基于执行时间约束的机器人关节空间轨迹优化

为在保证机器人运动轨迹的平滑性的条件下提高机器人工作效率,提出一种基于轨迹执行时间归一化处理的关节空间运动轨迹规划优化算法。对轨迹的执行时间进行归一化处理,分析关节空间位置、速度、加速度的运动轨迹相对于归一化时间的数学模型;考虑关节运动参数的约束条件,采用五次多项式拟合机器人在关节空间的运动轨迹,分析不同轨迹执行时间对关节位置运动轨迹的超调量的影响,实现机器人关节空间的位置轨迹优化;在M atlab环境里对机器人的运动轨迹进行仿真建模,完成机器人运动学仿真。多组仿真结果表明,该算法在保证机器人轨迹平滑的基础上,能保证轨迹执行时间最优,有效地提高机器人的运动效率。     

排爆机器人运动关节的伺服系统

机器人运动关节的伺服系统是机器人控制系统的基础,伺服系统的好坏决定了机器人整体性能的优劣。基于5自由度排爆机器人,使用Simulink设计出运动关节的伺服系统框图,并通过xPC目标系统生成可运行于PC104的实时控制系统。该系统采用先进PID控制器,具有专家特性。运行结果表明,该方案取得了良好的效果,机器人关节运动平稳且无静态误差,系统具有很好的鲁棒性和实时性。该伺服系统不但可用于机器人运动关节的伺服控制,还可以应用于数控机床等位置控制系统。     

基于6R关节式工业机器人的运动规划研究与仿真

工业机器人运动规划是控制机器人完成工作运动任务的关键,直接决定了机器人运动轨迹质量.为研究6R工业机器人的运动问题,本文以安川MA1440机器人为研究对象,对其进行运动轨迹分析与仿真.首先,基于CREO三维软件建立三维模型,其次,根据D-H参数法建立机器人的连杆坐标系,进而得到关节角度等相关参数,然后根据齐次变换矩阵导...     

水平运动的三自由度欠驱动机器人的位置控制

以水平运动的三自由度欠驱动机器人为研究对象,对其位置控制问题进行研究．基于分层控制思想提 出一种模糊控制系统,将欠驱动机器人末端位置控制问题进行分解,末端位置由主动关节的旋转与被动关节的伸展 或收缩组成．第1 关节按照规划的曲线运动,第2 关节和第3 关节通过动力学耦合作用运动到期望位置．主动关节 2 的控制力矩或控制电压通过对模糊逻辑控制器的输出量进行加权求和得到．采用该控制原理,通过数值仿真和实 验实现了3R 欠驱动机器人在操作空间中末端点到点的位置控制．     

一种3自由度并联柔索驱动机器人的精度研究

研究了一种3 自由度并联柔索驱动机器人精度分析和精度综合的问题．分析了影响机器人位姿精度 的主要因素,推导建立了关节误差及柔索误差模型．提出了一种精度综合算法,并基于给定的机器人关节允差, 综合分析出装配误差及柔索误差的最大取值．通过仿真验证了误差模型的正确性．样机试验表明,利用柔索误差 模型可以提高机器人的运动精度．     

冗余度分解对冗余度机器人关节弹性变形的影响

当机器人高速运动时，由于关节弹性而产生的末端变形将会影响机器人的跟踪精度． 本文以具有弹性关节的冗余度机器人为对象，就冗余度分解对机器人关节弹性变形的影响进 行了研究.首先，以关节弹性变形为性能指标，提出了冗余度分解的常量权系数法．然后， 在此基础上又进一步提出了两种改进方法，即变量权系数法和切换法．前者是利用变量权系 数自动地调整角加速度对总目标函数的影响程度；而后者是利用门槛函数来实现不同的冗余 度分解法间的相互切换．同时，还给出了利用这两种改进方法获得关节弹性变形最优解的必 要条件．最后，本文以平面3R机器人为例进行了仿真研究，并将不同方法做了比较．研究结 果表明，这两种改进方法具有良好的全局特性．     

一种气动肌肉拮抗驱动机器人关节的类人运动控制方法

为了实现气动人工肌肉拮抗驱动机器人关节系统的类人运动控制,针对该系统严重非线性的特点,本文将其控制问题视为一个非线性最优控制问题,根据人体手臂关节运动的最小加加速度模型设定系统的最优控制性能指标,首先采用扩张状态观测器将机器人关节模型线性化得到积分器串联标准型,然后在线性化模型基础上设计最优控制律,使机器人关节具有与人手臂关节相似的无约束运动轨迹.仿真结果表明,采用本文算法,机器人关节能实现大运动范围(0～120°)的类人运动,关节运动轨迹对负载的改变(1 kg～5 kg)不敏感,并且关节运动具有较好的抗扰动能力.在机器人关节实验平台上通过实物实验验证了算法的有效性,并进一步讨论了控制器参数的设计规则.本文算法需要整定的参数只有2个,适用于气动肌肉拮抗驱动关节的类人运动控制,能够满足协作机器人在本质安全性、运动柔顺性以及类人运动模式等方面的要求.     

关节式爬管机器人的运动稳定性研究

在爬管机器人的运动稳定性问题的研究中,设计了一种应用关节式机器人运动原理的爬管机器人.为提高机器人运动的稳定性,提出以关节翻转力矩和手爪夹持力来评判运动姿态的稳定性,以躯干质心位移和速度的变化规律来评判运动轨迹的稳定性.利用ADAMS软件建立了在一个运动周期内,各关节驱动电机的输出转矩、手爪与管道之间的接触力,以及躯干质心的位移、速度等随时间的变化规律模型.结果表明所设计的爬管机器人的关节翻转力矩和手爪夹持力能满足运动姿态稳定性的要求,且能够以约1.11 m/min的速度沿着垂直管道平稳地爬行,不偏离爬行方向,保证了机器人运动轨迹的稳定性.仿真结果为下一步研制关节式爬管机器人的物理样机提供了理论指导,也为其它类型的爬管机器人研究提供了参考.     

基于ZMP的仿人机器人跑步运动模式

采用小车-曲面桌子模型,提出了一种基于零力矩点(zero moment point,ZMP)的仿人机器人跑步运动模式.在单腿支撑阶段和飞行阶段,分别规划了仿人机器人的质心运动轨迹和双脚运动轨迹.在单腿支撑阶段,求解根据小车-曲面桌子模型建立的动力学方程,依据小车的运动轨迹规划出仿人机器人的质心轨迹;在飞行阶段,仿人机器人质心可看作抛物线运动,质心轨迹可通过水平方向上的匀速运动和竖直方向上的自由落体运动轨迹表示.分析了双脚与地面接触时的力及力矩约束.通过改变ZMP调整身体的倾斜角度,保持身体动态平衡.同时根据动力学方程分别求解出踝关节及其他关节的关节力矩.仿真实验结果表明:仿人机器人跑步时各关节角度和关节驱动力矩变化稳定,能够实现稳定的跑步,验证了方法的有效性.     

改进末端跟随运动的超冗余蛇形臂机器人运动学逆解

针对超冗余蛇形臂机器人运动学逆解中计算量大、超关节极限和位形偏移量大的问题,提出了一种改进末端跟随运动的逆解算法．在末端跟随法中引入蛇形臂弯曲角度的约束,调整关节位置的更新方式,使关节在蛇形臂轴线上运动．通过依次更新关节的空间位置,将超冗余多节蛇形臂的运动学逆解转化为2自由度单节蛇形臂的运动学逆解．仿真分析了蛇形臂机器人在基座移动和基座固定条件下的轨迹跟踪效果,对比了同一目标位置下不同方法的性能．结果表明,改进后的算法能保证蛇形臂的弯曲角度不超过给定范围,关节的运动量从末端到基座依次减小,机器人的运动更协调;与基于雅可比矩阵的数值法和现有启发式方法相比,该方法运算量降低,机器人整体位形偏移量减小,能用于蛇形臂机器人的实时控制．     

Kinematic calibration for collaborative robots on a mobile platform using motion capture system

For modern robotic applications that go beyond the typical industrial environment, absolute accuracy is one of the key properties that make this possible. There are several approaches in the literature to improve robot accuracy for a typical industrial robot mounted on a fixed frame. In contrast, there is no method to improve robot accuracy when the robot is mounted on a mobile base, which is typical for collaborative robots. Therefore, in this work, we proposed and analyzed two approaches to improve the absolute accuracy of the robot mounted on a mobile platform using an optical measurement system. The first approach is based on geometric operations used to calculate the rotation axes of each joint. This approach identifies all rotational axes, which allows the calculation of the Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameters and thus the complete kinematic model, including the position and orientation errors of the robot end-effector and the robot base. The second approach to parameter estimation is based on optimization using a set of joint positions and end-effector poses to find the optimal DH parameters. Since the robot is mounted on a mobile base that is not fixed, an optical measurement system was used to dynamically and simultaneously measure the position of the robot base and the end-effector. The performance of the two proposed methods was analyzed and validated on a 7-DoF Franka Emika Panda robot mounted on a mobile platform PAL Tiago-base. The results show a significant improvement in absolute accuracy for both proposed approaches. By using the proposed approach with the optical measurement system, we can easily automate the estimation of robot kinematic parameters with the aim of improving absolute accuracy, especially in applications that require high positioning accuracy.     

Robust trajectories following control of a 2-link robot manipulator via coordinate transformation for manufacturing applications

A common idea concerning trajectory control of robot manipulators is to tackle the motion of the end-effector. According to traditional trajectory designs, a prescribed profile in a work space is first decomposed into independent joint positions such that the success in a contouring task lies with good tracking capability of individual joints. To advance trajectory control precision without relying on high tracking performance, a contour control strategy for a robot manipulator is presented in this paper. Different from the traditional concept of trajectory control, a contour following control strategy is developed via a coordinate transformation scheme. The main advantage of the proposed control architecture is that the final contouring accuracy will not be degraded in case the tracking performance of the robot manipulator is not good enough. Moreover, using a concept of variable structure control theory, a smooth robust control algorithm is realized in the form of proportional control plus an integration term. The robustness of the control algorithm is also demonstrated. A number of experiments are conducted to demonstrate the advantage of the trajectories following control framework and validate the feasibility of the proposed controller.     

Redundant robot control using task based performance measures

The joint velocities required to move the end-effector of a redundant robot with a desired linear and angular velocity depend on its configuration. Similarly, the joint torques produced due to the force and moment at the end-effector also depend on its configuration. When the robot is near a singular configuration, the joint velocities required to attain the end-effector velocity in certain directions are extremely high. Similarly, in some configurations the joint torque produced at certain joints may be high for a relatively small magnitude of external force. An infinite number of trajectories in the joint space can be used to achieve a desired end-effector trajectory for redundant robots. However, a joint trajectory resulting in robot configurations requiring lower joint velocities or joint torques is desired. This may be achieved through a proper utilization of redundancy. Local performance measures for redundant robots are defined in this article as indicators of their ability to follow a desired end-effector trajectory and their ability to apply desired forces at the end-effector. Thus, these performance measures depend on the task to be performed. Control algorithms which can be efficiently applied to redundant robots to improve these performance measures are presented. These control algorithms are based on the gradient projection method. Gradients of the performance measures used in the control schemes result in simple symbolic expressions for “real world” robots'. Feasibility and effectiveness of these control schemes is demonstrated through the simulation of a seven-degree-of-freedom redundant robot derived from the PUMA geometry.     

Interpolation of orientation for precise path generation in industrial robots

Industrial robots are versatile mechanical systems that require accurate tracking of continuous end-effector trajectories. However, a variety of control problems are encountered due to the deviation between the desired and actual paths.In this study, a new continuous path planning method based on an interpolation of orientation scheme is applied for precise path generation in robot welding. This method guarantees minimum deviation of positioning and orientation errors. Also, a new trajectory error evaluation strategy is developed to describe the trajectory errors at the effect points, which are very important in some robot jobs such as arc-welding operations.The simulation study of circular motions in arc-welding operations shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.     

Trajectory tracking control of a pneumatically actuated 6-DOF Gough–Stewart parallel robot using Backstepping-Sliding Mode controller and geometry-based quasi forward kinematic method

In this paper, the trajectory tracking control of a 6-DoF pneumatically actuated Gough–Stewart parallel robot is investigated. The dynamic model of each link, comprising of a pneumatic actuator and a proportional electrical valve is extracted with the aim of obtaining the corresponding state space representation of the pneumatic system. Unknown parameters of the dynamic model consisting friction force of the cylinder and parameters of the proportional valve are identified by employing genetic algorithm. Position control of the pneumatic actuator is performed based on Back-Stepping Sliding Mode controller according to the dynamic model of the system. As such trajectory tracking control is performed for different trajectories by employing a rotation sensor and calculated position based on joint space and task space simultaneously. Desired sinusoidal trajectories with pure motions are tracked with root mean square error of the pure translations and rotations lower than 0.85 (cm) and 1.9 (deg), respectively. The results reveal that the trajectory is tracked by the Back-Stepping Sliding Mode controller properly. This shows the efficiency of the control strategy and the proposed method for calculating the position of the end-effector.     

On controlling robots with redundancy

Recently there has been considerable interest in increasing the applicability and utility of robots by developing manipulators which possess kinematic and/or actuator redundancy. This paper presents a unified approach to controlling these redundant robots. The proposed control system consists of two subsystems: an adaptive position controller which generates the Cartesian-space control force FR^m required to track the desired end-effector position trajectory, and an algorithm that maps this control input to a robot joint torque vector TRⁿ. The F → T map is constructed so that the robot redundancy (kinematic and/or actuator) is utilized to improve the performance of the robot. The control scheme does not require knowledge of the complex robot dynamic model or parameter values for the robot or the payload. As a result, the controller is very general and is computationally efficient for on-line implementation. Computer simulation results are given for a kinematically redundant robot, for a robot with actuator redundancy, and for a robot which possesses both kinematic and actuator redundancy. In each case the results demonstrate that accurate end-effector trajectory tracking and effective redundancy utilization can be achieved simultaneously with the proposed scheme.     

Dual-edge robotic gear chamfering with registration error compensation

This paper describes a novel method for robotic gear chamfering called dual-edge chamfering which can facilitate simultaneous chamfering of the two edges of adjacent gear teeth and overcome typical registration errors arising due to the placement of the workpiece in the robot workspace. Deviations of the robot end-effector trajectory when compared to the nominal trajectory due to registration errors are discussed first; such trajectory deviations caused by typical registration errors due to gear center translation and rotation are quantified. Dual-edge chamfering process is described and an efficient trajectory design strategy is developed by considering the kinematic constraints imposed by the profiles of the gear edge and the abrasive tool. The dual-edge chamfering robot trajectory is facilitated by a simple procedure for identifying the gear and gear root centers by employing the robot. To execute the dual-edge chamfering trajectory, an efficient motion/force control strategy that includes active compliance from the tool mounted on the robot is proposed. A number of real-time experiments are conducted to evaluate the proposed method by employing a commercial six degree-of-freedom robot. Two types of large cylindrical metal gears are utilized for testing, an external gear with teeth on the outside and an internal gear with teeth on the inside. In addition to these, two different robotic compliant tools with axial and radial compliance are tested. A representative sample of the experimental results are presented and discussed.     

Online trajectory planning of robot arms for interception of fast maneuvering object under torque and velocity constraints

This paper presents a novel approach to an online trajectory planning of robot arms for the interception of a fast-maneuvering object under torque and velocity constraints. A body axis is newly introduced as a trajectory-planning coordinate in order to meet the position and the velocity matching conditions for a smooth grasp of the fast-maneuvering object. Using the position of the object and the end-effector in the inertia axis, the acceleration commands are generated in the X-, Y-, and Z-directions of the body axis and the acceleration commands are modified considering the torque and the velocity constraints. The trajectory planning in the X-direction becomes the speed planning to achieve the maximum speed, whereas the trajectory planning in the Y- and Z-directions becomes the direction planning where a missile-guidance algorithm is employed to intercept the maneuvering object. Finally, the acceleration commands in the body axis are transformed into the angle commands of the end-effector in the joint axis, which is used as the actual trajectory commands in robot arms.     

Identification of a trajectory generator model for the PUMA-560 robot

In this article, work on the experimental identification of a model of the trajectory generator of a PUMA-560 robot is reported. The model developed is based on theoretical work reported in the literature and the necessary parameters are obtained experimentally. The resulting model is validated versus the corresponding actual robot motions. All experiments are based on the use of a 3D non-contact position sensor to record the motions of the robot end-effector. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.