Independent multitone jamming of FH/MFSK in Rician channels

We derive exact expressions of the symbol error rate (SER) performance of orthogonal, frequency-hopped, noncoherent M-ary frequency-shift-keying (FH/MFSK) receivers in the presence of independent multitone jamming (MTJ), as well as thermal and other wideband Gaussian noises. Both the signal tones and the multiple jamming tones are affected independently by Rician fading. Both the slow-hopping and fast-hopping systems are considered. In our derivation, we exploit the fact that the multipath components of the signal and jamming tones can be combined with the other Gaussian noises to form a single Gaussian process. Using this technique, we are able to obtain compact exact SER expressions which can be computed efficiently. From the computation results we provide physical explanations on the effects of several system parameters, such as jamming fraction, fading conditions and number of hops per symbol, on the SER performance of slow and fast FH/MFSK systems under independent MTJ     

一种新的部分频带噪声干扰模型下的FH/MFSK系统性能分析

部分频带噪声干扰(PBNJ)是一种主要的窄带干扰,它对通信系统性能的影响十分突出。该文针对FH/ MFSK系统中,传统的部分频带干扰模型的干扰带宽最小分辨率是一个跳频子带带宽(即MFSK信号的带宽),研究了更具有实际价值的新的部分频带干扰模型,即将干扰带宽最小分辨率精确到MFSK信号带宽的1/M。该文推导了莱斯衰落信道下的误比特率(BER)公式,给出了其闭合表达式,并通过计算机仿真验证了理论推导的正确性。理论分析与仿真结果表明,M,Nh,越小,传统与新PBNJ模型下FH/MFSK信号的BER性能差异就越大。     

Advanced frequency hopping modulation for spread spectrum WLAN

A wireless LAN standard developed by IEEE committee P802.11 operates in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band. This band is a very hostile environment due to many unpredictable interference sources, such as microwave ovens, utilizing the same frequency bands. At the same time the allowed signal power density that can be used is limited in order to minimize the interference to other users in the same band. In order to avoid these interference and keep a low signal power density the standard supports both direct sequence (DS) and frequency hopping (FH) modulation for these applications. The new test beds for multimedia wireless (WLANs) also use FH modulation. We analyze the performance of a modification of the FH multiple frequency shift keying (MFSK) system that includes a multitone multiamplitude MFSK signal, designated as amMFSK modulation. In this case, in order to meet the transmitted power density limits imposed in the ISM band, the signal energy is split into m separate tones. This makes the system more vulnerable to noise and fading, but still the overall flow of useful information will be increased. The results demonstrate that under the large range of the signal, channel and interference parameters this system offers better performance     

音调高跳速碰撞干扰对FH／MFSK系统的干扰性能分析

针对跳频／多路频移键控（FH／MFSK）通信系统的特点和较强的抗干扰能力,研究了一种动态阻塞干扰样式——高跳速碰撞干扰,分析了高跳速碰撞干扰的基本特性和优点,建立了一种音调高跳速碰撞干扰模型,分析了对FH／MFSK系统的干扰性能,并进行了FH／MFSK系统在高跳速碰撞干扰下的误码率性能仿真。仿真结果表明,高跳速碰撞干扰对跳频体制能构成较大的威胁。     

MFSK和GMSK调制方式在短波跳频通信系统中的应用及性能仿真

本文主要讨论MFSK和GMSK（高斯滤波最小频移键控）控制方式在短波跳频通信系统中的应用，并对其性能进行了数值仿真。对于MFSK调制方式，本文重点讨论了将带反馈链路的选择式频率分集和编码技术应用于短波FH/MFSK系统对性能的改善。并分析当在具有加性高斯噪声的瑞利衰落信道中存在部分频带阻塞时的性能。GMSK具有优良的频谱特性，本文仿真了结合Viterbi算法非相干解调方案时跳频系统的性能。最后对两种调制方式进行了初步比较。     

MFSK和GMSK调制方式在短波跳频通信系统中的应用及性能仿真

本文主要讨论MFSK和GMSK(高斯滤波最小频移键控)调制方式在短波跳频通信系统中的应用,并对其性能进行了数值仿真.对于MFSK调制方式,本文重点讨论了将带反馈链路的选择式频率分集和编码技术应用于短波FH/MFSK系统对性能的改善,并分析当在具有加性高斯噪声的瑞利衰落信道中存在部分频带阻塞时的性能.GMSK具有优良的频谱特性,本文仿真了结合Viterbi算法非相干解调方案时跳频系统的性能.最后对两种调制方式进行了初步比较.     

超短波跳扩频电台抗扫频干扰的性能仿真研究

依据超短波跳扩频电台的工作机理,采用Matlab中的Simulink分别建立了直扩、跳频、跳扩结合三种通信方式下的仿真模型以及扫频干扰模型。不仅研究了当存在扫频干扰时,改变扩频增益和跳频速度的参考值,仿真得出三种扩频方式下的误码率并进行了比较,还进一步探讨了改变扫频干扰参数（如扫频周期、扫频带宽等）情况下,计算各种通信方式下的干扰容限,比较得出跳扩结合模式抗扫频干扰性能最佳的结论。     

Multiple tone interference of frequency-hopped noncoherent MFSKsignals transmitted over Ricean fading channels

This paper investigates the performance degradation resulting from multitone interference of orthogonal, frequency-hopped, noncoherent M-ary frequency-shift keyed receivers (FH/MFSK) where the effect of thermal and other wideband noise is not neglected. The multiple, equal power jamming tones are assumed to correspond to some or all of the possible FH M-ary orthogonal signaling tones. Furthermore, the channel is modeled as a Ricean fading channel; and both the signaling tones and the multiple interference tones are assumed to be affected by channel fading. It is also assumed that channel fading need not necessarily affect the signaling tones and the interference tones in the same-way. When the information signal power exceeds the power of the individual interference tones, poorer overall system performance is obtained when the multiple interfering tones experience fading. This trend is accentuated as M increases. When the information signal experiences fading, the effect of fading multiple interference tones on overall system performance lessens, and for a Rayleigh-faded information signal, fading of the multiple interference tones has no effect on overall system performance regardless of M     

ML-based follower jamming rejection in slow FH/MFSK systems with an antenna array

The jamming robustness of frequency hopping (FH) systems with M-ary frequency shift keying (MFSK) modulation may be potentially neutralized by a follower partial-band jammer. In this paper, a maximum likelihood (ML)-based algorithm that uses a two-element array is proposed for joint follower jamming rejection and symbol detection in slow FH/MFSK systems over quasi-static flat Rayleigh fading channels. The algorithm is derived by treating both the received jamming components and the unknown data symbols as deterministic quantities to be jointly estimated in an integrated ML operation. In addition, an approximate expression for the symbol error rate (SER) of the proposed scheme is derived when BFSK signaling is employed in a jamming dominant scenario. Analytical and simulated results show that the proposed approach is able to remove jamming and outperform the conventional and sample matrix inversion (SMI)-based beam-formers in the presence of a follower partial-band jammer.     

Analysis of an antijam FH acquisition scheme

An easily implemented matched filter scheme for acquiring hopping code synchronization of incoming frequency-hopping (FH) signals is analyzed, and its performance is evaluated for two types of jamming: partial-band noise jamming and partial-band multitone jamming. The system is designed to reduce jammer-induced false alarms. The system's matched filter output is compared to an adaptive threshold that is derived from a measurement of the number of acquisition channels being jammed. Example performance calculations are given for the frequency coverage of the jamming either fixed over the entire acquisition period or hopped, that is, changed for each acquisition pulse. It is shown that the jammer's optimum strategy (the worst case) is to maximize the false alarm probability without regard for the effect on detection probability, for both partial-band noise and multitone jamming. It is also shown that a significantly lower probability of false acquisition results from using an adaptive matched filter threshold, demonstrating that the strategy studied here is superior to conventional nonadaptive threshold schemes     

Vector similarity-based detection scheme for multi-antenna FH/MFSK systems in the presence of follower jamming

Follower partial band jamming has been recognised as an efficient strategy to degrade the performance of frequency hopping (FH) systems. To alleviate this detrimental effect, a novel detection scheme for slow FH/Mary frequency shift keying systems, which use two receive antennas in a quasi-static flat fading channel, is proposed. Specifically, using the principle of vector similarity, an area-based vector similarity metric is formulated to give an estimate of the unknown spatial correlation of the received jamming components at the two receive antennas. The jamming signal can then be removed in the symbol detection process. The improved performance of the new scheme is verified by using an analysis under a jamming dominant environment as well as simulated bit error rate results.     

DS／FH／TH混合扩频系统抗干扰性能的计算机模拟

在扩频通信中,抗干扰性能是评价扩频通信体制优劣的重要指标。本文研究DS/FH/TH混合扩频系统的抗干扰性能,建立了系统模型及计算机模拟方案,通过计算机模拟获得了在连续波、脉冲波多音干扰、部分带宽干扰、脉冲噪声干扰情况下的系统误码率曲线,具有一定的实用价值。     

Optimization of Coded Spread Spectrum System Performance

Error correction coding techniques significantly improve performance of spread spectrum communication systems in environments containing jamming, multipath, and unregulated multiple access. This paper investigates the optimization of spread spectrum system performance for time-varying unknown interference. Noncoherent frequency hopping (FH) spread spectrum modulation, and hybrid FH-PN incorporating a direct sequence PN modulation on each hopped frequency are studied. For FH or FH-PN, the data modulations considered are differential phase-shift-keying (DPSK), differential quadriphase-quadriphase-shift-keying (DQPSK), and multiple-frequency-multiple-frequency-shift-keying (MFSK). Both block and convolutional error correction coding techniques are studied as a means of improving the spread spectrum performance.     

一种基于MSK调制的直扩/跳频系统设计与实现

基于MSK调制的直扩/跳频混合扩频通信系统不仅具有较高的抗干扰性和保密性,还具备较好的频带利用率和误码性能。结合直扩/跳频混合扩频系统和MSK调制的原理和特点,设计了一种基于MSK调制的直扩/跳频混合扩频通信系统,给出了系统构成、工作原理和相关算法,并搭建硬件平台对其解调性能进行仿真分析,得出系统采用部分匹配滤波法进行解调是比较可行的结论。     

Diversity and Coding for FH/MFSK Systems with Fading and Jamming--Part I: Multichannel Diversity

The performance of diversity and/or coding is evaluated for FH/MFSK signaling over Rayleigh fading channels in the presence of jamming. The effects of partial-band tone and partial-band noise jamming on uncoded and coded systems are considered. The results indicate that FH/MFSK signaling with diversity provides satisfactory performance for jammed fading channels. For coded FH/MFSK signaling over fading channels, noise jamming may be more effective than tone jamming. The amount of improvement resulting from the use of diversity in conjunction with coding depends upon many factors, including the nature of the channel, the degree of channel state information available at the decoder, the type of decoding, and the modulation alphabet size.     

FHMA receiver over Rayleigh fading channels

A novel FH/MFSK receiver is proposed which utilises the side information of interfering signals for asynchronous frequency hopping multiple-access (FHMA) systems in the presence of Rayleigh fading. It is shown that the novel receiver performs much better than the conventional receiver for a wide range of signal to noise ratios.     

Mathematical Models for Cochannel Interference in FH/MFSK Multiple-Access Systems

FH/MFSK has been Proposed for a multiuser spread spectrum digital communication system to combat both self-jamming and intentional jamming. An independence assumption at the energy detector outputs is used to evaluate such a system for a digitized voice mobile radio system [11]. This paper presents a correlated model and compares its performance to an independence model under the symbol error probability criterion. A Gaussian process model is also developed for comparison. It is found that the conventional Gaussian approximation is inadequate in predicting the number of users that can be accommodated by an FH/MFSK system using the conventional receiver. Furthermore, for the cases we evaluated, the independence model provides an excellent approximation to the correlated model. Additionally, a conditional Chernoff bound is presented for the more general case of frequency-hopping systems with multiple hops per symbol.     

Rejection of frequency sweeping signal in DS spread spectrumsystems using complex adaptive filters

It is already known that the performance of narrowband interference adaptive filtering in DS spread spectrum systems is additionally degraded in the presence of a frequency hopped jamming signal compared to the case with CW interference. Even so, the adaptive filter can be rather efficient because during the hopping interval, while the jamming signal parameters are constant, the filter adjusts its weights; and if the hopping rate is not too high, there are time periods when the interfering signal is suppressed. In order to have a better insight into the performance of these systems, we analyze the DS spread spectrum receiver behavior, when the jamming signal frequency is continuously changing (chirp signal). We find that this is a reasonable step for a jammer that is trying to be more efficient. In such a case, a two-sided filter structure shows worse overall performance than a prediction error structure. As the jamming frequency sweeping rate or bandwidth is increased, the system performance is degraded. The analysis provides an insight into how much the system performance will be degraded as a function of the interfering (frequency sweeping) signal parameters     

Performance of a Normalized Energy Metric Without Jammer State Information for an FH/MFSK System in Worst Case Partial Band Jamming

For a frequency-hopped noncoherent MFSK communication system without jammer state information (JSI) in a worst case partial band jamming environment, it is well known that the use of a conventional unquantized metric results in very poor performance. In this paper, a "normalized" unquantized energy metric is suggested for such a system. It is shown that with this metric, one can save 2-3 dB in required signal energy over the system with hard decision metric without JSI for the same desired performance. When this very robust metric is compared to the conventional unquantized energy metric with JSI, the loss in required signal energy is shown to be small. Thus, the use of this normalized metric provides performance comparable to systems for which JSI is known. Cutoff rate and bit error rate with dual-kcoding are used for the performance measures.     

Error Performance of FH Wireless LANs in DS and Tone Interference

In this paper the bit error probability of the SFH/MFSK system in presence ofwideband and tone interference in a fading environment is evaluated.Simultaneous license-free operation of tone-like applications, FrequencyHopping (FH), and Direct Sequence (DS) based LAN clusters is assumed to be theprime interference facing the subject FH wireless LAN (of the IEEE 802.11standard). The wideband DS interference is considered to have asinc²() shape Power Spectral Density (PSD) centered at the middleof FH signal band and tone interferers are assumed to be spread over the wholeFH band of the intended signal. Assumptions of slow non-selective fading alongwith slow hopping justify a quasi-static treatment. Results shows that the FHsystem is more sensitive to tone interference and fading and less sensitiveto wideband interference variations. The paper sheds light on the performanceof wireless LAN operation in the unlicensed free band where many other LANsmay exist.