空气分级燃烧下NO_x生成特性的研究

利用数值模拟方法对空气分级燃烧下NOx的生成特性进行了研究,分析了燃烧器附近局部区域和炉膛整体区域NOx的反应速率,得到了不同燃尽风率下NOx的生成特性.结果表明:NOx主要产生于燃烧初期,当燃料与O2混合不充分时会发生NOx的还原反应;从炉膛整体来看,燃料型NOx的生成速率明显大于热力型NOx,主燃区和燃尽区均生成燃料型NOx,而热力型NOx几乎只在温度很高的主燃区生成,且对O2体积分数的敏感性弱于燃料型NOx;主燃区和燃尽区NOx反应速率的主要控制因素分别为O2体积分数和焦炭燃烧速率;燃尽风率增大,主燃区NOx生成速率和生成区域减小,还原区域增大,NOx排放质量浓度明显减小.     

煤与污泥的循环流化床富氧燃烧

结合污泥的特性与富氧燃烧技术的优点,在一个内径为100mm的循环流化床焚烧炉内进行煤与污泥的富氧燃烧试验.试验分析了不同煤泥质量比,在氧体积分数为21%～35%环境下的燃烧特性以及送风含氧量、床层温度对烟气成分的影响.结果表明:不同质量比的燃料在不同氧气氛围的燃烧特性不同;当给料量恒定时,随着送风含氧量的增大,总风量减少,炉膛的温度逐渐升高,烟气中SO2与NOx浓度都呈增大的趋势,这有利于SO2与NOx的脱除;NOx体积分数随床层温度的升高逐渐增加.     

循环流化床中木屑与煤混烧特性的试验研究

在自行研制的炉膛尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×2 500mm的小型循环流化床上进行木屑与煤的混烧试验,研究其燃烧特性及污染物排放特性。结果表明:木屑与煤质量比为1∶3、1∶5和1∶7的混合物能在循环流化床中稳定燃烧;随着木屑混合比例的增加,燃烧高温区往上移动,炉膛温度分布曲线呈"抛物线"型;随密相区温度升高,NOx体积分数增加。在相同流化风速下,随木屑混合比例增加,CO体积分数增大,SO2、NOx体积分数则降低。     

CO_2对受限空间煤明火燃烧的灭火机理

为探究不同体积分数CO_2对受限空间煤明火燃烧的灭火机理和灭火效率,采用自主研制的煤明火燃烧实验装置,对平煤八矿煤样进行了通入3种不同体积分数CO_2和持续时间条件下的煤明火燃烧灭火实验,测定了煤燃烧过程中温度、标志性气体(O_2、CO和CH_4)组分体积分数以及热释放速率的变化规律;同时利用化学动力学软件CHEMKIN模拟了不同体积分数CO_2熄灭CH_4/O_2火焰中主要自由基体积分数、反应物与燃烧产物体积分数随火焰高度的变化关系,以此分析了CO_2抑制煤有焰燃烧的作用机理.结果表明:CO_2体积分数越高,在煤有焰燃烧阶段,CH_4燃烧火焰中的自由基H、O和OH的生成速率越低,因此火焰熄灭得越快,煤体温度上升速度、耗氧量和热释放速率越低,同时,CO和CH_4体积分数的下降速度越小;而在煤阴燃熄灭阶段,煤体温度、CO和CH_4体积分数的下降速度越快,耗氧量和热释放速率则进一步减小.由此说明CO_2的体积分数越高,对煤明火燃烧熄灭全过程的灭火效率越高,但只通入CO_2 10,min,则会发生复燃.     

柴油机燃用混合替代燃料的燃烧与排放特性

将生物柴油和F-T柴油(F-T diesel)进行掺混,并将其混合燃料应用于4100QBZL柴油机上.在未对原机做任何改动的情况下,研究了该机燃用不同体积配比混合燃料时的燃烧特性及NOx和碳烟排放性能.研究表明,与0#柴油相比,该机的预混燃烧放热峰值降低、扩散燃烧放热峰值升高、燃烧更柔和;NOx排放随着生物柴油掺混比例的增大而升高;碳烟排放显著下降,较0#柴油的降低幅度高达37%;低比例的混合燃料对NOx排放和碳烟排放的trade-off关系有明显改善.生物柴油与F-T柴油混合燃料宜在较低的生物柴油掺混比例范围内使用.     

燃料理化特性对柴油机低温燃烧过程及排放特性的影响

在一台单缸柴油机上,通过柴油掺混20%的正庚烷、正庚烷与异辛烷混合物以及异辛烷与40%正庚烷(体积分数),研究燃料组分、沸点和十六烷值等理化特性对柴油机传统燃烧和低温燃烧影响机理.结果表明,不同十六烷值燃料在高比例EGR下对滞燃期影响更显著;随掺混燃料十六烷值降低,碳烟排放降低;在20%掺混比下混合燃料沸点、黏度等物理特性和燃料组分等化学特性改变对燃烧和碳烟排放影响较小.与20%正庚烷掺混相比,低沸点、低黏度燃料在更高掺混比(40%)下对碳烟排放的降低作用变得明显.大比例EGR低温燃烧下,THC排放明显升高,其中甲烷占总碳氢比例达60%;NO2对整体NOx排放影响很小.在20%掺混比下,燃料理化特性的改变对THC、不同成分HC、CO和NOx排放影响很小;在40%正庚烷掺混比例下,芳香烃排放降低,NOx及NO2排放较柴油升高.     

掺混比对半焦与烟煤混合燃烧及NO_x排放特性影响的试验研究

在350 kW中试煤粉锅炉上研究了热解半焦掺混比对神华烟煤与神木半焦混合燃烧时着火特性、燃尽特性以及NO_x排放特性的影响,测量了不同轴向位置处炉膛温度以及O_2体积分数、CO体积分数和NO_x质量浓度等参数。结果表明:随着掺混比的增大,着火性能变差,着火距离增加且着火温度升高,主燃烧区出口NO_x质量浓度逐渐增大;采用EGA气体释放法分析燃料着火点时,CO释放法对掺混比为60%和100%的燃料适合,NO_x释放法在分析高挥发分烟煤的着火时效果更好;纯半焦燃烧时燃尽率最低,掺混高挥发分烟煤对整体燃尽有较大改善。     

地沟油生物柴油与正丁醇/乙醇混合燃料燃烧火焰特性

为研究不同配比下生物柴油混合燃料燃烧特性,设计了一套生物质液体燃料雾化蒸发燃烧系统,该系统可产生生物柴油及其混合燃料层流预混火焰,结合OH-PLIF平面激光诱导荧光技术测定并分析燃烧火焰的高度和锋面面积以及层流预混火焰的传播速度和OH-PLIF总信号强度等燃烧特性.结果表明随着正丁醇或乙醇添加比例的增大,两种混合燃料燃烧火焰高度、火焰锋面面积呈下降趋势;火焰传播速度呈上升趋势.在混合燃料中,正丁醇的体积分数越大,燃烧火焰OH-PLIF总信号强度越大,而乙醇的体积分数越大,混合燃料燃烧火焰OH-PLIF总信号强度越小.     

煤焦O_2/CO_2燃烧方式下NO_x生成与异相还原特性

在微型流化床反应器上,对几种典型煤焦在O2/CO2燃烧方式下不同燃烧气氛、氧气体积分数、初始循环NOx体积分数对NOx生成的影响以及煤焦/NO的异相还原进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,同一种气氛下CO2焦的N转化率大于N2气氛焦转化率;氧气体积分数提高对煤焦还原NOx既有促进也有抑制作用;初始NOx体积分数的提高对NOx还原量、还原速率均有提高.     

烟气循环方式对SO_3生成的影响

基于化学反应动力学计算方法研究了富氧燃烧中不同循环方式对SO3生成的影响.结果表明:富氧燃烧方式下SO3体积分数急剧增大,其中湿烟气循环方式下的SO3体积分数最大;增大初始O2、SO2和H2O体积分数,增加了燃烧过程O、OH和HOSO2等自由基的浓度,促进了SO3的生成;SO3生成率随初始SO2体积分数的增大而减小,随初始O2体积分数和初始H2O体积分数的增大而增大;富氧燃烧导致烟气酸露点普遍升高,其中湿烟气循环方式下烟气酸露点最高,对烟气进行脱硫或者脱水处理,能够有效降低烟气酸露点.     

石灰石在油页岩CFB燃烧中脱硫特性分析

石灰石作为脱硫剂,在油页岩CFB燃烧中能显著减少SO2的排放量,分析油页岩和石灰石特性及其脱硫机理的基础上,通过1 Mw的CFB试验台的试验研究,讨论了不同Ca/S和不同燃烧温度下石灰石对脱硫特性的影响.试验结果表明,温度在860℃左右,Ca/S为2.6时,SO2排放浓度能满足环保要求,而且脱硫效率较高.     

混烧石油焦油页岩循环流化床灰渣特性的试验研究

在1 MW流化床(CFB)燃烧试验台试烧5种不同掺烧比例的石油焦和油页岩混合燃料.对燃烧产生的灰渣特性进行了分析研究.分析结果表明,石油焦和油页岩混合燃料试烧后形成的底渣和飞灰粒度与常规煤种相比趋于偏细;而且,随着混合燃料中油页岩掺烧比例的升高,对灰渣份额、燃烧效率、飞灰比电阻值、飞灰磨损特性等都有明显的影响.在钙硫比...     

油页岩及半焦混合燃烧的燃尽特性

油页岩是一种高灰分、高挥发分、低热值的劣质燃料,不适合通常的燃烧方式,而将其作为循环流化床锅炉燃料是适宜的.采用收缩核模型对油页岩燃烧过程进行理论分析,通过在自行搭建的流化床试验台上对桦句油页岩及半焦混合燃烧燃尽特性进行试验研究.分析了不同床层温度、流化速度、混合比等因素对燃尽规律的影响.结果表明:提高床层温度,增大流化速度和混合比,有助于减少燃尽时间;整个燃烧过程更接近于化学动力控制.     

石油焦与油页岩流化床混烧特性研究

在1 MW的流化床(CFB)燃烧试验台试烧石油焦和油页岩混合燃料,研究不同掺烧比例的燃烧特性,以确定实炉试烧时的掺烧比例.试验表明,随着油页岩掺烧比例的增加,燃烧的稳定性降低,床温波动增剧,试验所得燃烧效率逐渐降低,飞灰对受热面磨损加剧,床温波动对脱硫效率造成影响.综合考虑油页岩掺烧比例对这些因素的影响,确定实炉试烧混...     

油页岩流化床燃烧过程中挥发份火焰的平均温度计算

挥发份火焰温度是决定油页岩流化床燃烧过程的重要因素，在流化床燃烧条件下油页岩首先脱挥发份并形成扩散火焰，该火焰将部分热量反馈回油页岩颗粒表面，加速挥发份的进一步释放。本文通过考虑火焰层中的化学反应，以及耦合火焰层与颗粒表面的传热、传质，采用Ｓｃｈｗａｂ Ｚｅｌｄｏｖｉｃｈ变换求得火焰平均温度的分析解，计算结果与实验数据吻合良好。     

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuelled variable compression ratio engine

Experiments has been carried out to estimate the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder; four stroke variable compression ratio multi fuel engine fuelled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and its blends with standard diesel. Tests has been conducted using the fuel blends of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% biodiesel with standard diesel, with an engine speed of 1500 rpm, fixed compression ratio 21 and at different loading conditions. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, brake power, indicated mean effective pressure, mechanical efficiency and exhaust gas temperature. The exhaust gas emission is found to contain carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide. The results of the experiment has been compared and analyzed with standard diesel and it confirms considerable improvement in the performance parameters as well as exhaust emissions. The blends when used as fuel results in the reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide at the expense of nitrogen oxides emissions. It has found that the combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil methyl ester and its diesel blends closely followed those of standard diesel.     

Progress and recent utilization trends in combustion of Chinese oil shale

The gradual decrease in conventional energy resources, and the growth of heavy industry, have placed great pressure on China's energy supplies. As a result of technological development, clean and diverse energy utilization facilities have become available in the energy market. Oil shale with combustible organic materials is widespread throughout the earth; many researchers have been motivated to investigate efficient means to use oil shale as an alternative energy as soon as possible.

In China, the conventional utilization of oil shale is concentrated mainly on oil shale retorting, and burning oil shale in pulverized furnaces, or bubbling fluidized beds. To improve the availability of oil shale, many specialists have advocated burning oil shale in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB), which has a satisfactory combustion efficiency, low NO_X and SO₂ emission, adaptability to low-grade coal, etc. In Huadian, China, a plant incorporating three units of 65 t h⁻¹ oil shale-fired CFB began successful commercial operation in 1996, proving that burning oil shale in a CFB produces both high combustion efficiency and environmental protection. For effective utilization of oil shale, its pyrolysis and combustion characteristics, emission performance of gaseous pollutants from an oil shale-fired CFB pilot setup, co-combustion characteristics of oil shale and high sulfur coal—as well as the operating performance of the Huadian CFB boiler—were further studied. The resulting experimental data and theoretical analysis prove that oil shale resources have significant potential use in the combustion field.

This paper introduces these fundamental characteristics and the industrial application of oil shale in combustion. Three projects are recommended for the future use of oil shale, based on the current status of energy and the characteristics of oil shale: (1) co-combustion of oil shale and high sulfur fuel for furnace desulfurization; (2) large-scale development of oil shale-fired CFBs; (3) a comprehensive oil shale utilization project to produce shale oil, burn oil-shale semicoke in a CFB boiler to generate electricity and supply heat, and produce building materials with oil shale ash.     

Some aspects of the formation of nitric oxide during the combustion of biomass fuels in a laboratory furnace

The influence of bed-region stoichiometric ratio and fuel nitrogen content on the formation of gaseous species formed during grate combustion of biomass fuels is reported based on gas measurements made within the fuel bed. Three fuels were studied: two mixtures of pelletized bark and wood chips and one of pelletized straw. Experiments were performed in a vertical, cylindrical, laboratory-scale grate-furnace with 0.245 m i.d. and 1.8 m height. Primary air was supplied through a grate consisting of a steel plate with 340 holes of 3.7 mm diameter. Secondary air was supplied 0.66 m above the grate. Gas analysis was performed for O₂, CO₂, CO, H₂ and NO. Results were compared with values calculated using a computer program for thermochemical equilibrium conditions. The measured contents of O₂, CO₂, CO and H₂ show good agreement with calculated equilibrium conditions at all bed region stoichiometries. A higher formation of NO was found for the straw fuel (0.58% fuel nitrogen) than for the bark/wood chip fuels (≈0.25% fuel nitrogen). This is not in accordance with the thermochemical equilibrium calculations indicating that the formation of nitric oxide does not attain thermochemical equilibrium and that the nitrogen content of the fuel has an influence on the amount of NO that is formed. The fuel nitrogen conversion to NO ranged from 3 to 20% at reducing conditions and from 20 to 40% at bed region stoichiometries between 1.00 and 1.25.     

流化床O_2_CO_2燃烧_氧浓度对粒径的影响

为研究氧浓度对燃料粒径的影响,在15 kW循环流化床试验系统和0.15 MW循环流化床试验系统上进行不同氧气浓度、不同燃料、不同粒径的燃烧试验。试验结果表明,燃烧高挥发分的煤时,氧气浓度对燃料的热破碎有较大影响,进而影响燃料粒径。50%左右氧气浓度下时,燃烧高挥发分燃料,平均粒径要比在常规空气下燃烧增加约35%。低挥发分的神木半焦在燃烧过程中热破碎较弱,氧气浓度对热破碎特性影响不大,粒径和空气燃烧条件下无明显差异。     

循环流化床锅炉中NO_x的生成机理与排放控制研究

煤炭的高效洁净燃烧是实现洁净煤发电的一个重要领域,是洁净煤发电技术的核心。而循环流化床燃烧技术是一种新型的煤燃烧与发电技术,不仅可以大幅度减少NOx排放,易于脱除SO2的技术优势,而且具有煤种适应面广、高燃烧效率以及炉内脱硫脱氮的特点而得到推广。分析了循环流化床锅炉NOx的危害、生成机理及影响因素,在此基础上探讨了其控制措施,并提出未来烟气净化的方向。