DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STATE OBSERVERS IN REACTIVE DISTILLATION

This study demonstrates that state observers can be developed and applied to infer the composition profiles of reactive distillation columns from noise-contaminated temperature measurements. The design and implementation of a Kalman filter (KF) and a Luenberger observer (LO) are carried out, and their performances are quantitatively assessed. The reliability, accuracy, and robustness of the two designs method are examined and compared quantitatively. The design and implementation of a Luenberger observer are simpler and easier to carry out than those of a Kalman filter. On the other hand, a Kalman filter is found to be more robust to a noisy measurements, erroneous initial estimates, and model uncertainties. A Luenberger observer could be used for composition estimation of reactive distillation when an ideal model of the system can reasonably approximate the real system; otherwise, a Kalman filter is recommended to be applied in more practical situations.     

反应精馏工艺流程的合成

反应精馏工艺是近年来倍受重视的研究领域之一,但反应精馏工艺流程的选择目前仍然靠人们的经验和实验探索．本文通过对传统化工工艺流程的理论分析,阐明了传统工艺流程与反应精馏工艺流程的相互关系,从而提出了一种反应精馏工艺流程的构成方法．     

精馏过程专家系统用数据库系统的设计与实现

化工物性数据内容庞杂，数据库的设计是化工软件的重点和难点，本文提出一种用ＴＵＲ－ＢＯＰＲＯＬＯＧ语言外部数据库技术实现基于磁盘的数据库管理系统的设计方法，解决了数据库庞大与微型机内存不够的矛盾，通过接口计算模块可方便地从本数据库中调用数据；实现了友好的用户界面，提高了数据库管理的效率和透明性。     

CLASSIFICATION OF REACTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESSES BY DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS

In the present paper a comparative consideration is given for the physico-chemical phenomena involved in homogeneously and heterogeneously catalyzed reactive distillation processes (RDP). The processes are classified qualitatively by dimensionless parameter groups derived from the balances for vapor, liquid and solid phases according to the principles of irreversible thermodynamics. The groups are applied to analyze industrial processes and experimental data for esterification, etherification and alkylation regarding different catalysts, operating conditions and configurations of plants. The mathematical models published until today and the experimental results are contrasted taking the parameter groups as a basis. This gives a discrimination of the models and some recommendations for their applicability.     

DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF REACTIVE DISTILLATION COLUMNS. EQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS

This paper deals with the dynamic behavior of simultaneous reaction-separation systems which operate at or near the chemical equilibrium in the liquid phase. The process under study comprises a whole set of “instantaneous”, and very fast reversible reactions where the difference in volatilities favors both the progress of reaction and product separation. The main aim of our study is to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic behavior of distillation columns by using a model that is simple and efficient, yet informative. This kind of model is outstanding for synthesis and design of control schemes which require a careful modelling and understanding of process response to different changes in the environment. We use a suitable transformation of variables (after Barbosa and Doherty, 1988b) in order to define a new set of state variables; as a result, the balance equations become identical to those for conventional distillation. Also, an efficient physicochemical algorithm that can handle both the original and new state variables is used. Thus, a composition-holdup dynamic model is simulated in the “transformed field” using a stage-by-stage approach. To further reduce computational time, the transformed problem has also been solved by means of a reduction procedure based on approximating by orthogonal polynomials the transformed composition and flow profiles in the column. The performance of the two proposed methods are compared by using the top section of a quaternary reactive column. The results obtained shown that reactive distillation dynamics has certain peculiarities derived from superimposing reaction and separation phenomena.     

反应精馏制苯甲酸苄酯的研究

研究开发了由对苯二甲酸二甲酯生产过程中副产物粗苯甲酸甲酯酯交换制备苯甲酸苄酯的反应精馏工艺。在酯过量情况下,通过正交实验,确定了最佳工艺条件,并考察了催化剂用量、酯醇比和反应温度三因素对苄酯收率的影响。与间歇釜式反应相比,反应精馏技术用于苯甲酸甲酯醇解制苯甲酸苄酯大大提高了酯过量下的反应收率。     

GRAPHICAL PROCEDURE FOR REACTIVE DISTILLATION SYSTEMS

In this paper we analyze a ternary reactive distillation system, where an equilibrium chemical reaction occurs in the liquid phase. By using a set of transformed variables proposed by Barbosa el al. (1988b) and well known graphical procedures for non-reactive systems; the minimum reflux ratio, minimum number of equilibrium stages, mass and energy balances for a reactive column and flash can be easily obtained. The procedures developed in this paper are applied to ISOBUTYLENE-METHANOL-MTBE system.

The main objective in developing this model is to obtain, as much as possible, rigorous information for the analysis of one reactive distillation column in a Process Simulator with capability of handling this type of new operation.     

连续反应精馏合成正硅酸乙酯的研究

讨论了连续反应精馏合成乙酯的新工艺,将反应和精馏在一个设备中完成,考察了釜温、进料温度、进料速度、回流量及进料口位置对连续反应精馏的影响,筛选较佳的工艺条件。     

A REACTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESS FOR AN AZEOTROPIC REACTION SYSTEM: TRANSESTERIFICATION OF ETHYLENE CARBONATE WITH METHANOL

A reactive distillation process is proposed for manufacturing dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through the transesterification reaction of ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol. Modeling and simulation of the reactive distillation column have been carried out to study the effects of operating conditions, such as the reflux ratio, the number of theoretical plates, the feed ratio, the top effluent, the liquid holdup, and the feed location, on EC conversion and product composition at the top of the reactive distillation column. The calculated results show that a complete EC conversion can be achieved. The model reliability is analyzed under different Murphree tray efficiencies, showing no considerable difference between the equilibrium and nonequilibrium models for this system. And the calculated results are verified by experimental data and commercial operation of a dimethyl carbonate plant of 10,000 tons per year.     

A REACTIVE DISTILLATION PROCESS FOR AN AZEOTROPIC REACTION SYSTEM: TRANSESTERIFICATION OF ETHYLENE CARBONATE WITH METHANOL

A reactive distillation process is proposed for manufacturing dimethyl carbonate (DMC) through the transesterification reaction of ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol. Modeling and simulation of the reactive distillation column have been carried out to study the effects of operating conditions, such as the reflux ratio, the number of theoretical plates, the feed ratio, the top effluent, the liquid holdup, and the feed location, on EC conversion and product composition at the top of the reactive distillation column. The calculated results show that a complete EC conversion can be achieved. The model reliability is analyzed under different Murphree tray efficiencies, showing no considerable difference between the equilibrium and nonequilibrium models for this system. And the calculated results are verified by experimental data and commercial operation of a dimethyl carbonate plant of 10,000 tons per year.     

START UP AND DYNAMIC PROCESSES SIMULATION OF A DISTILLATION COLUMN

A new dynamic non-equilibrium mixing-pool model for simulating start-up and dynamic re-sponse of a distillation column is reported.The proposed model is established on the basis ofconsidering the two dimensional flow/mixing behavior of actual trays in a distillation column.Com-parison is made among the computed results of the start-up time and the dynamic response time bythe proposed and five other typical models.It is found that the computed time for both dynamicprocesses is longer by the model which considers any flow/mixing pattern than by the model withoutsuch concern.The inertia effect of flow/mixing seems to be important and can not be ignored inmodeling the transient process of distillation.The proposed model,which is believed to be suitableto large column,seems somewhat useful in predicting industrial distillation dynamics.     

基于化学热泵系统的叔丁醇脱水反应精馏过程

采用柱状阳离子交换树脂S-54作催化剂研究了叔丁醇脱水的反应精馏过程.在实验基础上建立了该过程的数学模型,采用超松弛法,并以动态方程逼近计算稳态过程对模型进行了求解,计算结果与实验结果吻合良好.在以上研究基础上考察了不同进料流量、进料组成、进料位置以及不同回流比等对反应转化率的影响,进行了上述工艺操作参数的模拟寻优,得到以下结论：反应精馏操作实现了水从反应体系中的有效移除,减小了水对反应的阻害作用,使叔丁醇接近完全分解;同时改变操作压力可以适用不同温度热源的热量回收要求.     

间歇精馏塔启动过程的模型化

引　言在以往的研究中 ,间歇精馏塔的模型大部分建立在平衡模型的基础上[1] ,系统初值的选取基于伪热初始状态 ,即每层塔板上有足够的积液量 ,塔板温度在泡点温度以上的汽液平衡状态 .多数间歇精馏过程的仿真模拟软件中使用伪热状态作为初始状态[2 ] ,例如 ,ＨＹＳＹＳ Ｒ○ (Ｈｙｐｒｏｔｅｃｈ )、ＢＡＴＣＨＦＲＡＣＴＭ (Ａｓｐｅｎｔｅｃｈ )和ＣＣ -ＢＡＴＣＨ Ｒ○(ＣＨＥＭＣＡＤ) .它们都是通过稳态和平衡计算为微分代数方程组提供了满足一致性要求的初始值 .间歇精馏过程的一个特点就是精馏塔频繁地从冷状态启动 ,初始状态会因再…     

DESIGN OF BATCH DISTILLATION COLUMNS FOR BINARY MIXTURES

In this note analytical equations are presented that describe the separation obtained for binary batch distillation. Formulas are obtained for both the constant distillate composition and constant reflux methods of operation. The results are strictly for distillation with an infinite number of stages ( corresponding to minimum reflux) however, it is shown that the equations derived closely describe the operation with a small finite number of stages.     

乙烯装置丙烯精馏系统设计方案优化

介绍了丙烯精馏系统传统设计流程及改进设计流程,并对其流程特点进行了分析,明确指出了各自的优缺点。针对改进设计双塔流程,利用流程模拟计算PRO-Ⅱ软件平台,分别研究了无中间再沸器和设置中间再沸器两个流程方案,在能耗相同的条件下,计算出不同塔盘数时的丙烯损失,并对其增加塔盘数后的可实施性、投资增加与多回收丙烯的经济性进行了初步分析。无中间再沸器流程在投资及年收益方面均优于设置中间再沸器流程,在装置急冷水热量充足的情况下,应首先推荐应用。     

三元醇类间歇精馏模拟和实验

在ASOG相平衡理论的基础上,利用托马斯法（Thomas）模拟三元醇类间歇精馏过程,用精确校正法防止模拟结果的失真现象.实验结果证明了数学模型的正确性及计算方法的可靠性.定义了单位时间经济效益目标函数,并讨论了回流比和理论板数对单位时间经济效益的影响关系,得出了在给定条件下的最佳回流比为5.5,最佳操作理论板数为20的结论.     

反应精馏合成2-羟丙基甲醚的研究

以甲醇和环氧丙烷为反应物,采用均相连续反应精馏法合成了２－羟丙基甲醚。对三乙胺、氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠和碳酸钾五种催化剂的催化活性和选择性进行了研究。考察了以三乙胺为催化剂时进料摩尔比和环氧丙烷进料速率对环氧丙烷转化率、２－羟丙基甲醚选择性及收率的影响,并对反应精馏塔的温度分布进行了讨论     

分批精馏中的持液作用

分批精馏中持液影响塔内的动态过程,因此许多学者一直致力于分批精馏过程中持液作用的研究,但由于研究缺乏系统性,持液的作用一直是学术上争论的热点.本文提出用全过程分离难度系数关联各参数对分离过程的影响,并建立了分批精馏的恒摩尔持液模型,用全过程的分离难度系数研究了分批精馏的持液作用,结果表明：塔顶持液对分离不利,但塔身持液在一定条件下增多可使所需回流比降低;塔内持液量与釜液量之比为一个因子,当q<0.7时,确定的分批精馏塔存在最佳投料量.采用甲苯-乙苯二元物系对最佳投料量进行了实验验证,实验结果与模拟结果吻合较好.