Effects of E‐beam irradiation and vacuum packaging on biogenic amines formation in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets

The effects of vacuum packaging followed by E‐beam irradiation treatment on the shelf life of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets were studied by measuring biogenic amines and sensory analysis. Samples were irradiated at doses of 0.10, 0.50, 1.0 and 2.0 kGy. Putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine showed very good correspondence with the irradiation dose and the time of storage. Spermine, spermidine, tryptamine and phenylethylamine did not show statistically significant changes with the time of storage. According to the sensory assessment and biogenic amines index (BAI), the shelf life of unirradiated common carp fillets was found to be approximately seven days. The 1 and 2 kGy irradiation doses extended the shelf life of samples up to 66 and 77 days, respectively. High values of correlation coefficients (r < ?0.86) between BAI and sensory evaluation indicated that BAI could be considered as a quality indicator of common carp fillets.     

腐乳中生物胺的存在、污染途径及控制研究进展

腐乳是我国大众喜爱的一种传统发酵豆制品,由于其发酵过程中形成的生物胺具有潜在的毒性而成为目前研究的热点问题之一。文章综述了腐乳的科研工作者对生物胺存在情况的研究现状,对腐乳中生物胺的检测方法现状及控制标准进行了分析,对腐乳中生物胺的来源及控制手段提出了建议,为腐乳安全性评价及未来标准修改完善提供参考。     

Content of biogenic amines and polyamines in beers from the Czech Republic

Altogether 114 samples of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic bottled beer produced in 28 breweries in the Czech Republic were monitored for levels of biogenic amines (BA) and polyamines (PA). The beers were analysed immediately after purchase and then at the end of the best‐before period (storage temperature 8 ± 1 °C). The concentrations of histamine, phenylethylamine and tryptamine in the studied samples were very low (mostly under 30 mg L^?1). The studied PA spermine and spermidine also occurred in small amounts. Nevertheless, the levels of tyramine, putrescine and cadaverine reached significant values, especially in alcoholic beers. In almost 25% of the tested samples of alcoholic beers (at the end of the best‐before period), the total amount of all the monitored BA and PA exceeded the ‘healthy’ level of 100 mg L^?1, which is considered toxicologically significant, especially in alcoholic beverages. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

我国传统干酪中生物胺含量检测分析

通过反相高效液相色谱法对来自内蒙古、新疆、西藏、云南、北京市场共17种中国传统干酪样品生物胺含量进行了分析。结果表明,反相高效液相色谱法能准确地测定干酪中生物胺含量;在全部干酪样品中,8种生物胺含量大小不一,生物胺总量在1.30～41.27 mg/kg范围内,均低于国家标准规定要求,其中有14个样品的生物胺总量低于10 mg/kg,第10号干酪生物胺含量为41.27 mg/kg,为所有样品中含量最高,其次为第1号样品和第9号样品,分别为18.48 mg/kg和10.35 mg/kg。相关性分析结果显示,色胺与苯乙胺,腐胺与尸胺、酪胺、亚精胺,组胺与精胺,酪胺与精胺之间在0.01水平上具有显著相关性。     

不同贮藏温度下鲐鱼生物胺变化的研究

为探究不同温度和预处理对鲐鱼生物胺含量变化的影响,用高效液相色谱法分析了整鱼和去内脏鱼在不同贮藏温度下8种生物胺以及总生物胺含量的变化,结果发现,鲐鱼中主要的生物胺为组胺、腐胺、尸胺、酪胺。随着温度的升高,鲐鱼中总生物胺含量的增加迅速变快。在0、4、10、15、20、25和30 ℃贮藏1 d后,整鱼中总生物胺的积累量分别为40.34、93.44、107.95、73.39、119.99、4649.90、6446.43 mg/kg。在0、4、10、15、20、25和30 ℃贮藏条件下,整鱼中组胺的含量超过国家规定的高组胺鱼类安全限量(400 mg/kg)的时间分别为12、5、4 d和48、36、15、14~16 h,-18 ℃贮藏6个月,组胺积累量仅为13.45 mg/kg。另外,去内脏能减少生物胺的生成,在-18、0、4、10、15、20、25和30 ℃贮藏条件下,去内脏后总生物胺最终积累量减少程度分别为14.22%、39.79%、13.83%、29.06%、22.60%、13.56%、26.13%、21.26%。因此,低温冷冻和去内脏处理能够有效控制鲐鱼中生物胺的生成,防止腐败。本研究为有效控制鲐鱼生物胺的产生提供了参考依据。     

水解蛋白来源的抗氧化肽研究进展

采用水解技术制备抗氧化肽可大大拓宽其来源。本文介绍了影响水解技术制备抗氧化肽的因素，综述了国内外在这一领域的研究进展，并展望了此种方法制备抗氧化肽产业化的可能性。     

发酵食品中的生物胺及其控制研究进展

过量生物胺的存在不仅会降低发酵食品的营养价值,而且人体因食用发酵食品而摄入过多的生物胺也会对机体造成不良反应。本文综述了发酵食品中生物胺的产生及影响因素、生物胺对人体健康的影响以及减少生物胺产生的方法。      

Occurrence of ochratoxin A and biogenic amines in Asian beers sold in French markets

Fifty‐one samples of 17 Asian beer brands commercially available in France were analysed for the occurrence of ochratoxin A and biogenic amines, including ethanolamine, histamine, methylamine, ethylamine, tyramine, tryptamine, 2‐phenylethylamine, putrescine, isopenthylamine and cadaverine. The types and levels of biogenic amines varied from one brand to another. None of the ochratoxin A or biogenic amine contaminants in the Asian beer samples exceeded the recommended levels for safe consumption. Ochratoxin A was found to range from n.d. to 0.175 µg L^?1. Biogenic amines were detected in all samples at a level ranging from 6.15 to 47.30 mg L^?1. Isoamylamine was not detected in any of the beers. Ethanolamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine were the most abundant of the nine biogenic amines found in this study. The concentrations were 2.75–12.88 mg L^?1 for ethanolamine, 0.58–17.37 mg L^?1 for tyramine, 1.54‐9.78 mg L^?1 for putrescine and 0.31–11.39 mg L^?1 for cadaverine. The work revealed significant, strong correlations (p < 0.01) between concentrations of ochratoxin A and biogenic amines, especially tyramine, tryptamine and cadaverine. Copyright © 2013 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

生物胺前处理技术及分析方法研究进展

生物胺(biogenic amine,BA)作为一种具有生物活性、含氨基的低分子量化合物,主要由氨基酸进行脱氨基作用而产生。该类物质广泛存在于天然及加工后的食品中,适量摄入生物胺能够对机体的生理功能产生积极作用,但一旦摄入过量会导致不适,严重时甚至会危及生命。因此,建立灵敏、快速、高通量的生物胺前处理和检测方法与人体健康息息相关。目前,常用于样品中生物胺检测的前处理技术包括液液萃取、固相萃取和基质辅助固相分散萃取等,常用的检测方法有液相色谱-质谱法、液相色谱法、气相色谱法、薄层色谱法、毛细管电泳法和生物传感器法等。本文对生物胺的种类与生理作用、前处理方法与检测方法的最新进展进行了综述,以期能够为食品及生物制品中生物胺含量的检测提供参考。     

冰鲜鸡中主要腐败菌的分离鉴定及其产生物胺特性分析

本文用不同选择性培养基对冰鲜鸡的主要腐败菌进行分离,利用16S r RNA基因序列测定法对分离菌进行鉴定,最后利用薄层层析和HPLC法对分离菌是否代谢产生物胺进行分析。研究发现:从冰鲜鸡中共分离筛选得到11株腐败菌,分别命名为C1、C4、C7、C8、PCA1、PCA2、PCA3、PCA4、PCA5、PCA7、PCA8。PCA1与Stentrophomona(狭长平胞属)、PCA4与Kouria(考克氏菌属)、PCA3与Enterobacter asburiae(阿氏肠杆菌)、PCA7与Enterobacter cancerogenus(生癌肠杆菌)、C1与Enterobacter ludwigii(肠杆菌属)、C4与Enterobacter cloacae(阴沟肠杆菌)、C7与Enterobacter hormaechei(肠杆菌属)、C8与Enterobacter hormaechei(肠杆菌属)、PCA2与Kocuria rhizophila(克氏库克菌属)、PCA5和PCA8与Staphylococcus(葡萄球菌属)亲缘关系近。通过薄层层析初步鉴定菌是否有产生物胺能力,发现PCA2、PCA5、PCA8不产生物胺,其余菌均产生物胺。利用HPLC进一步确定产生物胺菌发酵液中生物胺组成和含量,结果 PCA7只产生腐胺,含量为844.937μg/m L;其余菌株都产含量不同的腐胺和尸胺。本文研究表明,冰鲜鸡易受肠道菌污染,且产腐胺与尸胺,为冰鲜鸡的防腐与安全食用提供一定的参考依据。      

湖南腊肉中生物胺含量及品质分析

目的:评价湖南腊肉的综合品质。方法:采用丹磺酰氯衍生,高效液相色谱—紫外检测湖南腊肉制品中8种生物胺的含量,并对水分含量、过氧化值及亚硝酸盐等理化指标进行测定。结果:湖南腊肉制品中尸胺、腐胺、精胺、酪胺是主要的生物胺,生物胺总量在127.22~166.24 mg/kg,组胺含量0.43~10.24 mg/kg,酪胺含量2.11~57.60 mg/kg;样品中的含水量在13%~23%,过氧化值为0.0142~0.0350 g/100 g,亚硝酸盐检出范围为2.15~7.50 mg/kg。结论:湖南腊肉制品生物胺含量均低于欧盟和美国食品和药品管理局的标准,各理化指标均符合国家国标。     

Influence of wine turbidity on the accumulation of biogenic amines during aging

In this work the concentration of biogenic amines in filtered and unfiltered wine during aging in oak barrels was studied. Red wine from Merlot grapes was used. The wine remained for 243 days in barrels of American oak (Quercus alba) and French oak (Quercus sessilis) from the Allier and Nevers regions. Results showed that the different degree of wine turbidity did not have any influence on the accumulation of biogenic amines during the aging period. Histamine and tyramine were degraded at the end of aging; however, the concentration of histamine in both matured wines was higher than 8 mg l^?1, which could be a toxic danger to consumers. Putrescine and cadaverine were formed during aging and were not degraded. Phenylethylamine + spermidine were formed, above all, towards the end of the aging period, and the concentration of spermine did not show any appreciable variation. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Analytical strategies for the determination of biogenic amines in dairy products

Biogenic amines (BA) are mainly produced by the decarboxylation of amino acids by enzymes from microorganisms that emerge during food fermentation or due to incorrectly applied preservation processes. The presence of these compounds in food can lead to a series of negative effects on human health. To prevent the ingestion of high amounts of BA, their concentration in certain foods needs to be controlled. Although maximum legal levels have not yet been established for dairy products, potential adverse effects have given rise to a substantial number of analytical and microbiological studies: they report concentrations ranging from a few mg/kg to several g/kg. This article provides an overview of the analytical methods for the determination of biogenic amines in dairy products, with particular focus on the most recent and/or most promising advances in this field. We not only provide a summary of analytical techniques but also list the required sample pretreatments. Since high performance liquid chromatography with derivatization is the most widely used method, we describe it in greater detail, including a comparison of derivatizing agents. Further alternative techniques for the determination of BA are likewise described. The use of biosensors for BA in dairy products is emerging, and current results are promising; this paper thus also features a section on the subject. This review can serve as a helpful guideline for choosing the best option to determine BA in dairy products, especially for beginners in the field.     

Determination and distribution of biogenic amines in bee pollen

The natural decomposition of proteins yields peptides and amino acids, which are susceptible to further decay, resulting in formation of biogenic amines (BAs) in proteinaceous foods such as bee pollen (BP). However, excessive consumption of BAs will bring side effects, so it is vital to study the presence of BAs in BP. In this study, a sensitive and reliable ultra ‐ high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method was used for the determination of 12 BAs in BP. Large variations in the distribution and levels of BAs were observed with its total concentrations ranging from 6837.4 to 25444.2 μg kg^?1. In addition, the changes in the levels of BAs during storage and fermentation were preliminarily investigated. The results showed that fermentation significantly altered the quantities of BAs in rape BP, while changes during storage were modest. The results of this study could be applied for quality evaluation and risk assessment of BP in near future.     

咸鱼中生物胺降解菌的筛选与降解特性研究

为获得用于咸鱼等腌制水产品的生物胺降解菌,本文采用生物胺初筛培养基与高效液相色谱技术分析,研究从传统方法加工的咸鱼中分离筛选具有降解生物胺的菌株,通过VITEK 2鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定,并分析菌株的生长曲线、降解生物胺动力学、温度、p H、盐度、生物胺底物浓度等特性,及在咸鱼中接种菌株对产品生物胺的影响。结果表明:从咸鱼中分离筛选到三株具有降解生物胺的菌株,分别是鼠李糖乳酸菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus,Lr)、植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum,Lp)、戊糖片球菌(Pediococcus pentosaceus,Pp);对生物胺降解的最适温度为30~35℃,最适p H为5.5~6.0,对食盐有较好的耐受性,在食盐浓度≤80 g/L时对生物胺的降解作用尤为明显,Lr与Lp之间无拮抗作用;接种了生物胺降解菌的咸鱼产品中腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺等生物胺含量均显著性降低(p<0.05),而接种Lr∶Lp=1∶2的混合菌种的咸鱼产品生物胺含量下降幅度最大。      

新疆赤霞珠葡萄酒发酵过程中生物胺含量的变化

利用高效液相色谱技术分析葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺含量的变化。结果表明,葡萄酒发酵过程中8种生物胺总含量整体呈上升趋势。色胺含量最高,最高可达到98.03 mg/L;腐胺和组胺含量较低,含量均不超过2.48 mg/L;精胺和亚精胺含量变化相对平稳,波动范围在1.81～3.07 mg/L之间,除色胺外,其他生物胺含量均不超过4.50 mg/L。苯乙胺、尸胺、酪胺等在酒精发酵后期和苹果酸-乳酸发酵初期大幅上升,在苹-乳发酵后期,酪胺和亚精胺含量有所下降,其他生物胺含量均有一定程度上升。     

Screening selected strains of probiotic lactic acid bacteria for their ability to produce biogenic amines (histamine and tyramine)

The aim of this study was to investigate the production of biogenic amines (BA), histamine and tyramine by some probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Fifteen strains representing six LAB species were screened qualitatively by growing them in a decarboxylase medium. Quantitative analysis was carried out by HPLC analysis with direct derivatization of acid extracts. Lactobacillus casei (TISTR 389) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (TISTR 895) were found to produce BA. The highest levels of histamine (1820.9 ± 3.5 mg L^?1) and tyramine (5486.99 ± 47.6 mg L^?1) formation were observed for the TISTR 389 strain, while TISTR 895 produced only histamine (459.1 ± 0.63 mg L^?1) in the decarboxylase broth. Biogenic amine potential was not observed for the Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus lactis subsp. lactis, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, and Lactobacillus plantarum strains studied. This study confirmed that BA formation is strain dependent and not related to the species. Therefore, careful screening for amino acid decarboxylase activity is recommended before selecting LAB as appropriate starter or probiotic strains in food and dairy industry.     

发酵食品加工与贮藏过程中生物胺的控制研究进展

生物胺是在发酵食品及富含氨基酸、蛋白质等强化食品中广泛存在的一类低分子量且具有生物活性的含氮有机化合物,尤其是在发酵食品中,生物胺主要是产胺菌作用于发酵食品,由游离氨基酸发生脱羧反应生成。生物胺的产生会降低食品品质、缩短货架期等问题,摄入过量生物胺会对消费者的身体健康造成威胁。因此,建立安全高效的生物胺控制技术,对于进一步提高发酵食品的质量和安全性具有重要的现实意义。本文在简单介绍生物胺及发酵食品中生物胺形成途径的基础上,重点综述发酵食品在加工和贮藏过程中通过控制原料、改良发酵菌株、人工调控等策略实现生物胺有效控制的研究进展,为发酵食品加工和贮藏过程中生物胺的控制提供解决方案和参考。