水力喷砂射孔技术试验分析

对水力喷砂射孔技术做了简要的介绍，通过地面打靶试验数据的分析，阐述了各施工参数对射孔效果的影响。     

水力喷砂射孔参数优化室内实验研究

为了更有效地将水力喷砂射孔压裂技术应用于油藏开采中,对水力喷砂射孔参数进行室内实验研究。研究主要包括对不同岩样强度下喷射速度、射孔时间、喷嘴尺寸以及流体介质的优选。实验表明:喷射速度越高,射孔深度越深,同时喷嘴磨损程度增加;喷嘴尺寸越大,射孔效果越好;喷射速度越高,所需最佳喷射时间越短;喷射液体类型对射孔深度影响不大。该实验研究为水力喷砂射孔压裂工艺中关键参数的选取提供了重要依据。     

水力喷射射孔效果初探

用理论分析和计算的方法对常规聚能射孔与工艺与水力喷射射孔工艺进行了评价对比。根据水力喷射射孔的渗流及假设条件与分支水平井基本一致的特点，利用分支水平井产能分析方法，对水力喷射射孔的产能效果进行了研究，并对影响其效果的因素进行了分析和讨论。研究结果认为，这两种射孔工艺对产能的影响基本一致，且孔深和孔密对其产能的影响较大；射孔效果方面，水力喷射射孔要好于常规聚能射孔，尤其是射孔难度较大的井和重点井，采用水力喷射射工艺会有较大；射孔效果方面，水力喷射孔要好于常规聚能射孔，尤其是射孔难度较大的井和重点井，采用水力喷射射孔工艺会有更好的产能效果，但使用过程中工艺，费用较高，可作为聚能射孔工艺的补充。     

水力深穿透射孔技术试验应用

经对影响油田产能下降因素的分析，选择了4口井进行水力深穿透射孔试验，介绍了该工艺技术的原理、施工参数、施工步骤及要求、现场应用情况及效果。试验一次成功，并通过后期生产证实了应用该技术的显著效果。     

水力喷砂分段压裂优化设计与施工

依据水力喷砂分段压裂的技术特点结合常规加砂压裂设计方法,建立了水力喷砂分段压裂优化设计方法。通过数值计算,给出了喷嘴数量与施工排量的匹配关系曲线和环空压力与排量的关系曲线,借助实验手段,模拟现场油管与环空注入压裂液的比例研究了压裂液混合液的黏弹性恢复能力和耐剪切性能,为现场水力喷砂射孔喷嘴数量、排量和射流速度的设计,加砂压裂油管和环空排量的优化提供了参考。     

磨料射流射孔增产技术研究与应用

介绍了磨料射流射孔机理、参数影响规律室内试验和油井射孔现场试验结果。研究表明，磨料射流射孔过程可分为脆性和延展性材料切割两个不同阶段，并得出了主要参数(包括压力、排量、磨料类别、磨料粒度、磨料体积分数、围压和岩石性质等)对射孔深度的影响规律和合理的参数范围。在地面模拟试验井，24～27MPa压力条件下射孔和割缝深度达0.50m以上；10口井11井次现场施工证明，磨料射流射孔工艺技术降低破裂压力5～10MPa，油井增产效果明显。     

基于FLUENT的水力喷砂射孔器喷嘴优化设计

针对水力喷砂射孔器上常用锥直形喷嘴射流性能不佳以及冲蚀磨损严重问题,基于锥直形喷嘴能量损失机理,对喷嘴入口收缩段结构进行了优化设计;借助FLUENT软件,通过射流特性和耐冲蚀磨损2方面对比分析,优选出性能最佳的喷嘴结构。分析结果表明:喷嘴射流性能不高的关键在于入口收缩段处的局部水头损失;在相同来流条件下,等变速形喷嘴射流能量损耗低,耐冲蚀性能佳,综合性能最优。综合射流特性和喷嘴冲蚀考虑,等变速形喷嘴的最佳结构参数为:出口直径6 mm,入口直径12 mm,圆柱段长度18 mm,收缩段长度10 mm。所得结论对喷嘴结构优化具有一定的指导意义。     

水力喷砂射孔孔道形态研究

为了进一步认识水力喷砂射孔机理,检测水力喷砂射孔成孔的形态和孔深,考察岩性、排量和喷射时间等参数对水力喷砂射孔的影响,了解裂缝起裂特征,开展了水力喷砂射孔孔道形态研究。完成了露头岩样靶件和水泥靶件的设计与制作,优选了实验参数和配套工具,并完成了喷砂射孔实验和喷砂射孔起裂实验。为了获得真实、直观的孔形结构,配套专用切割工具完成了靶件的解剖、测绘。实验结果表明,水力射孔形成的孔道深度远低于前期室内实验所得出的深度;水力喷砂射孔孔道形态主要为正常射孔靶件的准纺锤形喷孔和正常起裂的纺锤形—剑形组合喷孔两种形态;水力射孔形成的两个喷孔在形态上几乎对称;当靶件起裂后,喷孔深度成倍增加,同时起裂靶件不同方向上喷孔形态和深度不一样。     

油气井水力喷砂射孔增产技术

针对孤岛油田薄层稠油注气压力高、注水井污染严重、转注聚后吸聚能力下降、外围油田非均质严重、低渗等特点，孤岛采油厂引进了水力喷砂射孔技术。经过在不同地区的应用，取得了较好的效果。本文简要介绍水力喷砂射孔的研究以及现场的应用效果，以利推广应用。     

水力喷砂射孔辅助压裂填砂机理与现场试验

水力喷砂射孔技术可射穿套管和近井地层,产生直径和深度都较常规聚能弹大的孔眼.该技术在胜利油田滨南采油厂郑408-8井上首次进行了现场施工.喷砂射孔前该井处于停产状态,且压裂填砂无法施工;采用该技术后初期自喷生产,最高产液11.6t/d,产油8.7t/d,连续11个月一直维持自喷产量1.0～2.5 t/d.现场应用表明,该技术使用效果明显.     

磨料射流射孔压裂一体化工具的设计

磨料射流射孔技术的工作原理是利用机械冲顶、磨铣或者水力冲击的方式在套管上形成水射流通道,然后利用高压水射流冲蚀地层,从而在地层中形成具有一定深度和孔径的油气渗流通道。研究了长庆油田的地质与水力压裂状况,并根据磨料射流射孔的技术状况设计了磨料射流射孔压裂一体化工具。通过对油井实施磨料射流射孔压裂一体化操作,在地层中形成了具有高渗透能力的通道。利用该工具可节省作业时间,降低生产成本。     

Surface Experiment of Abrasive Water Jet Perforation

This article presents the experiment process and results of abrasive water jet perforation. This experiment was conducted in Kalamayi, China, Xinjiang Oilfield in October 2004. Referring to explosive perforation experiment, we made two cement cylinder samples with a diameter of 2.4 m, 1.2 m high, putting a 139.7 mm (5-1/2') and a 177.8 mm (7') casing sub in them, respectively. The two cylinders were buried underground. During the experiment, we changed the following parameters: blasting time, nozzle diameter, and cement cylinder property. After experiment, we opened the cylinder and found that, compared with explosive perforation, the hole on the casing wall and the tunnel in the cement were much rounder and bigger than with that method. In addition, it can cause a fracturing effect, possibly forming micro-fractures on the tunnel wall. This effect can avoid forming impermeable crushed zone when using explosive perforating.     

Surface Experiment of Abrasive Water Jet Perforation

Abstract

This article presents the experiment process and results of abrasive water jet perforation. This experiment was conducted in Kalamayi, China, Xinjiang Oilfield in October 2004. Referring to explosive perforation experiment, we made two cement cylinder samples with a diameter of 2.4 m, 1.2 m high, putting a 139.7 mm (5-1/2″) and a 177.8 mm (7″) casing sub in them, respectively. The two cylinders were buried underground. During the experiment, we changed the following parameters: blasting time, nozzle diameter, and cement cylinder property. After experiment, we opened the cylinder and found that, compared with explosive perforation, the hole on the casing wall and the tunnel in the cement were much rounder and bigger than with that method. In addition, it can cause a fracturing effect, possibly forming micro-fractures on the tunnel wall. This effect can avoid forming impermeable crushed zone when using explosive perforating.     

Application of Abrasive Water Jet Perforation Assisting Fracturing

This article presents a new technology of abrasive water jet perforation assisting fracturing on Well Zheng 408-8, Bin Nan Production Plant, Shengli Oilfield. First, the balsting tool, with 9 nozzles, was lowered down to the payzone and perforated 90 tunnels with abrasive water jet after being moved upward 9 times. Then the fracture work was conducted and 18 m³ sands were squeezed into the formations. After that the well production reached 11.6 t/d liquid and 8.7 t/d oil, respectively, and this continued for 9 months. But before the job, nothing was produced from this well.     

Application of Abrasive Water Jet Perforation Assisting Fracturing

Abstract

This article presents a new technology of abrasive water jet perforation assisting fracturing on Well Zheng 408-8, Bin Nan Production Plant, Shengli Oilfield. First, the balsting tool, with 9 nozzles, was lowered down to the payzone and perforated 90 tunnels with abrasive water jet after being moved upward 9 times. Then the fracture work was conducted and 18 m³ sands were squeezed into the formations. After that the well production reached 11.6 t/d liquid and 8.7 t/d oil, respectively, and this continued for 9 months. But before the job, nothing was produced from this well.     

磨料射流切割套管的实验研究

针对石油工程生产需要,在非淹没、淹没以及有围压存在的条件下,对磨料射流切割油井套管进行了实验研究。结果表明,淹没条件下磨料射流切割套管的深度低于非淹没条件;随着围压的增加,磨料射流切割套管的能力先增强后减弱,当围压在0.5～1.0MPa时,其切割效率最佳;而当磨料质量百分比在30%～35%之间、射流喷射角在110°～115°之间时可以获得较佳的切割效果。     

水力喷砂射孔喷嘴与套管间最佳距离研究

水力喷砂射孔压裂是集射孔、压裂,隔离于一体的新型增产改造技术,适用于低渗透油蘸直井、水平井的增产改造,是低渗透油藏压裂增产的一种有效方法.提出两步法计算颗粒撞击套管壁的轴向速度:首先计算单相流的稳态流场,再分析颗粒在稳态流场中的运动.计算结果表明,颗粒在流体中的轴向速度与实际情况定性符合.通过对不同阃距下颗粒到达套管壁...     

The Productivity-Enhancing Technique of Deep Penetrating Perforation With a High-Pressure Water Jet

Deep penetrating perforation with a high-pressure water jet is an emerging advanced technique for enhancing oil well productivity because of its high cutting, breaking, and cleaning capabilities. Based on the analysis of productivity impairment caused by drilling fluid invaded zone and conventional charge perforating compacted zone, production-enhancing mechanisms of deep penetration perforating with a high-pressure water jet have been comprehensively investigated. The three major aspects are rock cutting with a high-pressure and high-velocity water jet, relieving the stress concentration of the near-wellbore region, and penetrating through the damaged zone. In addition, the feasibility of improving formation fracturing and acidizing treatment by using this technique is also discussed, along with future development and application.     

可变喷距磨料射流多级切割头研制与试验

应用磨料射流切割技术切除海上采油多层废弃井口时,面临的一个突出问题是切割外层套管和隔水管时喷距变大引起作业时间增加,导致作业成本高昂。基于缩短喷距的思路,设计了一种可变喷距磨料射流多级切割头,切割头上布置有固定喷嘴和长、短伸缩杆喷嘴,每种喷嘴具有相互独立的供液流道,因此切割头可提供3种工作模式,即固定喷嘴切割模式、短伸缩杆切割模式和长伸缩杆切割模式。施工作业时,采用投球的方式依次进行3种工作模式的转换。理论计算表明,使用φ3 mm喷嘴时,长、短伸缩杆工作模式可分别将无因次喷距减小至使用固定喷嘴时的1/27与1/16.7,有效提高了射流的能量利用率。地面试验表明,可变喷距多级切割头使用方便,流道转换可靠,比普通固定喷嘴式切割头切割效率显著提高,可大幅度缩短作业时间,降低作业成本。