高架式钢筒仓中转折连接的试验研究

用于散料储存的大型高架式钢筒仓结构通常由仓筒、锥形漏斗以及支承裙筒组成。在漏斗壁拉力水平分力的作用下 ,漏斗 -仓筒 -裙筒连接处产生相当大的周向压力 ,通常通过设置环梁以增加其强度。转折连接的主要破坏模式包括塑性破坏及环梁的弹性或塑性屈曲。国际上对这类连接的屈曲及破坏强度已有了大量的理论研究 ,并建立了基于理论的设计建议 ,但其试验研究尚属空白。本文总结了作者针对钢筒仓转折连接的稳定与强度问题近期在香港理工大学进行的一项大型试验研究项目。首先简单介绍该项目所建立的一套用于薄壳结构屈曲试验的试验装置 ,然后给出三个系列试验 (内压下的圆锥 -圆柱筒连接、散料荷载下的漏斗 -仓筒 -裙筒连接及散料荷载下的漏斗 -仓筒 -裙筒 -环梁连接 )的主要试验结果     

Techniques for buckling experiments on steel silo transition junctions

Large elevated steel silos generally consist of a cylindrical vessel, a conical discharge hopper and a skirt which may either be supported on the ground or by a number of columns. The cone–cylinder–skirt junction is subject to a large circumferential compressive force due to the radial component of the meridional tension in the hopper, so either a ring is provided or the shell walls are locally thickened to strengthen the junction. Many theoretical studies have examined the buckling and collapse strengths of these junctions, but no previous experimental study has been reported. This has been due to the great difficulties associated with testing these thin-shell junctions at model scale. This paper first describes the development of an experimental facility for testing model steel silo transition junctions. Issues covered include the fabrication of quality model junctions using thin steel sheets, the loading method and the precise three-dimensional measurement of geometric imperfections and deformed shapes using a laser-displacement meter. Typical experimental results of a cone–cylinder–skirt–ring junction are next presented to demonstrate the capability of the developed facility. Procedures for processing the test results to determine both the buckling load and the number of buckling waves are also presented.     

Buckling experiments on steel silo transition junctions: II: Finite element modeling

This paper is concerned with the finite element modeling of the experiments on cone–cylinder–skirt–ring transition junctions in steel silos under simulated bulk solid loading presented in the companion paper. Before presenting the finite element results, the issue of modeling the interaction between the stored solid and the shell wall throughout the loading process is first examined. Results from nonlinear bifurcation analyses using the perfect shapes and nonlinear analyses using the measured imperfect shapes are then presented and compared with the experimental results. These comparisons show that despite the structural complexity of steel silo transition junctions, their behavior can be satisfactorily predicted by finite element analyses taking into account a number of important factors including geometric imperfections, effects of welding and the interaction between the junction and the stored solid. Next, the paper presents results of nonlinear analyses of these junctions with assumed eigenmode-affine imperfections. These results shed considerable light on the effect of ring buckling on the load-carrying capacity of transition junctions. Finally, the implications of the experimental and finite element results for the design of steel silo transition junctions are discussed.     

铜筒仓转折环染的稳定设计准则

钢筒仓结构广泛应用于矿业、冶金、化工、电力、农业等诸多领域中的散料储存。圆形铜筒仓通常由仓筒、锥形漏斗及支承裙筒组成。在仓筒与漏斗的连接处通常设有一道环梁，以承受由漏斗壁上拉力的水平分力所产生的周向压力。常见的环梁形式包括环板形环梁、Ｔ形环梁以及角钢形环染。环梁在周向压力作用下的破坏模式包括塑性破坏、弹性屈曲以及塑性屈曲。近年来对于均匀支承环梁的屈曲及破坏强度已有了系统的研究，本将总结这些研究成     

带转折环梁的柱支承钢筒仓的结构行为研究

系统研究带转折环梁的柱支承钢筒仓(支柱终止于转折环梁下方)的结构行为。通过线性应力分析了解这类筒仓的应力和变形分布规律,通过线性特征值屈曲分析和几何非线性分析研究支承宽度和环梁截面尺寸对结构屈曲强度的影响。研究表明,支承宽度是影响结构屈曲强度的主要因素,而环梁截面尺寸仅对环梁局部屈曲有显著影响,对结构整体承载能力影响很小;由于环梁表现出稳定的后屈曲性能,以环梁屈曲来控制结构设计是偏于安全的。     

Membrane theory treatment of eccentric flows in concentric hoppers

This paper presents an initial study of the effects of an accidental eccentric flow channel that sometimes develops in the conical hopper of a metal storage silo. A simple assumed pressure regime is adopted, based on studies of eccentric discharge in cylindrical silos, and the structural actions are analysed using shell membrane theory. The results are verified against a finite element analysis. A set of equations is derived which give the complete membrane stress state in the hopper under such an unsymmetrical pressure regime.     

Finite element analysis under different boundary conditions of the filling of cylindrical steel silos having an eccentric hopper

A three-dimensional finite element analysis was made of the filling of cylindrical silos having an eccentric hopper, using different boundary conditions—silos supported at the transition or on discrete columns. The analysis included the options of the presence or absence of reinforcement in the transition and walls. The results for the pressures on the wall for a flexible wall and all the boundary conditions were compared with those for a silo with a rigid wall. The membrane stresses and meridional and circumferential bending moments were then evaluated in the silo wall and in the reinforcing elements. Lastly, the influence of the eccentricity of the hopper in a silo of intermediate eccentricity was analysed, and conclusions were drawn for the optimal design of these structures.     

Dynamic FE simulations of buckling process in thin-walled cylindrical metal silos

The buckling of cylindrical steel silos is caused by the wall friction force due to shearing between the silo fill and silo wall. The aim of this paper is to investigate the stability process in a silo composed of thin-walled isotropic plain rolled sheets using a static and dynamic finite element analysis by taking both the geometric and material non-linearity into account during eccentric discharge. Silo shells were subjected to axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric loads imposed by a bulk solid following Eurocode 1. The differences between the results of static and dynamic analyses were comprehensively discussed. The advantages of a dynamic approach were outlined.     

残余应力对局部轴压焊接圆柱壳承载力的影响

焊接钢圆柱薄壳广泛应用于钢筒仓和钢油罐结构中,屈曲通常是该结构的设计控制条件,圆柱薄壳的屈曲在大多数荷载工况下对焊接几何缺陷十分敏感.现有研究标明,焊接残余应力可少量提高均匀轴压圆柱壳的稳定承载力,但对于局部轴压荷载下圆柱薄壳中残余应力的效应,相关的研究很少.采用施加收缩应变法,建立了分别考虑焊接几何缺陷以及考虑或不考虑焊接残余应力焊接圆柱薄壳的数值分析模型,研究了含有周向焊缝、竖向焊缝以及砌砖式焊缝(patterned welds)的局部轴压焊接圆柱壳屈曲行为,通过比较考虑/不考虑残余应力圆柱薄壳的计算结果,得到残余应力对局部轴压圆柱壳承载力的影响.     

Critical assessment of Eurocode approach to stability of metal cylindrical silos with corrugated walls and vertical stiffeners

The paper deals with stability of steel cylindrical silos composed of corrugated walls and vertical open-sectional stringers. Comprehensive three-dimensional finite element analyses were carried out with perfect slender, semi-slender and squat silos by means of a linear buckling approach. Corrugated walls were simulated as an equivalent orthotropic shell and vertical open-sectional stringers as beam elements. The FE results were compared with the Eurocode approach. In addition, comprehensive FE computations for axially compressed cylindrical shells composed of an orthotropic shell and stringers were carried out. An improvement of standard formulae was proposed.     

钢板筒仓结构稳定承载力研究现状

文章主要总结目前钢板筒仓结构稳定承载力的研究现状。首先介绍了轴压圆柱壳的弹性经典解,然后总结了筒仓初始缺陷敏感性的研究工作成果,最后对中、欧现行规范中筒仓稳定承载力计算方法进行比较,研究结果对筒仓工程设计与理论分析提供参考。     

Stability of circular cylindrical steel shells under combined loading

Circular cylindrical shells made of steel are used in a large variety of civil engineering structures, e.g. in off-shore platforms, chimneys, silos, tanks, pipelines, bridge arches or wind turbine towers. They are often subjected to combined loading inducing membrane compressive and/or shear stress states which endanger the local structural stability (shell buckling). A comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation of cylindrical shells under combined loading has been performed which yielded a deeper insight into the real buckling behaviour under combined loading . Beyond that, it provided rules how to simulate numerically the realistic buckling behaviour by means of substitute geometric imperfections. A comparison with existing design codes for interactive shell buckling reveals significant shortcomings. A proposal for improved design rules is put forward.     

Stability of combined imperfect conical tanks under hydrostatic loading

Steel conical vessels with upper cylindrical caps are widely used as liquid containments in elevated water tanks. This type of structure for containing water is referred to as “combined conical tank”. A number of catastrophic failures of combined conical tanks occurred during the past decades in various locations around the globe. Previous studies available in the literature focused on pure conical tanks, where the vessels have no upper cylindrical caps. The current study focuses on characterizing the buckling behaviour of combined conical tanks under the effect of hydrostatic pressure. The study is conducted numerically using a three-dimensional finite element model developed in-house. The effects of geometric imperfection and residual stresses as well as the variation of the geometric and material parameters on the buckling capacity of combined conical tanks are investigated. Finally, a comparison between the buckling capacities of combined and equivalent pure conical tanks is conducted.     

Development of normal pressure and frictional traction along the walls of a steep conical hopper during filling

The filling process of particulate solids in silos presents a numerical challenge in finite element analysis because of the addition of unstressed material on top of stressed material. A novel progressive filling approach is adopted in this paper to represent the filling process. It was used here to explore the development of the pressure pattern on the wall of a steep axisymmetric conical hopper during the filling process. The loads are interpreted as normal pressure and frictional traction. The results are compared with those from an analysis that used the conventional ‘switched-on gravity’ filling. The results of both analyses are then compared with calculations based on classical theories for the pressures acting on the wall of a steep hopper. The close agreement found between the different treatments indicates that the chosen progressive filling numerical strategy is useful for applications where analytical solutions are limited.     

Buckling of intermediate ring supported cylindrical shells under axial compression

This paper is concerned with the elastic buckling of axially compressed, circular cylindrical shells with intermediate ring supports. The simple Timoshenko thin shell theory and the more sophisticated Flügge thin shell theory have been adopted in the modeling of the cylindrical shells. We used these two representative theories to examine the sensitivity of the buckling solutions to the different degree of approximations made in shell theories. By dividing the shell into segments at the locations of the ring supports, the state-space technique is employed to derive the solutions for each shell segment and the domain decomposition method utilized to impose the equilibrium and compatibility conditions at the interfaces of the shell segments. First-known exact buckling factors are obtained for cylindrical shells of one and multiple intermediate ring supports and various combinations of boundary conditions. Comparison studies are carried out against benchmark solutions and independent numerical results from ANSYS and p-Ritz analyses. The influence of the locations of the ring supports on the buckling behaviour of the shells is examined.     

Deflection and buckling behavior of thin,circular cylindrical shells under wind loads

Some wind-tunnel tests have been conducted on the buckling behavior of closed-ended, thin cylindrical shells such as silos. Detailed measurements of the prebuckling deflections as well as of the buckling pressures were made with a variety of elastic cylinders in both smooth and turbulent flows.The results indicate that the prebuckling deflection is extremely sensitive to the wind pressure distribution, while the buckling pressure is less sensitive to it. It was also found that the pressure—deflection relationship exhibits a marked nonlinearity as the wind pressure approaches the buckling pressure. The experimental results were compared with the results of a stability analysis based on Donnell's theory, and a relatively good agreement was derived with respect to the buckling pressure.Furthermore, on the basis of the experimental results, an empirical formula for the buckling pressure was proposed as function of the height/radius ratio and the radius/ thickness ratio of the cylindrical shell.     

Längenabhängigkeit des Beulwiderstandes umfangsdruckbeanspruchter stählerner Kreiszylinderschalen

Das Versagen von Silos und Tanks wird häufig durch Druckunterschiede zwischen Außen‐ und Innendruck verursacht. Obwohl es sich beim Lastfall konstanter Umfangsdruck um einen Basisbeulfall der Kreiszylinderschale handelt, sind selbst hierbei einige Fragen noch nicht geklärt. Vergleicht man die Beulwiderstände, die sich in den technischen Regelwerken nach dem experimentell gestützten spannungsbasierten Beulsicherheitsnachweis ergeben, mit den Versagenslasten, die man bei einem numerisch gestützten Beulsicherheitsnachweis unter Einbeziehung von geometrischen Ersatzimperfektionen ermittelt, ergeben sich Diskrepanzen im Bereich langer Schalen. Im Beitrag werden experimentelle Ergebnisse eines deutsch‐polnischen Kooperationsprojektes vorgestellt, das diesen Widersprüchen nachgeht. Die Auswertung der Ergebnisse zeigt, dass der Beulwiderstand dünnwandiger Schalen unter Umfangsdruck auch von der geometrischen Schalenschlankheit abhängt. Das wird gegenwärtig von den Vorschriften noch nicht erfasst, so dass lange Schalen konservativer als kurze Schalen bemessen werden. Influence of the length‐to‐radius ratio on the buckling resistance of cylindrical steel shells subject to hoop compression. The failure of silos and tanks is often caused by differences between outer and inner pressure. Although the load case hoop compression is a basic buckling case of cylindrical shells, there are still some problems that have to be tackled. For long cylinders, discrepancies arise when comparing the buckling resistances calculated from the experimentally based stress design of current design rules with the resistances derived from numerical buckling strength verifications using equivalent geometric imperfections. In the contribution, the experimental results of a German‐Polish research project, concerning that problem, are presented. The evaluation of the results reveals that the buckling resistance of thin‐walled cylindrical steel shells subject to hoop compression also depends on the geometrical slenderness. This fact is neglected in current design rules. Therefore, long cylinders are designed more conservatively than short cylinders.     

Bedding effects in bulk solids in silos: experiments and a polar hypoplastic approach

This paper is concerned with bedding effects in granular bulk solids in silos. Finite element (FE)-analyses were performed for a cylindrical thin-walled steel model silo with imperfections containing dry sand. Numerical calculations were carried out for an axisymmetric case with a polar hypoplastic constitutive relation which can capture the salient properties of granular materials. In the FE-calculations, different types of wall displacements along the silo height were taken into account to model roughly the formation of buckles due to initial imperfections of the silo wall. The effects of the initial void ratio and mean grain diameter of bulk solids, initial stress state, wall roughness, and size and form of buckles were studied. The numerical results clearly show that the modelling of a bedding effect of bulk solids in silos by means of springs is too simple and can lead to strongly unrealistic predictions of the bedding modulus.     

A coupled finite element genetic algorithm technique for optimum design of steel conical tanks

Steel conical tanks having an upper cylindrical section and supported by a reinforced concrete shaft are widely used for water containment in elevated tanks. During the past few decades, a number of conical tanks have failed as a result of buckling of the steel vessel due to inadequate selection of the shell thickness. In the current study a powerful numerical tool that couples a non-linear finite element model and a genetic algorithm optimization technique is developed specifically for the analysis and design of steel conical tanks. The developed numerical tool is capable of selecting the set of design variables which satisfies the structure safety requirements while achieving a minimum structure weight and consequently minimum cost.     

风力涡轮钢结构塔楼的优化设计

为了使用于安装风力涡轮机的钢结构塔楼设计成本最小化,该塔楼结构形式为一个微锥形的焊接环肋壳体钢结构。用3个柱形壳单元组件来模拟45m高的钢壳,每个单元都有15m高,并且都有恒定的平均直径和厚度。根据欧洲规范1第2～第4章(Eurocode1,Part2～4)计算风荷载。设计中考虑壳体屈曲和环肋的局部屈曲。环肋非常必要,它可以阻止塔楼变成椭圆形。为计算生产成本,要考虑将这些钢壳加工为接近圆柱形状的加工成本和组装焊接部件的成本。成本最小化包括材料和生产成本最小化。最适宜的壳厚度、环肋的个数和直径采用Rosenbrock法直接计算。结果表明,采用环肋的数量越少,成本就越低。这个方法可以被用来预测微锥形塔楼的最小设计成本,满足细长型结构的需要,这种结构以动力荷载导致的弯曲为结构的主要荷载。