Adverse child health impacts resulting from food adulterations in the Greater China Region

Food adulteration has a long history in human society, and it still occurs in modern times. Because children are relatively vulnerable to food adulterants, studying the health impacts of food adulteration on children is important. This article provides an overview of the child health impacts of food adulterants in two recent food adulteration incidents in the Greater China Region: (1) a plasticizer incident in Taiwan and (2) a 2,4,6‐triamino‐1,3,5‐triazine (melamine)‐tainted milk incident in China. The involved food adulterants, di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DiNP) and melamine, are harmful to the hippocampus, kidneys, reproductive organs and immune system of children, and they also increase the risk of cancer. To detect food adulteration and to avoid further harm caused by food adulteration, simple screening methods have been developed, and they have recently emerged as a new focus area for research. This article also summarizes the simple screening methods used to analyse the aforementioned food adulterants and reports how governments reacted to the recent food incidents. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

Implementation of chemometrics in quality evaluation of food and beverages

Conventional methods for food quality evaluation based on chemical or microbiological analysis followed by traditional univariate statistics such as ANOVA are considered insufficient for some purposes. More sophisticated instrumental methods including spectroscopy and chromatography, in combination with multivariate analysis—chemometrics, can be used to determine food authenticity, identify adulterations or mislabeling and determine food safety. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on the use of chemometric tools for evaluating quality of food products of animal and plant origin and beverages. The article describes applications of several multivariate techniques in food and beverages research, showing their role in adulteration detection, authentication, quality control, differentiation of samples and comparing their classification and prediction ability.     

Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010

Food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration are emerging risks, but a comprehensive compilation of information about known problematic ingredients and detection methods does not currently exist. The objectives of this research were to collect such information from publicly available articles in scholarly journals and general media, organize into a database, and review and analyze the data to identify trends. The results summarized are a database that will be published in the US Pharmacopeial Convention's Food Chemicals Codex, 8th edition, and includes 1305 records, including 1000 records with analytical methods collected from 677 references. Olive oil, milk, honey, and saffron were the most common targets for adulteration reported in scholarly journals, and potentially harmful issues identified include spices diluted with lead chromate and lead tetraoxide, substitution of Chinese star anise with toxic Japanese star anise, and melamine adulteration of high protein content foods. High-performance liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy were the most common analytical detection procedures, and chemometrics data analysis was used in a large number of reports. Future expansion of this database will include additional publically available articles published before 1980 and in other languages, as well as data outside the public domain. The authors recommend in-depth analyses of individual incidents. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This report describes the development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud issues from publicly available references. The database provides baseline information and data useful to governments, agencies, and individual companies assessing the risks of specific products produced in specific regions as well as products distributed and sold in other regions. In addition, the report describes current analytical technologies for detecting food fraud and identifies trends and developments.     

基于蛋白质组学的食品鉴伪技术研究进展

食品质量安全问题广受社会关注,食品掺伪现象是食品质量安全中最严重的问题。蛋白质组学技术的发展已经成为现代生物技术快速发展的重要支撑,被广泛地应用到食品安全检测及真伪鉴别研究中,为食品科学相关研究提供了新的思路和技术,具有很好的发展前景。本文对食品掺伪以及蛋白质组学技术在食品鉴伪研究方面的应用进行了综述,介绍了蛋白质组学技术在食品掺假鉴别中的应用前景,并对将来食品鉴伪技术的发展趋势进行了讨论。     

Authentication of berries and berry-based food products

Berries represent one of the most important and high-valued group of modern-day health-beneficial “superfoods” whose dietary consumption has been recognized to be beneficial for human health for a long time. In addition to being delicious, berries are rich in nutrients, vitamins, and several bioactive compounds, including carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and hydrolysable tannins. However, due to their high value, berries and berry-based products are often subject to fraudulent adulteration, commonly for economical gain, but also unintentionally due to misidentification of species. Deliberate adulteration often comprises the substitution of high-value berries with lower value counterparts and mislabeling of product contents. As adulteration is deceptive toward customers and presents a risk for public health, food authentication through different methods is applied as a countermeasure. Although many authentication methods have been developed in terms of fast, sensitive, reliable, and low-cost analysis and have been applied in the authentication of a myriad of food products and species, their application on berries and berry-based products is still limited. The present review provides an overview of the development and application of analytical chemistry methods, such as isotope ratio analysis, liquid and gas chromatography, spectroscopy, as well as DNA-based methods and electronic sensors, for the authentication of berries and berry-based food products. We provide an overview of the earlier use and recent advances of these methods, as well as discuss the advances and drawbacks related to their application.     

Mass spectrometry‐based lipidomics in food science and nutritional health: A comprehensive review

With the advance in science and technology as well as the improvement of living standards, the function of food is no longer just to meet the needs of survival. Food science and its associated nutritional health issues have been increasingly debated. Lipids, as complex metabolites, play a key role both in food and human health. Taking advantages of mass spectrometry (MS) by combining its high sensitivity and accuracy with extensive selective determination of all lipid classes, MS‐based lipidomics has been employed to resolve the conundrum of addressing both qualitative and quantitative aspects of high‐abundance and low‐abundance lipids in complex food matrices. In this review, we systematically summarize current applications of MS‐based lipidomics in food field. First, common MS‐based lipidomics procedures are described. Second, the applications of MS‐based lipidomics in food science, including lipid composition characterization, adulteration, traceability, and other issues, are discussed. Third, the application of MS‐based lipidomics for nutritional health covering the influence of food on health and disease is introduced. Finally, future research trends and challenges are proposed. MS‐based lipidomics plays an important role in the field of food science, promoting continuous development of food science and integration of food knowledge with other disciplines. New methods of MS‐based lipidomics have been developed to improve accuracy and sensitivity of lipid analysis in food samples. These developments offer the possibility to fully characterize lipids in food samples, identify novel functional lipids, and better understand the role of food in promoting healt.     

How meaty? Detection and quantification of adulterants,foreign proteins and food additives in meat products

The worldwide consumption of meat is increasing, especially in developing countries. Many studies have correlated a diet characterised by high intake of processed red meats with a risk of colorectal cancer, stroke, coronary heart diseases and diabetes. Moreover, the quality and safety of meat products may be compromised by several admitted and not admitted procedures (i.e. addition of food additives and/or foreign proteins). For these reasons, the topic ‘meat products’ quality and safety’ has gained much in importance during last few years. In this review, the recent advances in the field of analytical methods for the evaluation of meat adulteration due to the addition of foreign proteins and food additives are reported, compared and critically evaluated. Moreover, the most representative monitoring practices, developed worldwide, related to meats adulteration are described and discussed.     

液相色谱-高分辨质谱技术在食品掺假鉴别研究中的应用

食品欺诈是指蓄意对食品进行虚假描述,造成该食品的宣称与其真实属性不符的行为。食品掺假是食品欺诈最为常见的表现形式。在众多食品欺诈事件中,所占比例较大的是冒充、稀释、非法添加和非标注成分这4 类掺假行为。随着食品加工方式的多样化、贸易的全球化和供应链的复杂化,食品掺假愈发隐蔽,难以用常规靶向分析手段实现掺假鉴别,因此,非靶向分析技术逐渐成为食品掺假鉴别研究的热点。综上,本文重点综述了基于液相色谱串联高分辨质谱的组学分析技术在食品掺假鉴别研究领域的应用。     

Tackling Fraudsters with Global Strategies to Expose Fraud in the Food Chain

Deliberate adulteration of food products is as old as food processing and production systems. Food adulteration is occurring increasingly often today. With globalization and complex distribution systems, adulteration may have a far‐reaching impact and even adverse consequences on well‐being. The means of the international community to confront and solve food fraud today are scattered and largely ineffective. A collective approach is needed to identify all stakeholders in the food supply chain, certify and qualify them, exclude those failing to meet applicable standards, and track food in a real time. This review provides some background into the drivers of fraudulent practices (economically motivated adulteration, food‐industry perspectives, and consumers’ perceptions of fraud) and discusses a wide range of the currently available technologies for detecting food adulteration followed by multivariate pattern recognition tools. Food chain integrity policies are discussed. Future directions in research, concerned not only with food adulterers but also with food safety and climate change, may be useful for researchers in developing interdisciplinary approaches to contemporary problems.     

Application of immunochemical assays to food analysis.

Immunochemical assays are powerful bioanalytical techniques with application to several areas in food science, including food analysis, microbiology, nutrition, food safety, food quality, and process control. In principle, immunochemical techniques can be applied to the analysis of any compound, with only one specific antibody needed that can be obtained either from laboratory animals or, when available, from commercial sources. A well-designed immunochemical assay can detect targeted compounds at levels as low as 10(-12) M. Immunochemical techniques require little or no sample pretreatment, making these analytical procedures relatively rapid. The initial cost of developing an immunoanalytical assay may be high, but when the procedure is well established, the cost per test is often a fraction of that for other analytical methods. For these reasons, immunoanalytical assays provide an attractive alternative for the food analyst who requires either inexpensive qualitative screening tests or reliable quantitative methods with a high degree of sensitivity. This review concentrates on the use of enzyme immunoassay to address analytical problems in food chemistry and the analysis of various food components.     

From hazard analysis to risk control using rapid methods in microbiology: A practical approach for the food industry

The prevention of foodborne diseases is one of the main objectives of health authorities. To this effect, analytical techniques to detect and/or quantify the microbiological contamination of foods prior to their release onto the market are required. Management and control of foodborne pathogens have generally been based on conventional detection methodologies, which are not only time‐consuming and labor‐intensive but also involve high consumable materials costs. However, this management perspective has changed over time given that the food industry requires efficient analytical methods that obtain rapid results. This review covers the historical context of traditional methods and their passage in time through to the latest developments in rapid methods and their implementation in the food sector. Improvements and limitations in the detection of the most relevant pathogens are discussed from a perspective applicable to the current situation in the food industry. Considering efforts that are being done and recent developments, rapid and accurate methods already used in the food industry will be also affordable and portable and offer connectivity in near future, which improves decision‐making and safety throughout the food chain.     

光谱法在食品掺假检测中的应用研究进展

食品掺假是影响食品安全的一个重要因素,除了需要有健全的法律法规外,食品安全的监管还需要依靠先进的技术手段。由于光谱法具有特征性强、快速、操作简单、样品状态不受限制等优点,被人们广泛用于食品掺假的检测中。对光谱法在各类食品体系掺假检测的具体应用方面进行了综述。     

气相色谱-串联质谱技术在食品分析中的应用研究进展

随着公众对食品质量与安全问题的日益关注和仪器分析技术的发展,气相色谱-串联质谱以其高灵敏度和强抗干扰能力在食品分析中得到越来越广泛的应用。本研究归纳了国内外近10年来气相色谱-串联质谱技术在食品分析中的应用热点,并对比了国内外有关研究的不同着眼点;针对不同污染物和功能性有益成分,分别简述了其分析的食品类别、前处理技术、串联质谱类型、方法精密度和准确度;鉴于食品包装材料与食品安全的相关性,综述了气相色谱-串联质谱技术在其有害成分残留检测中的应用,并对方法特性进行评价;最后根据食品分析的特点和需求,对气相色谱-串联质谱技术的应用趋势和前景进行展望。     

Middle East food safety perspectives

Food safety and quality assurance are increasingly a major issue with the globalisation of agricultural trade, on the one hand, and intensification of agriculture, on the other. Consumer protection has become a priority in policy‐making amongst the large economies of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries following a number of food safety incidents. To enhance food safety, it is necessary to establish markets underpinned by knowledge and resources, including analysis of international rejections of food products from MENA countries, international laboratory accreditation, improved reporting systems and traceability, continued development and validation of analytical methods, and more work on correlating sensory evaluation with analytical results. MENA countries should develop a national strategy for food safety based on a holistic approach that extends from farm‐to‐fork and involves all the relevant stakeholders. Accordingly, food safety should be a regional programme, raising awareness among policy‐ and decision‐makers of the importance of food safety and quality for consumer protection, food trade and economic development. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry     

Trends in Chemometrics: Food Authentication,Microbiology, and Effects of Processing

In the last decade, the use of multivariate statistical techniques developed for analytical chemistry has been adopted widely in food science and technology. Usually, chemometrics is applied when there is a large and complex dataset, in terms of sample numbers, types, and responses. The results are used for authentication of geographical origin, farming systems, or even to trace adulteration of high value‐added commodities. In this article, we provide an extensive practical and pragmatic overview on the use of the main chemometrics tools in food science studies, focusing on the effects of process variables on chemical composition and on the authentication of foods based on chemical markers. Pattern recognition methods, such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis, have been used to associate the level of bioactive components with in vitro functional properties, although supervised multivariate statistical methods have been used for authentication purposes. Overall, chemometrics is a useful aid when extensive, multiple, and complex real‐life problems need to be addressed in a multifactorial and holistic context. Undoubtedly, chemometrics should be used by governmental bodies and industries that need to monitor the quality of foods, raw materials, and processes when high‐dimensional data are available. We have focused on practical examples and listed the pros and cons of the most used chemometric tools to help the user choose the most appropriate statistical approach for analysis of complex and multivariate data.     

Defining the public health threat of food fraud

Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food risk that is gaining recognition and concern. Regardless of the cause of the food risk, adulteration of food is both an industry and a government responsibility. Food safety, food fraud, and food defense incidents can create adulteration of food with public health threats. Food fraud is an intentional act for economic gain, whereas a food safety incident is an unintentional act with unintentional harm, and a food defense incident is an intentional act with intentional harm. Economically motivated adulteration may be just that-economically motivated-but the food-related public health risks are often more risky than traditional food safety threats because the contaminants are unconventional. Current intervention systems are not designed to look for a near infinite number of potential contaminants. The authors developed the core concepts reported here following comprehensive research of articles and reports, expert elicitation, and an extensive peer review. The intent of this research paper is to provide a base reference document for defining food fraud-it focuses specifically on the public health threat-and to facilitate a shift in focus from intervention to prevention. This will subsequently provide a framework for future quantitative or innovative research. The fraud opportunity is deconstructed using the criminology and behavioral science applications of the crime triangle and the chemistry of the crime. The research provides a food risk matrix and identifies food fraud incident types. This project provides a starting point for future food science, food safety, and food defense research. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Food fraud, including the more defined subcategory of economically motivated adulteration, is a food protection threat that has not been defined or holistically addressed. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, led to the development of food defense as an autonomous area of study and a new food protection discipline. As economically motivated adulteration grows in scope, scale, and awareness, it is conceivable that food fraud will achieve the same status as an autonomous concept, between food safety and food defense. This research establishes a starting point for defining food fraud and identifying the public health risks.     

Analytical methods for gelatin differentiation from bovine and porcine origins and food products

Usage of gelatin in food products has been widely debated for several years, which is about the source of gelatin that has been used, religion, and health. As an impact, various analytical methods have been introduced and developed to differentiate gelatin whether it is made from porcine or bovine sources. The analytical methods comprise a diverse range of equipment and techniques including spectroscopy, chemical precipitation, chromatography, and immunochemical. Each technique can differentiate gelatins for certain extent with advantages and limitations. This review is focused on overview of the analytical methods available for differentiation of bovine and porcine gelatin and gelatin in food products so that new method development can be established.     

电子鼻在食品掺假鉴定中的应用研究进展

研究简要介绍了电子鼻的工作原理,包括气体传感阵列和信号处理两个关键要素;综述了电子鼻在食用油、乳制品、饮料、肉类、香料等多种食品中掺假鉴别和品质分析方面的应用;阐明了电子鼻在食品掺假鉴定的使用方法和分析原理;剖析了电子鼻在该领域应用的成功案例及不足。     

基于美国药典委EMA数据库的全球经济利益驱动型掺假和食品欺诈分析

目的 分析全球范围内经济利益驱动型掺假(EMA)和食品欺诈信息,为建立符合我国国情的EMA数据库提供借鉴。方法 搜集美国药典委(USP)食品欺诈数据库的EMA信息,对1980-2018年在全球范围发生的4102条食品掺假事件作归类和统计分析。结果 掺假分为替代或稀释、人工增强、非法添加物、标签作假和产地作假等6个类型;EMA信息来源主要为学术文献(59.5%)、媒体报道(31.0%)和监管抽查(5.7%);欺诈事件发生率地区排名前三位为印度、中国、美国;按我国食品分类标准28类分析,食用油脂、乳制品、肉制品、酒类、调味品、饮料和蜂产品等7类产品占所有掺假食品类别的90%以上;牛奶、橄榄油和蜂蜜高居掺假食品产品前三,分别占13.1%、7.8%和6.9%;水产品、果品和蔬菜以及制品、饮料作物高居掺假农产品产品前四,分别占54.6%、11.0%、8.0%和7.6%;稀释或替代是最主要的掺假方式;目前最常用的掺假检测方法为高效液相色谱法和质谱法。结论 EMA是全球性的严重食品安全问题,EMA数据库是预防控制食品安全风险的重要技术支撑。     

基于蛋白质和DNA的食品过敏原检测技术的研究进展

目前,食品过敏问题已成为全球性的健康问题。在食品加工过程中产生的食品过敏成分或微量过敏原对敏感机体都是巨大的健康威胁。因此,可靠的分析方法是鉴别和检测食品中过敏成分所必需的。该文综述了基于蛋白质和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)的食品过敏原检测技术的应用及发展,并展望了其未来发展趋势。