异氰酸酯改性蒙脱土的制备与表征

通过二苯基甲烷-4,4'-二异氰酸酯(MDI)改性酸化的钠基蒙脱土(Na-MMT),制得MDI-MMT,再利用MDI-MMT分别与水和乙醇反应,制备H2O-MDI-MMT和C2H5OH-MDI-MMT。利用十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)改性的MMT和OTAC、MDI复配改性MMT,分别制得OTAC-MMT和OTAC-MDI-MMT。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)、FTIR、TG、XRD和SEM对改性MMT进行了表征。结果表明,MDI改性MMT对其层间阳离子含量不产生影响,且MDI-MMT、H2O-MDI-MMT和C2H5OH-MDI-MMT的层间距变化不大,保持在1.33~1.44 nm之间。OTAC改性MMT层间距得到了较大的改善,层间距在2.03~4.43 nm范围内,而OTAC、MDI复配改性MMT的层间距得到了进一步扩大,最大达到了15.98 nm,实现了充分剥离。     

改性剂种类对蒙脱土结构和性能的影响

为增加蒙脱土(montmorillonite,MMT)和有机物的相容性和研究插层剂种类对MMT结构和性能的影响,采用Cu,Co和Ni无机金属阳离子,十二烷基磺酸钠、十二烷基硫酸钠、α-烯烃磺酸盐和十二烷基苯磺酸钠等有机阴离子表面活性剂及十六烷基氯化吡啶、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵等有机阳离子表面活性剂作为改性剂,对蒙脱土进行一次改性和二次改性,制备出一系列改性蒙脱土.研究了改性剂种类、插层方式、插层次序对插层效果的影响.X射线衍射分析表明:一次改性时,插层剂均能进入蒙脱土的层间,改性土的层间距由1.04nm增加到1.7～3.52nm;二次改性时,先阳离子后阴离子的插层顺序有利于层间距增大(4.14nm),还可利用配位作用将二次改性剂引入金属离子一次改性MMT中,使层间距增大.改性机理研究认为:阳离子改性机理为层间离子交换,而阴离子改性机理是改性剂和MMT表面形成了氢键.沉降实验表明一次改性土和二次改性土在有机溶剂中分散能力有所增强.     

阴阳离子复配黏土/NR纳米复合材料的结构与性能

以蒙脱土(MMT)为原料,通过选用阳离子表面活性剂十八烷基三甲基溴化铵(STAB)与阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)对MMT进行复配改性,制得有机黏土(OC)/天然橡胶(NR)纳米复合材料(NRCNs)。考察了不同OC含量及阴阳离子表面活性剂配比对NRCNs力学性能以及微观结构的影响。结果表明,当MMT/STAB/SDS质量比为2.8/1/0.5时力学性能最佳,MMT层间距从1.24nm提高到4.8nm,NRCNs的层间距达到5.58nm;STAB/SDS复配改性比单一STAB改性效果好,NRCNs拉伸强度达到21.94 MPa,撕裂强度达到33.28kN/m,与纯胶相比分别提高了70%和69.2%;STAB取代了MMT层间的无机阳离子,SDS吸附了层间的负电荷使得插层结构增多,黏土均匀地分散在橡胶基体中。     

用原位有机改性法制备的溴化丁基橡胶／蒙脱土复合材料的性能

采用原位有机改性法制备了溴化丁基橡胶(BIIR)/蒙脱土(MMT)复合材料,并对其硫化特性和力学性能进行了研究,用X射线衍射仪时复合材料中MMT的层间距进行了表征,并与钠基蒙脱土(Na-MMT)、有机蒙脱土(OMMT)和BIIR形成的复合材料进行了对比.结果表明,用原位有机改性法制备的BIIR/MMT复合材料的硫化特性和力学性能优于BIIR/Na/MMT复合材料,甚至优于BIIR/OMMT复合材料;采用原位有机改性法,可使BIIR/MMT体系中MMT的插层效果明显改善.     

季铵盐复配硅烷偶联剂改性蒙脱土的制备及表征

制备十八烷基三甲基氯化铵(OTAC)复配γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH550)改性蒙脱土(MMT),利用XRD、ICP、FTIR、TG和SEM对改性前后的蒙脱土进行表征.结果表明MMT层间距的扩大主要是由于OTAC与MMT层间阳离子交换的结果,质子化的KH550亦能与MMT进行离子交换但不影响OTAC对MMT的有机改性,而且KH550能与MMT表面羟基反应形成化学键而接枝于MMT表面.     

UHMWPE/MMT纳米复合材料的研制

采用复配阳离子交换剂对蒙脱土（MMT）进行有机化处理,通过固相接枝技术对超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）进行表面改性,然后采用熔融插层法制备UHMWPE／MMT纳米复合材料。XRD和SEM分析表明,MMT在UHMWPE基体中达到了纳米级分散,同时,有机MMT能较大幅度改善UHMWPE的流动性能,少量有机MMT的加入就可使UHMWPE的力学性能有所提高,     

原位有机改性法EPDM/Na-MMT纳米复合材料的结构和性能

直接将EPDM、未改性蒙脱土（Na-MMT）和插层剂共混，制备原位有机改性法EPDM／Na—MMT纳米复合材料，研究插层剂对复合材料结构和物理性能的影响。结果表明，添加Na-MMT和插层剂对EPDM的硫化反应有延迟效应，并可降低EPDM硫化胶的交联密度；原位有机改性法EPDM／Na-MMT纳米复合材料物理性能较未改性复合材料有较大幅度的提高，可达到剥离型EPDM／有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料的水平；Na—MMT以完全剥离、插层和未插层3种微观形态共存于EPDM基体中，未插层Na—MMT的存在基本上不影响完全剥离Na-MMT片层对EPDM的补强效果。     

离子液体原位插层聚合法制备蒙脱土-聚酯复合材料

选用十二烷基三苯基磷和酯季磷盐离子液体对钠基蒙脱土(Na-MMT)进行插层改性,并分别与对苯二甲酸二甲酯、乙二醇进行原位插层聚合制备MMT-聚酯(PET)复合材料,使用远红外光谱(FTIR)、广角X射线衍射(WAXD)、扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等对MMT及MMT-PET复合材料进行表征。结果表明:MMT被成功插层,有机改性MMT在PET基体中的分散性优于NaMMT,而酯季磷盐-MMT在PET基体中有明显插层的现象。这证明了MMT插层剂的酯键可与PET进行酯交换反应,进一步说明反应性插层剂有利于制备稳定分散的MMT-PET复合材料。     

有机蒙脱石的制备新方法及性能表征

四甲基氯化铵(TMA)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、双氯乙酸丙二醇酯基双十二烷基四甲基氯化二铵(双子季铵盐GQAS)作为钠基蒙脱石(Na-MMT)的改性剂,分别采用一次插层法和两次插层法对Na-MMT进行有机化改性.X射线衍射(XRD)测试表明,Na-MMT的层间距(d001)值随着改性剂碳链长度的增长而增大,采用一次插层法时,d001值依次由Na-MMT的1.30nm增大至1.34nm、2.89nm和3.72nm,而采用两次插层法时(第一次用TMA,第二次用双子季铵盐插层)OMMT的d001值增大至3.99nm.热重分析(TGA)表明Na-MMT的失重率为13.4%,双子季铵盐一次插层的有机MMT(OMMT)的失重率为40.5%,而用TMA第一次插层,双子季铵盐第二次插层的OMMT的失重率为49.8%.傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)同样证实采用两次插层法,MMT层间吸附的阳离子与有机阳离子的交换更彻底.用双子季铵盐作为改性剂、通过两次插层法制备OMMT,鲜见文献报道.     

DODAC对水热法插层改性蒙脱土结构和性能的影响

选用阳离子表面活性剂双十八烷基二甲基氯化铵(DODAC)作为改性剂,通过水热法插层改性钠基蒙脱土(Na-MMT).采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、热重分析(TGA)、扫描电镜(SEM)等手段研究了水热插层法和DODAC添加量对有机化蒙脱土结构和性能的影响.研究结果表明:水热法的插层改性效果优于常规插层改性方法,DODAC添加量对有机化蒙脱土的层间结构影响显著,随改性剂添加量增加,有机化蒙脱土的层间距变大,DODAC分子的层间堆叠方式依次由单层、双层向伪三层、类石蜡复合型结构转变.当DODAC添加量为2.0CEC时,水热插层改性效果最为明显.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.