预拉伸对铝合金桶体焊接残余应力和变形影响的数值模拟

利用ANSYS软件模拟无预拉伸和有预拉伸应力作用下厚度为4 mm 的 7075 铝合金试板的焊接过程.结果表明,预拉伸焊接法可有效减小铝合金薄板焊后的残余应力和变形.预拉伸应力部分地抵消了焊接区热膨胀产生的压缩应力,从而减小了压缩塑性变形,进而减小了冷却时焊接区域的拉伸应力,相应地远离焊缝区域的压缩应力也随之减小.     

TC4钛合金MIG焊接头热处理后组织性能研究

对TC4钛合金MIG焊焊接接头进行焊后热处理,采用盲孔法、拉伸、冲击、金相、扫描等方法对接头进行试验与分析,研究不同热处理工艺对残余应力、组织和力学性能的影响.结果 表明:焊接接头经焊后热处理,横向残余应力和纵向残余应力平均值最大降为74.2 MPa和70.1 MPa;未热处理接头母材区为α+β片层组织,焊缝区为α针状马氏体组织,热影响区为α和α'混合组织.热处理后,随着热处理温度和时间的增加,焊缝组织中的针状α'马氏体粗化,晶粒尺寸增加;未热处理接头焊后拉伸断裂位置为母材处,接头强度高于母材.在650℃+2 h的热处理工艺下,接头延伸率较未热处理状态提高,断裂方式为韧性断裂,保温时间延长至3h,晶粒粗大、延伸率降低.接头室温冲击功焊后状态能够达到母材的95％,经焊后热处理后接头得到软化,室温冲击功相比焊后状态有所下降.     

热处理对GH3128合金接头组织及力学性能的影响

 核能已经逐渐取代化石能源成为新一代能源,作为重要构件的高温气冷堆中间换热器得到了广泛关注。由于GH3128合金具有较好的焊接性、较高的高温抗氧化性能和组织稳定性,有望成为超高温气冷堆中间换热器的候选材料,但基于换热器结构复杂性以及密封性的要求,焊接是其生产和制造的关键成形手段。采用脉冲钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)对GH3128合金2 mm板材进行对接焊,研究了热处理对焊接焊接接头显微组织以及应力的影响。结果表明,在优化焊接工艺参数下,固溶态板材接头表现出最高的强塑性,室温及高温拉伸断裂位置均为母材。由于热轧态与固溶态板材接头热影响区在焊接过程中产生残余应力,导致该区硬化,在高温变形过程中残余应力诱发热影响区μ相析出,对接头持久、蠕变性能造成不利影响。焊后热处理消除了接头热影响区的残余应力,减少了持久、蠕变过程中μ相的析出,接头持久寿命得以改善。在1 200 ℃下,残余应力可为焊后热处理过程中静态再结晶提供激活能,接头热影响区发生再结晶,硬度下降,接头塑性变形能力不协调,导致室温拉伸与950 ℃拉伸断裂位置均为焊接接头。对固溶态板材试样进行不同的焊后热处理,EBSD扫描结果分析发现,接头经过1 100 ℃×10 min热处理后,残余应力明显消失,温度升高至1 140 ℃后,热影响区开始发生再结晶。     

预拉伸对铝合金桶体焊接残余应力和变形影响的数值模拟

利用ANSYS软件模拟在有预拉伸应力和无预拉伸应力作用下,焊接厚度为4mm的7075铝合金试板。结果表明：预拉伸焊接法可有效减小铝合金薄板焊后的残余应力和变形。预拉伸应力消除了部分焊接区热膨胀产生的压缩应力,从而减小了压缩塑性变形及冷却时焊接区域的拉伸应力,然而远离焊缝区域的压缩应力也随之减小。     

超声冲击处理对TA15钛合金板材焊缝残余应力的影响

由于焊接过程中的温度分布不均匀,在焊接接头处会引入较大的残余应力,对焊接构件稳定性产生不利影响,超声冲击处理(UIT)则是常用的消除残余应力的方法。采用电子束焊接方式对3 mm厚TA15钛合金板材进行焊接,随后对焊接板材焊趾部位进行超声冲击处理。在光学显微镜下观察焊接接头的显微组织,利用X射线应力仪测量焊接接头的残余应力,研究超声冲击处理对焊接接头残余应力的影响。结果表明,对于TA15钛合金板材,电子束焊接接头呈"倒三角"形,焊缝处晶粒粗大;超声冲击处理能够降低焊缝表面的残余应力,并将残余拉应力转化为残余压应力。对焊趾部位超声冲击处理后,电子束焊接板材焊缝处的平均残余应力从200 MPa降低至-53 MPa。     

Q960超高强钢多道焊接头残余应力的数值研究

以Q960超高强钢为研究对象,基于有限元软件,建立热—冶金—力学有限元模型,模拟焊接温度场和残余应力分布.计算结果与接头截面熔池形貌和盲孔法测量的表面应力结果吻合良好,验证了有限元模型的准确性.基于验证模型,讨论和分析了考虑固态相变对Q960超高强钢多道重熔过程中表面及内部应力的分布特征.结果表明:考虑固态相变时,Q960超高强钢单道焊后,焊接接头以拉伸残余应力为主,峰值应力位于热影响区.同时,固态相变效应能够显著降低焊缝中残余应力的大小,以及显著影响横向残余应力的分布.此外,随着焊道数的增加,焊缝中心的横向残余应力呈"阶梯"趋势上升,且在热影响区位置出现局部压应力峰值.     

浅论GH625合金焊缝的焊后热处理工艺

GH625合金是一种用Cr、Mo固溶强化的镍基合金,采用合适的热处理能促使晶界碳化物析出,在较小范围内可以增加合金的强度.在焊接结构中,热影响区溶合线附近的碳化物溶解和残余应力的恶化作用能使应力腐蚀开裂敏感,存在降低焊件中的残余应力和降低应力腐蚀开裂倾向.降低残余应力常用的方法是焊后热处理,合适的热处理工艺能使晶界碳化物再生,同时焊接残余应力也被降低.     

焊接中残余应力的大小与分布及减少措施

熔化焊是通过高温熔化金属以实现连接的一种连接工艺。该焊接过程中金属材料受局部加热，并随之快速冷却，在焊剂与基体金属之间产生了较大的残余应力。其产生大大地降低该焊接结构的抗弯强度，并且容易导致脆性断裂，因此有必要对这种残余应力的大小和分布，以及其受焊接条件影响的规律进行探讨。该文运用ANSYS分析软件，分析了薄板单层电弧焊后残余应力的大小，并且讨论了焊接速度、焊件尺寸大小、焊件外部约束和预热等因素对其大小的影响及其减少的措施。     

6061铝合金预拉伸板残余应力测量与分析

采用钻孔法对经不同拉伸量的60mm厚6061铝合金预拉伸板进行残余应力的测量,分析其现存残余应力大小与拉伸量的匹配关系.结果表明:对于60mm厚的6061预拉伸板经拉伸率1.9％左右的预拉伸后,其残余应力较低.     

小孔法测量Cr-Ni奥氏体不锈钢焊接残余应力的适用性研究

应变释放系数Ａ、Ｂ 的标定试验发现,直到单轴拉伸应力达到０．７３σｓ 时,孔边屈服产生的塑性变形才发生,对Ｃｒ － Ｎｉ 奥氏体不锈钢小孔法测量残余应力的影响小。同时经过小孔法和全释放法测量实际焊接残余应力及其分布的对比发现,只要选择恰当的应变片,使之与小孔孔径匹配,小孔法测量高残余应力,特别是焊接残余应力仍有较好的适用性。ＳＵＳ３２１ 不锈钢的对接接头的纵向焊接残余应力最大值为５４０ＭＰａ,大大超过母材屈服强度     

由光应力计显示的应力条纹计算围岩应力及灵敏度分析

光应力计是研究矿山压力问题的一种重要手段,它作为围岩应力的转化元件能显示出应力条纹,但是,由应力条纹如何定量确定围岩应力的问题尚未得到妥善解决。应用弹性力学理论,得出光应力计的应力条纹与围岩应力的关系式,并对有关围岩力学参数与光应力计灵敏度的关系作了初步分析     

Stress rupture

A micromechanical model is presented for fracture during uniaxial creep under a constant applied load. Failure is assumed to occur by the growth of cavities in boundaries that are aligned approximately normal to the tensile axis. In the model, groups of cavities contained in one grain facet grow by diffusion, while the increase in volume due to cavity growth is accommodated by power-law creep in the surrounding grains, following the concept of constrained growth suggested by Dyson. The theory gives a satisfactory explanation for the Monkman Grant equation, and agrees well with experimental data. Expressions for Monkman Grant ductility approach limiting values at high strain rate and at low strain rate, the limits being a function only of the power-law stress exponent, n. The ductility in the transition strain rate region depends on cavity spacing and the relative kinetics of cavity growth and power-law creep. Leave from Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853.     

Stress management

Stress management is an important health demand in developed and rapidly developing countries. The principle of stress management consists of four strategies. That is, reduction of stressors, culture of stress tolerance, enrichment of supporting resources, and early detection of manifestations of physical and mental disorders. Accordingly, a comprehensive approach is needed for stress management. For reduction of stressors, methods of quantitatively measuring not only physico-chemical stressors, but also psycho-social stressors, have been explored. However, both the absolute level and the varying degrees of stress are valuable stress indicators. Techniques of behavioral therapy are admirable for avoiding new stress through a culture of stress tolerance. Enrichment of supporting resources is realized by two dimensions: one is man-power and the other is space and time for relaxation. For early detection of the manifestations of physical and/or mental disorders, we must pay attention to alexithymia and alexisomia in order to prevent delays in detection.     

Stress incontinence of urine

Urethrocystographic, clinical and surgical aspects have been studied in 50 premenopausal women with Green's type II stress incontinence. Thirty patients were surgically treated by a retropublic (Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz) procedure and 20 by a vaginal (Kelly-Kennedy) method. The radiology and surgical procedures were performed by the author, always using the same sequence and standardization. The relative position of the vesical angle and the urethral inclination were studied. Twelve months after operation the retropublic technic showed topographic modifications that were statistically more significant that those for the vaginal procedure. No difference was noticed in clinical results for the Kelly-Kennedy and Marshall-MArchetti-Krantz procedures (85% and 80% of safety respectively).     

Quantum Notions of Stress

Existing notions of stress in a quantum mechanical framework are reviewed and discussed in a semitutorial manner suitable for a mechanics audience. Notwithstanding early fundamental work in this area since the 1930s, the increasing availability of computational tools to perform ab initio quantum mechanical calculations with high accuracy and efficacy has renewed interest in this field especially in the context of computational mechanics and materials science. Although some unresolved issues remain, the subject has evolved considerably in the past two decades with various authors offering their own unique viewpoint. In the present paper, we summarize the debate over the “definition” of stress in a quantum mechanical setting and discuss some controversial issues such as the uniqueness of the stress.     

转炉炉壳热膨胀应力和温度差应力的分析

为了探讨热膨胀应力和温度差应力对转炉炉壳的作用，根据热弹塑性理论，运用有限元软件，考虑炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点及炉衬与炉壳之间的膨胀间隙，计算了转炉炉壳在热载荷作用下引起的热膨胀应力、温度差应力以及由这两种应力合成的热应力在转炉炉壳上的分布。利用所得结果可有针对性地减小炉壳热应力。