Nutraceutical potential of polyphenolic fractions from Annurca apple (M. pumila Miller cv Annurca)

The capacities of polyphenolic extracts from Annurca apple peel and flesh to inhibit the glucose and cholesterol uptake by HepG2 cells were evaluated, and compared with those of other conventional cultivars, such as Red Delicious (RD), Pink Lady (PL), Fuji (F) and Golden Delicious (GD). RD peels exhibited the best hypoglycaemic effects, while Annurca flesh appeared the most active in reducing cell cholesterol uptake among the cultivars tested. The influence of the apple polyphenolic extracts on the cell proliferation and oxidative stress was also evaluated. Particularly, RD, Annurca and PL peels decreased proliferation by a 62.5%, 48.0% and 37.5%, respectively, probably due to their prooxidant capacity. Conversely, flesh extracts appeared more protective of cells than peels: Annurca and RD, particularly, proved to be able of increasing proliferation by a 32.2% and 11.1%, respectively, probably due to their capacity of reducing cell physiological radical levels of a 33.3% and 19.9%, respectively.     

Proteomic analysis of the major soluble components in Annurca apple flesh

Apple is one of the most worldwide-consumed fruits and a number of cultivars, differing in organoleptic and nutritional characteristics, are available for the market. Annurca apple is a regional variety from Southern Italy, which is known for crispness, excellent taste and long shelf life of fruits. These features have renewed the interest in the investigation of their genetic potential and different studies have lead to their partial genetic and metabolic characterisation. In this study, we present the analysis of the protein repertoire of the pseudocarp tissues of three accessions of Malus x domestica Borkh. cv. Annurca, as first example of the systematic annotation of the apple proteome. Proteins were extracted from fruit tissues and resolved on 2-DE gels; commonly expressed proteins were in-gel digested and analysed by MALDI-TOF-MS and muLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS approaches. Peptide MS and MS/MS data were searched against publicly available protein and EST databases, and 44 spots were identified and associated to 28 different species. They were related to important physiological processes such as energy production, ripening and stress response. The occurrence of allergens causative of widespread food allergy syndromes was also detected. Integration of genomic, metabolomic and proteomic data will be indispensable for future molecular characterisation and hence full exploitation of the peculiar organoleptic, nutritional and agronomic traits of local cultivars of fruits.     

一株胆固醇氧化酶产生菌株的筛选和鉴定

从腐败的猪油中筛选出一株产胆固醇氧化酶的菌株P3,通过形态学、生理生化条件和16srRNA鉴定,确定该茵为类芽孢杆菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp P3。     

In vitro bioaccessibility,bioavailability and plasma protein interaction of polyphenols from Annurca apple (M. pumila Miller cv Annurca)

The in vitro bioaccessibility, bioavailability and plasma protein interaction of polyphenols from Annurca apple and other conventional cultivars were evaluated. Salivary digestion concentrated into the medium 27–35% of native apple polyphenols, suggesting the potential bioavailability through the oral mucosal epithelium of significant amounts of bioactive compounds that could be gastric sensitive and/or poorly absorbed in the intestine. Annurca flesh revealed the highest content and provided the best intestinal bioaccessibility and bioavailability of oligomeric procyanidins among all of the apple peel and flesh tested. Since 49.4% of native procyanidins were not absorbed, they are expected to accumulate in the intestinal lumen where a potential inhibition capacity of cellular cholesterol uptake could be assumed. The permeated procyanidins (6.7% of their native pattern, 12.0% of intestinal procyanidins) significantly bound (58.7%) to plasma HDLs, suggesting a major role in cholesterol metabolism. Our results would indicate Annurca apple and its potential nutraceuticals as effective in the regulation of plasma cholesterol levels.     

Modelling the respiration rate of fresh-cut Annurca apples to develop modified atmosphere packaging

In this work, the effect of temperature, oxygen, red coloration process and post-harvest storage time on the respiration rate of fresh-cut Annurca apples was studied to properly develop modified atmosphere packaging. Our results showed that the red coloration process and the post-harvest storage time did not affect the respiration rate or the respiratory quotient of fresh-cut Annurca apples in the range of temperature studied (5–20 °C). A Michaelis–Menten-type equation, with the model constants described by means of an Arrhenius-type relationship, was used for predicting respiration rate on varying the temperature and O₂ concentration in the head space. The maximal respiration rate (mL kg h⁻¹) (RR_max) and the O₂% corresponding to     values estimated at the reference temperature (12.5 °C), i.e. the average of the experimental temperature ranges, were, respectively, 6.77 ± 0.1 mL kg⁻¹ h⁻¹ and 0.68 ± 0.07% v/v, and the activation energy of the aerobic respiration rate of fresh-cut Annurca apples was estimated at 51 ± 1 kJ mol⁻¹. The model works well to develop a modified atmosphere for fresh-cut Annurca apples.     

Annurcoic acid: A new antioxidant ursane triterpene from fruits of cv. Annurca apple

‘Annurca’ is a variety of apple produced in the south of Italy. The phytochemical study of the ethereal extract of the reddened fruits led to the isolation of a new ursane triterpen, as well as five known compounds, which were identified by spectroscopic techniques. The new compound was identified as the acid, 1α,19α-dihydroxyursan-28-oic, and named annurcoic acid. Antioxidant activities of all the isolated compounds were assessed by measuring their ability to scavenge 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and to inhibit the autoxidation of methyl linoleate (MeLo) in vitro.     

The APOB loss-of-function mutation of Holstein dairy cattle does not cause a deficiency of cholesterol but decreases the capacity for cholesterol transport in circulation

The loss-of-function mutation of the apolipoprotein (APO) B gene (APOB) in Holstein cattle accounts for increased losses in calves that are homozygous for this mutation. Heterozygous carriers of the APOB mutation are clinically healthy but show decreased concentrations of plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins. So far, the metabolic effects of the mutation have only been investigated in heterozygous calves, bulls, and nonlactating females. In high-yielding dairy cows, a marked decrease in cholesterol concentration in plasma during early lactation is part of the usual metabolic changes. Given the essential role of cholesterol in fatty acid and lipid metabolism, a specific effect of the APOB mutation on metabolism and performance in dairy cows is expected. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different APOB genotypes on metabolic parameters, hepatic metabolism, and lactation and reproductive performance. Twenty pairs of full siblings with similar age, performance, and calving were investigated. Both animals of each pair were kept on the same farm and consisted of a heterozygous carrier (CDC) and a noncarrier (CDF) of the APOB mutation associated with cholesterol deficiency. Blood samples were taken in early (25.5 ± 4.7 d in milk) and mid lactation (158.2 ± 11.1 d in milk; mean ± SD), and analyzed for nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, insulin-like growth factor-1, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase activity, total cholesterol, free cholesterol, triacylglycerols, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and phospholipids. The evaluation of milk production, milk gross composition, and lactation persistency was based on official Dairy Herd Improvement Association recordings. Cholesterol and lipoprotein concentrations were lower in CDC cows than in CDF cows in early and mid lactation. Metabolic parameters, triacylglycerol concentration in plasma, and lactation and reproductive performance did not differ between CDC cows and CDF cows. The low cholesterol concentrations associated with the APOB mutation in heterozygous carriers are not because of a primary deficiency of cholesterol at a cellular level, as the term “cholesterol deficiency” suggests, but rather a consequence of reduced capacity for its transport in circulation. Overall, the data of the present study suggest that, despite the presence of the APOB mutation, cholesterol is not limiting for animals' metabolic adaptation and performance in heterozygous Holstein cows.     

转化胆固醇的微生物在食品中的应用研究

介绍体内胆固醇过量的危害及防治对策,对采用生物方法降低食品中胆固醇进行了详细的概述,对该领域的应用前景及研究方向做了展望。     

比色法测定胆固醇氧化酶酶活

根据实验结果和理论计算确定检测体系中胆固醇的质量浓度为 0 .3 87mg/mL ,表面活性剂的质量浓度为 0 .2 g/dL ,确定过氧化氢浓度与反应液吸光度之间的定量关系 .在此基础上 ,建立了比色法测定胆固醇氧化酶酶活的方法 .     

一株降胆固醇乳酸菌的筛选及其降解条件的研究

从酸奶中筛选得到高效降解胆固醇的乳酸菌株La-3,并对其胆固醇降解能力进行研究。通过单因素和正交实验,得到胆固醇降解最佳条件为培养时间72 h、胆固醇浓度1.5 mg/mL、接种量4%,胆固醇降解率达到51.2%。     

从乳化体系中分离纯化短杆菌产胆固醇氧化酶

添加剂W对酶的分离纯化造成很大困难,用异丙醇沉淀发酵液的同时加入(NH4)2SO4能够有效地破除乳化体系,去除添加剂W,酶收率达到90%.在pH值为8.0的条件下用SepharoseDEAEFastFlow离子交换透析酶液,比酶活从3.21U/mg提高到29.21U/mg,酶收率达70.1%.     

一株降胆固醇菌株的筛选鉴定及安全性评价

胆固醇摄入量过多是引发心血管疾病的重要诱因,降低胆固醇是近年来的研究热点.乳酸菌具有多种益生功能,尤其是降胆固醇功能受到人们的密切关注,利用乳酸菌降胆固醇可以避免药物治疗带来的副作用,并且可以用于缓解由药物治疗引发的肠道菌群失调.肠道菌群在婴儿时期的定植由多种因素影响,且每位婴儿的肠道都会经历从无菌到复杂微生物定植的过...     

胆固醇氧化酶法脱除食品中胆固醇的研究进展

综述了利用胆固醇氧化酶脱除食品胆固醇的国内外研究现状，重点评价了在不同反应条件下该酶降低蛋黄、乳、猪油等食品中的胆固醇的效果和在食品中应用的安全性，并针对这些研究的成果提出了今后这一研究领域尚需解决的主要问题。     

低胆固醇发酵肉制品的研究与开发

本文着手于胆固醇的危害和低胆固醇发酵肉制品研发的意义，对于目前国内外乳酸菌发酵降低胆固醇的现状与趋势进行了分析和阐述；并同时提出了现存的问题。表明低胆固醇发酵肉制品研发的具有现实的可行性。     

Oxidation of Cholesterol in Foods and Its Importance for Human Health

Cholesterol oxidation products are present in different biological pathways and in oxidized cholesterol-containing food. More than 70 molecules have been identified and most of them present cytotoxic, atherogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. They can change important characteristics of the cellular membrane and inhibit the biosynthesis of several molecules. Foods of animal origin can develop these derivatives by the action of oxygen, heat, polyunsaturated fatty acids, water, pH, radiation, and inadequate packaging and storage, affecting their quality and exposing consumers to potential health problems. Despite the interest in cholesterol oxidation products, safe biological levels for them have not yet been established. The purpose of this review is to examine cholesterol oxidation products in foods and examine their importance for human health.     

胆固醇氧化酶转化蛋黄胆固醇工艺的优化

研究了用响应面分析法(RSM)优化酶法转化蛋黄胆固醇的工艺,发现胆固醇氧化酶(COD)添加量及蛋黄粉的稀释率是影响蛋黄胆固醇转化率最重要的因素.在模拟优化的条件下反应时间为14.15h,蛋黄粉稀释率为3.54,COD为5.39U/g时,胆固醇转化率达85.61%.对氧化产物进行分析发现仅有单一产物胆甾烯酮,该产物具有降血脂、减肥等功效.     

Enzymatic Determination of Cholesterol Oxides

For measurement of the concentration of oxidised cholesterols in foodstuffs, a method was developed by adapting the well-known enzymatic determination of cholesterol. A linear correlation was found between the absorbance measured after enzymatic reaction and the concentrations of 7α-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, cholesterol-5α, 6α-epoxide in the range 1–12 μg. The usefulness of this method was demonstrated by determination of the four cholesterol oxidation products separated by TLC from the non-saponifiable lipid fraction of 5-month-old whole-egg powder (stored under different conditions) and of biscuit enriched with egg powder. The main advantages of the combination of TLC and the enzymatic method, beyond its rapidity and sensitivity, are that the determination of cholesterol oxidation products can be carried out in parallel with many samples containing small amounts of oxidised cholesterols even in the presence of a large quantity of cholesterol.     

牛磺酸影响胆固醇代谢的研究进展

牛磺酸是小分子含硫氨基酸,为常见食物成分之一,富含于海产品中。动物实验证实牛磺酸可显著降低饮食性高胆固醇血症动物的胆固醇水平,临床试验也显示牛磺酸能降低血清总胆固醇及动脉粥样硬化指数,表明牛磺酸具有良好的抗动脉粥样硬化作用,因此被认为是心血管细胞保护剂。本文从体内和体外两方面的研究情况介绍了牛磺酸对胆固醇代谢的影响,并主要从胆固醇/胆汁酸稳态的角度,总结归纳了牛磺酸对血液循环中胆固醇的清除、对胆固醇向胆汁酸的生物转化、以及对胆汁酸排出等多条作用途径的影响,为牛磺酸降胆固醇作用机制的深入研究、也为牛磺酸在功能食品领域的进一步开发利用提供参考。     

一株罗伊氏乳杆菌的生物学特性研究

研究了一株完达山乳业和润盈生物菌种研究项目组分离的罗伊氏乳杆菌LR-G100的耐胃酸、耐胆盐、降胆固醇和抑制肠道有害菌的生物学特性。结果表明,罗伊氏乳杆菌在pH值为2.5～4.5条件下,具有较强的生存能力;在胆盐质量分数为0.1%～0.5%环境中,活菌数能保持在106mL-1以上;在反应16 h后,同化胆固醇百分率能达到50%以上;对肠道有害菌的抑制效果也非常显著。