随着灯的数量增加,室内上升气流的趋势越明显,地面太阳辐射值明显增大。将灯布置成“梅花状”,有利于辐射照度的均匀。     

Temperature correction to chemoresistive sensors in an e-NOSE-ANN system

The influence of the temperature coefficient of resistance in the chemoresistive response of inherently conductive polymer (ICP) sensors in the performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) e-natural olfactory sensor emulator (e-NOSE) system is evaluated. Temperature was found to strongly influence the response of the chemoresistors, even over modest ranges (ca. 2/spl deg/C). An e-NOSE array of eight ICP sensor elements, a relative humidity (RH/spl plusmn/0.1%) sensor, and a resistance temperature device (RTD/spl plusmn/0.1/spl deg/C) was tested at five different RH levels while the temperature was allowed to vary with the ambient. A temperature correction algorithm based on the temperature coefficient of resistance /spl beta/ for each material was independently and empirically determined then applied to the raw sensor data prior to input to the ANN. Conversely, uncorrected data was also passed to the ANN. The performance of the ANN was evaluated by determining the error found between the actual humidity versus the calculated humidity. The error obtained using raw input sensor data was found to be 10.5% and using temperature corrected data, 9.3%. This negligible difference demonstrates that the ANN was capable of adequately addressing the temperature dependence of the chemoresistive sensors once temperature was inclusively passed to the ANN.     

Identification of thermoresistive solar radiation sensors

An identification procedure to estimate the parameters of a thermoresistive solar radiation sensor is presented. The proposed technique employs only electrical excitation for the sensor. The estimation algorithm is recursive and is applied to the sensor model derived from the thermodynamic equilibrium differential equations. The simulation and the experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach     

Simulation of the Transient Heating in an Unsymmetrical, Coated, Hot-Strip Sensor with a Self-Adaptive Finite-Element Method (SAFEM)1

The transient heating in an unsymmetrical, coated, hot-strip sensor was simulated with a self-adaptive finite-element method (SAFEM). The first tests of this model show that it can be used to determine, with a small error, the thermal conductivity of liquids, from the transient temperature rise in the hot strip, which is deposited in a substrate and coated by an alumina spray.     

声强测量中系统误差修正的若干问题研究

本文对用残余声强法修正声强测量的系统误差进行了理论分析，推导了它的误差表达工式，给出了该误差的二元分布图。     

Thermal modeling and measurement of junctions in photovoltaic packages

This study reports the direct thermal observation of the junction temperature and determination of the thermal resistance in a commercial solar cell package under actual operating conditions. A thermal transient method was the key method that was utilized for the thermal characterization of the device. Sunlight directed into the solar cell package was found to increase significantly the heat generation inside the solar cell package. It was shown that the operation of the solar cell package with sunlight of 1 sun resulted in a junction temperature of about 113 degrees C. The simulation data were in good agreement with the measured values. Detailed thermal performance of the solar cell package was projected using a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method under various operating conditions. Thermal resistance was determined under various operating conditions.     

基于传感器阵列的野外基线环境参数自动测量系统研制

为了保证野外测距精度,研制了一套环境参数自动测量系统,该系统通过在野外基线沿线布置密集的气温、气压与湿度传感器阵列,精确测量光路气温、气压及湿度等环境参数,进行空气折射率修正。采用μ-base测距仪在不同气候条件下进行验证实验,测量距离为144 m。实验结果表明,采用该系统测量环境参数,进行空气折射率修正,其修正误差引入的距离测量不确定度优于3.0×10^-7(k=2)。     

Lever Arm Compensation of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for Fast Transfer Alignment

Transfer alignment is used to initialize SINS (Strapdown Inertial Navigation System) in motion. Lever-arm effect compensation is studied existing in an AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle) before launched from the mother ship. The AUV is equipped with SINS, Doppler Velocity Log, depth sensor and other navigation sensors. The lever arm will cause large error on the transfer alignment between master inertial navigation system and slave inertial navigation system, especially in big ship situations. This paper presents a novel method that can effectively estimate and compensate the flexural lever arm between the main inertial navigation system mounted on the mother ship and the slave inertial navigation system equipped on the AUV. The nonlinear measurement equation of angular rate is derived based on three successive rotations of the body frame of the master inertial navigation system. Nonlinear filter is utilized as the nonlinear estimator for its capability of non-linear approximation. Observability analysis was conducted on the SINS state vector based on singular value decomposition method. State equation of SINS was adopted as the system state equation. Simulation experiments were conducted and results showed that the proposed method can estimate the flexural lever arm more accurately, the precision of transfer alignment was improved and alignment time was shortened accordingly.     

关节臂式坐标测量机热变形误差建模及补偿

建立了关节臂式坐标测量机(AACMM)结构参数热变形误差的运动学方程,研究了在实验温度约为20 ℃时关节臂式坐标测量机主要结构参数的温度变化规律和测量误差的变化趋势,建立了基于多元线性回归方法的热变形误差补偿模型并进行验证。实验结果表明:AACMM工作温度上升值最大可达3℃,测量误差随温度上升呈增大趋势,最大长度测量误差可达0.115 mm。实现了AACMM热变形误差补偿,平均测量误差从0.071 5 mm降到0.033 5 mm,在一定程度上提高了AACMM的测量精度。     

考虑水泥水化放热与太阳辐射的混凝土路面板温度场数值模拟

为了考察不同强度等级混凝土路面板不同季节、不同浇注时间的温度变化规律,建立了基于有限差分方法的综合考虑水化放热以及太阳辐射、大气温度变化等环境作用下路面板温度场数值计算模型。计算结果显示:混凝土路面板温度受太阳辐射和大气温度影响呈周期性变化,白天主要受太阳辐射影响,夜间主要受大气温降影响,浇注初期的水化放热亦对早期温升有贡献。混凝土路面板顶面与底面温度差以1d 为周期正负循环。其中温度变化幅度及上下面最大温差以夏季最大、秋冬次之、冬季最小。下午2 点浇注和采用较低强度的混凝土可抑制路面板的早期温升和温度梯度。