感官评价原理在肉质评价中的应用

论述了感官评价原理的基本内容及其在肉质感官评价中的应用。着重论述了肉质评价员的选拔与培训、肉质评价专门实验室的建设原则、肉质评价程序的设计原则、肉质感官评价结果的分析。最后简单分析了我国肉质感官评价存在的问题及对策。     

Effect of an active packaging with citrus extract on lipid oxidation and sensory quality of cooked turkey meat

An antioxidant active packaging was prepared by coating a citrus extract, consisting of a mixture of carboxylic acids and flavanones, on polyethylene terephthalate trays. The effect of the packaging in reducing lipid oxidation in cooked turkey meat and on meat pH, colour characteristics and sensorial parameters was investigated. An untrained sensory panel evaluated the odour, taste, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meat, using triangle, paired preference and quantitative response scale tests. A comparison between the antioxidant effects of the different components of the extract was also carried out. The packaging led to a significant reduction in lipid oxidation. After 2 days of refrigerated storage the sensory panel detected differences in odour and, after 4 days, rated the meat stored in the active packaging higher for tenderness and overall acceptability. Citric acid appeared to be the most important component of the extract with regard to its antioxidant potency.     

肉丸的食用品质特性研究

用猪、牛肉（各５０％）为原料,通过添加不同的配料生产肉丸子,并用仪器对各组肉丸的品质特性进行客观评价。结果表明：１滋嫩度：Ｂ组、Ｃ组优于对照组和Ａ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）,Ａ组优于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）;２色泽：对照组、Ａ组的色泽略深于Ｂ组、Ｃ组（Ｐ＞０．０５）;３感官评定：各组综合评分结果为良好,其中Ｂ组的香味、口感等食用性能最佳。说明适量添加淀粉、肥膘等于肉丸中,能改善其食用性能;猪、牛肉混合生产的肉丸子,其食用特性优于牛肉丸子。     

热处理方式对动物源肉类食品品质影响的研究进展

热处理方式是动物源肉类食品加工中用于达到肉类食品卫生要求和改善肉类食品品质的重要方式。本文阐述食品的不同热处理方式的类型和特点,其中热杀菌方式对动物源肉类食品的安全影响甚微,新型工业烹饪方式有助于保证动物源肉类食品的安全;同时,分析了不同热处理方式对动物源肉类食品一般营养成分的影响,其中着重分析了蛋白质和脂肪酸部分;最后,从外观、风味和质地三个方面剖析了不同热处理方式对动物源肉类食品感官品质的影响。本篇综述以期为结合动物源肉类食品的特性,针对不同的加工处理目的,寻找高效可行的热处理方式提供参考依据。      

电子感官评价系统在肉品质量分析中的 应用研究进展

肉品质量安全是关系国计民生的大事。感官评价是肉品质量评价的重要方面。作为对人体感官功能的模拟,电子感官技术在对肉品质量评价方面具有很好的应用价值。目前国内外专家利用电子鼻、电子舌、电子眼等电子感官评价系统在肉品品质评定、肉品品种识别、肉品新鲜度评价、肉品微生物分析以及货架期预测等方面进行了相关的研究。研究结果表明,基于肉品腐败变质原理极其感官指标的变化,利用电子感官评价系统在对肉品品质评定、新鲜度评价、微生物分析与预测等方面都具有良好的效果。虽然,电子感官评价系统依然存在着多种问题,但随着传感器等技术的发展,电子感官系统将向着在线化、小型化、专业化、多种传感器融合、多种检测技术联用等方向发展,其在肉品质量检测和分析方面将具有更加广阔的应用前景。     

Low dose gamma irradiation of raw meat. I. Bacteriological and sensory quality effects in artificially contaminated samples

Filet américain, consisting of raw, ground meat (beef) mixed with mayonnaise sauce, and the corresponding raw beef (without sauce) were experimentally contaminated with different strains of Salmonella. Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter jejuni and irradiated with doses up to 1.5 kGy.Radiation resistance (D value) was determined immediately after irradiation. For the evaluation of the irradiaion effect on Y. enterocolitica in relation to storage, a number of samples were stored for a few days at 3°C and the microbiologically examined.D values of S. typhimurium, S. anatum, S. panama and S. stanley (strains isolated from retail filet américain) irradiated in filet américain were found to be 0.37, 0.45, 0.41 and 0.61 kGy and in raw beef 0.55, 0.67, 0.66 and 0.78 kGy, respectively. D values of Y. enterocolitica serotypes 0:3, 0:5, 27 and 0:9 irradiated in filet américain were 0.043, 0.065, and 0.080 kGy and in raw beef, 0.10, 0.16 and 0.21 kGy, respectively. D values of C. jejuni (three strains) irradiated in filet américain were 0.11, 0.08 and 0.09 and in beef 0.15, 0.14 and 0.16 kGy, respectively.It is concluded that doses as low as 1 kGy are effective in reducing Salmonella by approximately 1.6–2.7 log cycles in filet américan and 1.3–1.8 log cycles in ground meat. Numbers of Y. enterocolitica and C. jejuni are always reduced by more than 4 log cycles with this dose.On sensory evaluation 38% of samples of filet américain irradiated directly with 1 kGy were not acceptable for a taste panel; preference was for the unirradiated sample in 82% of the cases. However, when beef was irradiated with the same dose prior to the addition of mayonnaise sauce no significant taste differences could be observed between nonirradiated and irradiated samples.     

Effect of long term dietary supplementation with plant extract on carcass characteristics meat quality and oxidative stability in pork

The effects of dietary supplementation in pigs with plant extract (PE) from Lippia spp., titrated in verbascoside (5 mg/kg feed), from weaning to slaughter (166 days), on carcass characteristics, meat quality, collagen characteristics, oxidative stability and sensory attributes of Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were examined. Ten pigs per treatment were slaughter at a live weight of 109.5 ± 1.4 kg. No influence on carcass characteristics, LD meat quality parameters and collagen characteristics were observed. Dietary PE increased (P < 0.001) α-tocopherol levels in LD muscle. Raw LD of pig fed PE showed lower (P < 0.001) lipid oxidation levels than controls. A reduction (P = 0.05) of fat odor and rancid flavor intensity in cooked LD muscle stored at 4 °C for 24 h was observed in the treated group. This study shows that PE is an effective antioxidant in pork meat, enhancing oxidative status and sensory attributes, without affecting other meat quality parameters.     

Effect of dietary sorghum germ meal on performance and meat quality of broiler chicks

Two hundred Lohmann broiler chicks were equally allocated into 20 pens after being adapted on a control diet for 7 days. The four dietary treatments containing graded levels of sorghum germ meal (SGM, 0, 75, 150, 225 g kg^?1) were randomly assigned to the pens (five pens per dietary treatment). L-Lysine and DL-methionine were added to the diets to raise their contents to the recommended levels for starter broiler chicks. Feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the 6-week experimental period. The dietary treatment had negative linear effects (P < 0.01) on body weight, feed intake, weight gain, feed:gain ratio and dressing percentage, and a positive linear effect (P < 0.01) on liver and viscera relative weights. It had insignificant effects (P > 0.05) on pancreas, bursa relative weights, incidence of leg abnormalities and mortality rate. Abdominal fat relative weight had shown a significant negative linear effect (P < 0.05). Dietary SGM had no detectably different effect on colour, juiciness, tenderness and flavour of the meat when evaluated by semi-trained panellists.     

老汤精粉在食品工业中的应用

综述了老汤的形成、加工方法、特点、调味机理及在食品工业中的应用、展望了其应用前景。     

植物提取物作为调理肉制品保鲜剂的研究进展

目前,越来越多的消费者追求具有\     

感官检测在肉类产业中的应用

感官检测作为肉类品质的评价方法,在肉类产品中得到了广泛的应用。介绍了感官检测的定义、方法,并就感官检测在肉类产业中的应用加以阐述,为其在肉类产业中的应用提供技术支持。     

模糊综合评价法在肉味香基感官评价中的应用

以自制水解液、氨基酸和还原糖为原料,经美拉德反应得到具有肉味特征的香基料,以模糊数学综合评价作为评判标准。单因素实验结果表明,半胱氨酸添加量、葡萄糖和木糖比例及大豆蛋白液的添加量是影响产物特征的关键因素,采用正交实验L9(33)确定最佳配比为,半胱氨酸添加量为2.5%,葡萄糖和木糖比为1:3,大豆蛋白液添加量为30%,得到产物的感官评分为4.965。      

酵母抽提物生产猪肉香精的工艺研究

以酵母抽提物为主要原料,在高压灭菌锅中进行猪肉香精的热反应,对反应时间、温度、反应物的加入量等工艺参数进行研究.实验结果表明,猪肉香精的热反应最佳工艺条件为:酵母抽提物10g(19.65%),猪肉酶解液10g(19.65%),HVP(水解植物蛋白)5g(9.82%),半胱氨酸1g(1.96%),甘氨酸1g(1.96%),木糖1g(1.96%),再根据反应物的重量,加入45%去离子水,在120℃的高压灭菌锅中,反应60min,制得猪肉香味较强、总体香气较好的猪肉香精.对该香精的香气挥发物进行分离、浓缩,并用GC-MS分析后,鉴定出2-甲基-3呋喃硫醇、2-呋喃甲硫醇、二氢-2-甲基-3(2H)-噻吩酮、5-甲基-2-噻吩基甲醛、十六碳醛、十八碳醛等重要的香气化合物,证明添加了酵母抽提物反应的猪肉香精,含有重要猪肉香气的化合物比较多.     

浓厚味肉类提取物的开发与应用

综述了一种天然调味料一浓厚味肉类提取物的研究开发进展,主要从国内外肉类提取物的研发动态、肉类风味料的制备及产品特点、浓厚味肉类提取物的呈味特性、深厚味肉类提取物在食品中的应用等方面进行探讨,旨在让更多的国内企业了解和使用肉类提取物,提升食品的品质.     

Effect of dietary grape seed extract and Cistus ladanifer L. in combination with vegetable oil supplementation on lamb meat quality

Thirty-six Merino Branco lambs were assigned to six dietary treatments: control diet (C) consisting of 90% dehydrated lucerne and 10% wheat bran; C with 6% of oil blend (CO); C with 2.5% of grape seed extract (GS); GS with 6% of oil blend (GSO); C with 25% of Cistus ladanifer (CL), and CL with 6% of oil blend (CLO). Meat lipid and colour stability was then evaluated during 7days of storage. The effect of inclusion of grape seed extract and C. ladanifer in diets on meat sensory properties was also evaluated. Meat antioxidant potential, determined after oxidation induction by a ferrous/hydrogen peroxide system, decreased with oil supplementation (P<0.001), but inclusion of grape seed extract and C. ladanifer in diets protected the meat against lipid oxidation (P=0.036). Meat colour was not affected by diets. Inclusion of grape seed extract and C. ladanifer in diets did not change the sensory properties of meat.     

肉松感官描述词汇的建立

通过对10种不同品牌的肉松进行感官评价,确定肉松的形态、颜色、气味、质地和滋味等感官描述词。经过招募、挑选和培训,构建由15人组成的感官评价小组,并进行感官描述词的征集、删减,建立各个感官描述词的定义和参照物。通过感官描述,建立了57个感官描述词,并对肉松的感官属性进行主成分分析,得到可有效区分样品间感官(形态、颜色、气味、质地、滋味)差异的描述词:小块状、蓬松、绒毛;橙褐色、浅棕色、金黄色;焦糖味、烘烤味、大料味;咸味、五香味、油炸味。由结果可知,肉松每一感官特征复杂多样,均需要多个描述词进行描述。肉松所呈现出的总体感官特征为:柔软蓬松和酥润浓郁的五香气味。     

干腌和湿腌对清酱肉理化及感官特性的影响

研究了干腌和湿腌对清酱肉加工过程中的理化和感官特性的影响,测定了加工过程中清酱肉的pH、水分含量、水分活度、酸价、过氧化值（POV）、硫代巴比多酸（TBA）值及挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）值等7种理化指标,并对最终产品进行了感官评定。结果表明:干腌法和湿腌法处理的清酱肉在生产过程中最低pH分别为:5.65、5.60;最终水分含量均为20%左右,水分活度为0.817、0.835;酸价、过氧化值和TVB-N值呈逐渐上升趋势;湿腌法的TBA值在风干10d时出现下降,干腌法则一直保持上升趋势。感官评定结果显示:湿腌法的产品组织状态优于干腌法,而干腌法的产品风味略好于湿腌法。本研究中,干腌法的产品脂肪氧化程度高于湿腌法,说明脂肪氧化在一定程度上可以促进清酱肉风味的形成。      

年龄对云南本地牛肉品质的影响

为了研究年龄对云南本地牛肉食用品质和营养成分的影响,选取9月龄、18月龄和30月龄的云南本地阉牛共9头(每年龄各3头),对其食用品质和营养成分相关指标进行测定。实验结果表明,三个年龄云南本地牛的剪切力值、色差a*值和b*值差异显著(p<0.05),蒸煮损失、失水率、p H和色差L*值差异不显著(p>0.05),9月龄和30月龄牛的剪切力值显著高于18月龄牛(p<0.05)。18月龄和30月龄牛的a*值和b*值显著地高于9月龄牛(p<0.05),而L*值没有表现出随年龄变化的规律性,蒸煮损失和失水率虽不存在显著差异,但是随年龄的增加呈现出下降的趋势。三个月龄牛的水分、脂肪和灰分之间存在显著差异(p<0.05),9月龄云南本地牛的水分含量最高为75.84%,分别比18月龄和30月龄牛水分含量高4.37%和7.64%,18月龄和30月龄牛的脂肪含量分别比9月龄牛高4.11%和7.50%,9月龄和18月龄本地牛灰分含量相同,均显著的低于30月龄牛0.12%(p<0.05)。年龄对云南本地牛的肉品质和营养成分有显著影响,其中对牛肉嫩度、色泽、水分和脂肪含量影响最为显著。此实验为进一步研究云南本地牛的肉品质提供了理论参考价值。